阿拉善左旗雷暴活动特征分析

利用阿拉善左旗气象局1971—2000年30年的雷暴资料,对阿拉善左旗雷暴的年、月、日变化及产生和消失的方位进行了统计分析,得到了阿拉善左旗雷暴的变化规律。     

Rainfall patterns in the eastern United States

This investigation is an extension of earlier work on rainfall patterns in the western United States. In the present study, rainfall figures from World Weather Records for cities east of the Mississippi have been subjected to filter analysis using the four filters described in the earlier investigation.The results suggest substantial coherence of rainfall data in a broad central area of North America, from the Great Lakes to the Rockies and into southern parts of the Canadian Prairies and Ontario. In this entire region there appears to be a pronounced rainfall cycle, of about 22 yr, which exhibits a possible relationship with the double sunspot cycle. However, inland from the U.S. north-east coast and including southern Quebec and the Canadian maritime Provinces, the cycle is different and is closer to 16 yr.Although the earlier investigation pointed to a connection between the lunar cycle of 18.6 yr and rainfall behaviour in the far west of the United States, there is little evidence of a similar connection in the east.     

洛阳地区雷暴活动规律和雷灾分析

利用洛阳市及9县10个观测站1966--2005年的雷暴观测资料，统计分析了洛阳地区雷暴活动时空分布特征，结果显示：洛阳地区雷暴时空分布很不均匀，栾川、嵩县、孟津偏多，宜阳、新安、汝阳偏少，南北多中部少；20世纪60年代中期到70年代雷暴日数偏多，80年代至今雷暴日数偏少，但从80年代开始，洛阳地区雷暴日数有缓慢上升的趋势，年际变化幅度大，季节性特点非常明显，集中出现在4—9月，而夏季雷暴日数接近全年的80％。洛阳地区雷击人员伤亡事件主要发生在农村，造成的财产损失主要在市区，近年来雷击次数及所造成的损失呈上升趋势。     

一次中尺度雷暴大风过程的闪电特征分析

2005年6月21日山东北部出现了一次中尺度对流系统,并伴有地面灾害性大风。作者综合闪电定位资料、雷达和卫星资料详细分析了这次中尺度对流系统的闪电活动特征,结果表明,在系统初始发展阶段地闪频数快速增加.成熟阶段地闪频数一直较高,且都在20次/5 min以上,在减弱消散阶段,正地闪比例超过负地闪。负地闪多发生在对流降水区,而正地闪则对应于稳定的层状云降水区。逐小时地闪次数峰值滞后于云顶最低温度峰值,小于-50℃的冷云覆盖面积峰值滞后于地闪次数峰值。这次地面大风主要是较强下沉气流底部外流造成的,利用WINDEX计算的地面最大风速潜势与观测的阵风值非常接近。地面大风阶段对应着剧烈的闪电活动,地闪频数的跃增略提前于地面强风发生时间,这对灾害性天气过程的监测预警具有一定的参考价值。     

通辽市雷暴活动的空间分布特征分析

利用通辽市10个气象站1961—2012年52a雷暴观测资料,采用数理统计方法,统计了单站雷暴日数、雷暴出现的初日和终日及初终间日数,利用GIS绘图软件对全市多年雷暴日数进行插值绘图,探讨了通辽市雷暴日数的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)通辽市全年雷暴日数为290d,集中出现在6—7月,占年总日数的57%。最早初日为3月18日,最晚结束日为12月27日;(2)通辽市雷暴活动日数空间分布不均,北部多,东部少,相差10d;(3)雷暴活动初日多发生在4月下旬至5月上旬,但最早和最晚年雷暴初日差值各站差异较大。全市平均初雷暴日出现在5月6日;(4)雷暴活动终日多发生在9月下旬至10月上旬,舍伯吐站雷暴结束日最早,甘旗卡站结束的最晚,两站相差13d,全市平均终雷暴日出现在9月26日。全市平均雷暴活动期为144d。     

洛阳地区雷暴活动规律和雷灾分析

利用洛阳市及9县10个观测站1966-2005年的雷暴观测资料,统计分析了洛阳地区雷暴活动时空分布特征,结果显示:洛阳地区雷暴时空分布很不均匀,栾川、嵩县、孟津偏多,宜阳、新安、汝阳偏少,南北多中部少;20世纪60年代中期到70年代雷暴日数偏多,80年代至今雷暴日数偏少,但从80年代开始,洛阳地区雷暴日数有缓慢上升的趋势,年际变化幅度大,季节性特点非常明显,集中出现在4-9月,而夏季雷暴日数接近全年的80%。洛阳地区雷击人员伤亡事件主要发生在农村,造成的财产损失主要在市区,近年来雷击次数及所造成的损失呈上升趋势。     

美国西部的长期干旱变化

一些水文气候资料分析表明,美国西部正在经历着多年的严重干旱。然而,利用重建的覆盖美国西部大部分地区的过去1200年的网格化干旱资料进行分析,看出与更早时期出现的极端干旱和发生在公元800～1300年间(中世纪暖期(MWP))的大范围严重干旱相比,现在正经历的干旱还不算很严重。如果美国西部干旱程度的加强是一种对气候变暖的自然响应,那么任何将来温度增暖的趋势都将会加剧美国西部地区的长期干旱。     

Temporal features in thunder days in the United States

1901–80 data for the contiguous U.S. show that secular variability of thunder days was very much less than that of precipitation or of frequency of extra tropical cyclones. Overall, there may have been a slight decline, but more evident was an increase to the thirties followed by a falling off, broken only by a peak in the seventies. These up-and-down movements were evident in most months of the year and regions of the U.S. The general decrease, however, was clear only in the South East and replaced by an increase in the Upper Great Lakes region. Secular variation in thunder day frequency was slightly correlated positively with that of extra tropical cyclone frequency and negatively with sea level pressure. The analysis also confirmed well known seasonal and regional patterns of thunder activity.     

雷暴微物理过程对电活动影响的数值模拟研究

在一维时变雷暴云起电放电模式的基础上,分别利用对流降水试验合作计划(CCOPE)和夏季雷暴放电与降水研究(STEPS)一次雷暴的实测探空资料进行了初步模拟,并通过敏感性试验研究了软雹垂直通量、地面温度和反转温度对雷暴云起电放电过程的影响.模式考虑的冰晶生成机制为Fletcher 和H-M冰晶生成机制.对比CCOPE和STEPS雷暴个例的模拟与观测结果,发现垂直电场正负极大值出现的位置与实测结果较接近,但电场极值差异较大,模拟结果明显大于实测结果.敏感性试验表明,当软雹垂直通量增加时,雷暴云首次放电时间降低,而单位时间内发生闪电的次数(闪频)随之增大.当地面温度较高时,雷暴云中负电荷的垂直厚度较小,雷暴云的正、负电荷最大密度较大.当反转温度较低时,冰晶所带负电荷的垂直范围较大.在敏感性试验中,当模式中地面温度为32℃,反转温度＜-26℃时,雷暴云出现反极性电荷结构.该模式能较直观地模拟雷暴发展过程中的电荷结构和电场时空分布等.     

United States non-cooperation and the Paris agreement

In June 2017, the Trump administration decided to withdraw the US from the Paris Agreement, a landmark climate agreement adopted in 2015 by 195 nations. The exit of the US has not just raised concern that the US will miss its domestic emission reduction targets, but also that other parties to the Paris Agreement might backtrack on their initial pledges regarding emission reductions or financial contributions. Here we assess the magnitude of the threat that US non-cooperation poses to the Paris Agreement from an international relations perspective. We argue that US non-cooperation does not fundamentally alter US emissions, which are unlikely to rise even in the absence of new federal climate policies. Nor does it undermine nationally determined contributions under pledge and review, as the Paris Agreement has introduced a new logic of domestically driven climate policies and the cost of low-carbon technologies keeps falling. However, US non-participation in raising climate finance could raise high barriers to global climate cooperation in the future. Political strategies to mitigate these threats include direct engagement by climate leaders such as the European Union with key emerging economies, notably China and India, and domestic climate policies that furnish benefits to traditional opponents of ambitious climate policy.

Key policy insights

• US non-cooperation need not be a major threat to pledge and review under the Paris Agreement.

• US non-cooperation is a serious threat to climate finance.

• Deeper engagement with emerging economies offers new opportunities for global climate policy.

     

Spuriously induced temperature trends in the Southeast United States

Summary This study uses correlation and multiple regression techniques to document differences in annual temperature trends between the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Climate Division Database (CDD) and the United States Historical Climate Network (USHCN) for the Southeast United States. Results indicate that an increase (decrease) in elevation and a northward (southward) shift in mean station location in the CDD correspond with decreases (increases) in temperature. Although the movement of station locations in the CDD showed only modest impacts on trends, the effects of the movements are statistically significant, and explain some of the variances in the temperature trends. Results therefore suggest that climate divisions with more rugged terrain and greater shifts in elevation are more susceptible to spuriously generated trends.     

Uncertainties in projected runoff over the conterminous United States

Projections of runoff from global multi-model ensembles provide a valuable basis for the estimation of future hydrological extremes. However, projections suffer from uncertainty that originates from different error sources along the modeling chain. Hydrological impact studies have generally partitioned these error sources into global impact and global climate model (GIM and GCM, respectively) uncertainties, neglecting other sources, including scenarios and internal variability. Using a set of GIMs driven by GCMs under different representative concentration pathways (RCPs), this study aims to partition the uncertainty of future flows coming from GIMs, GCMs, RCPs, and internal variability over the CONterminous United States (CONUS). We focus on annual maximum, median, and minimum runoff, analyzed decadally over the twenty-first century. Results indicate that GCMs and GIMs are responsible for the largest fraction of uncertainty over most of the study area, followed by internal variability and to a smaller extent RCPs. To investigate the influence of the ensemble setup on uncertainty, in addition to the full ensemble, three ensemble configurations are studied using fewer GIMs (excluding least credible GIMs in runoff representation and GIMs accounting for vegetation and CO₂ dynamics), and excluding intermediate RCPs. Overall, the use of fewer GIMs has a minor impact on uncertainty for low and medium flows, but a substantial impact for high flows. Regardless of the number of pathways considered, RCPs always play a very small role, suggesting that improvement of GCMs and GIMs and more informed ensemble selections can yield a reduction of projected uncertainties.     

Spuriously induced precipitation trends in the southeast United States

This study uses correlation and multiple regression techniques to document differences in annual and seasonal precipitation trends between the NCDC Climate Division database and the United States Historical Climate Network (USHCN) in the southeast United States. Findings indicate that the majority of climate divisions have different temporal patterns than those depicted by the USHCN. They did not, however, consistently possess statistically significant relationships between the ratio (CDD/USHCN) and changes in mean station location as noted in other studies. It appears that other influences cause the majority of the variance between the two datasets. The fact that the two datasets do not consistently agree, however, suggests that spuriously induced trends may be present in the NCDC Climate Division database.     

美国全球变化研究现状

美国的全球变化研究主要由美国全球变化研究计划（ＵＳＧＣＲＰ）支持,重点资助季节—年际尺度气候变率,十年—百年尺度的气候变化,臭氧、ＵＶ辐射以及大气化学的变化,土地利用以及陆地、海洋生态系统的变化等４个领域。当前,水汽与云仍是全球变化研究中不确定性较大的一个方面,因而受到关注。关于气候变化的信号检测以及成因分析也是一个研究热点。气候模拟研究是全球变化研究的一个主要方法。卫星资料在全球变化研究中的应用取得了大量成果。近期美国在全球变化研究领域的重点是气候模拟,短期气候预测,十年—百年尺度的气候变化,臭氧、ＵＶ辐射以及大气化学的变化,地表以及陆地、海洋生态系统变化,对全球变化的区域尺度估计,卫星资料的应用,气候变化影响的国家级评估等８个方面。     

Climate Change and Floodplain Management in the United States

Federal agencies use flood frequency estimates to delineate flood risk, manage the National Flood Insurance Program, and ensure that Federal programs are economically efficient. The assumption behind traditional flood risk analysis is that climate is stationary, but anthropogenic climate change and better knowledge of interdecadal climate variability challenge the validity of the assumption. This paper reviews several alternative statistical models for flood risk estimation that do not assume climate stationarity. Some models require subjective judgement or presuppose an understanding of the causes of the underlying non-stationarity, which is problematic given our current knowledge of the interaction of climate and floods. Although currently out of favor, hydrometeorological models have been used for engineering design as alternatives to statistical models and could be adapted to different climate conditions. Floodplain managers should recognize the potentially greater uncertainty in flood risk estimation due to climate change and variability and try to incorporate the uncertainties into floodplain management decision-making and regulation.     

Aerosol radiative properties in the semiarid Western United States

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, such as aerosol optical depth, Angstrom exponent, and volume size distribution at the semiarid site of Tombstone Arizona (31°23′N, 110°05′W, 1408 m) will be presented for one annual cycle. In this region, extensive observations of selected optical parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) have been made in the past and reported on in the literature. Less is known about other optical characteristics that are important in climate modeling and remote sensing. New observational techniques and inversion methods allow for the expansion of the earlier information. Observations have been taken with a state of the art sun photometer for a 1-year period and their analysis will be presented here. Monthly mean AODs at 500 nm were found to be in the range of 0.03–0.12; the monthly mean Angstrom exponent ranged from 0.9 to 1.6, being higher in spring and summer and lower in late fall and winter. Volume size distributions exhibit clear dominance of smaller particles, with a gradual increase in size from winter to spring and into summer. Annual variation of the radii of the smaller and the larger particles ranged between 0.05–0.4 and 4–8 μm, respectively. Radiance measurements at 940 nm were used to estimate precipitable water. The retrieved values compared within limits of uncertainty with independently derived estimates from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) regional weather forecast model. An interesting outcome from this study was the consistency found in aerosol optical depths as observed in this study and those derived about two decades ago.     

Interannual temperature variability in the United States since 1896

The variability of mean monthly temperatures in the United States since 1896 is examined. The results show that the interannual variability reached a peak in the decade centered on 1930 and decreased fairly steadily to a minimum in the decade centered on 1970. This temporal trend is almost completely explained by changes in the variability of winter (December, January, February) mean monthly temperatures. The greatest percent decrease in variability occurred in the Midwest.     

简析基于GFS集合预报乌海地区雷暴活动特征

文章主要选取2012—2013年NCEP再分析平均资料,运用天气要素合成对比分析方法,分析了乌海近两年雷暴时间分布和对应要素时空变化的基本规律。总结乌海雷暴天气的特点和影响雷暴的天气系统,利用GFS集合预报模式综合性地说明空间天气要素统计划分对2014年7月31日中小尺度天气系统雷暴活动进行预报的方法。运用云物理反演和空间要素分层聚类的方法对雷暴单体在有效的时间内进行跟踪,获取其运动天气要素随时间序列变化的运动机理,为相关雷暴灾害影响分析提供参考性分析方法。     

那曲地区雷暴天气时空变化特征及影响因素

利用1966—2011年西藏自治区那曲地区所辖7个气象站的雷暴天气历史观测资料,综合运用天气学及线性统计方法、小波分析方法,分析那曲地区雷暴日数的时间和空间分布规律及影响因素。结果表明:那曲地区的雷暴日数存在显著减少趋势,减少趋势达到0.01的显著性水平,变化倾向率为每10年减少5 d;那曲地区雷暴日数空间分布特征为北部多南部少,东部高山峡谷多于西部湖盆;雷暴日数高值出现在东北部,低值出现在东南部。季节分布为夏季最多,春、秋季相对较少,冬季很少出现雷暴;雷暴初日推迟,而雷暴终日提前,雷暴期有缩短趋势。多雷期、少雷期的差异主要表现在西太平洋副热带高压脊线西伸脊点的经度位置、巴尔克什湖东部至青藏高原处高压脊和高原短波槽的位置和强弱上。那曲地区5—9月雷暴日数存在5~10年、20年两种尺度的周期变化规律,从不同时间尺度周期的变化趋势可以看出那曲地区将逐渐进入多雷期。