Velocity structure of uppermost mantle beneath North China from Pn tomography and its implications

20301 Pn arrival time data are collected from the seismological bulletins of both national and regional seismic networks. Pn travel time residuals are tomographically inverted for the Pn velocity structure of uppermost mantle beneath North China. The result indicates that the average Pn velocity in North China is 7.92 km/s, and the velocity varies laterally from ?0.21 to +0.29 km/s around the average. The approximately NNE trending high and low velocity regions arrange alternatively west-eastward. From west to east we can see high velocity in the middle Ordos region, the Shanxi graben low, the Jizhong depression high, the west Shandong uplift and Bohai Sea low, and the high velocity region to the east of the Tanlu fault. In the southern boundary zone of the North China block, except for the high velocity in the Qingling Mountains region, the velocity is generally lower than the average. Obvious velocity anisotropy is seen in the Datong Cenozoic volcanic region, with the fast velocity direction in NNE-SSW. Notable velocity anisotropy is also seen around the Bay of Bohai Sea, and the fast velocity directions seem to show a rotation pattern, possibly indicating a flow-like deformation in the uppermost mantle there. The Pn velocity variations show a reversed correlation with the Earth's heat flow. The low Pn velocity regions generally show high heat flow, e.g., the Shanxi graben and Bohai Sea region. While the high Pn velocity regions usually manifest low heat flow, e.g., the region of Jizhong depression. This indicates that the Pn velocity variation in the study region is mainly aroused by the regional temperature difference in the uppermost mantle. Strong earthquakes in the crust tend to occur in the region with the abnormal low Pn velocity, or in the transition zone between high and low Pn velocity regions. The earthquakes in the low velocity region are shallower, while that in the transition zone are deeper.     

Velocity structure of uppermost mantle beneath North China from Pn tomography and its implications

20301 Pn arrival time data are collected from the seismological bulletins of both national and regional seismic networks. Pn travel time residuals are tomographically inverted for the Pn velocity structure of uppermost mantle beneath North China. The result indicates that the average Pn velocity in North China is 7.92 km/s, and the velocity varies laterally from ?0.21 to +0.29 km/s around the average. The approximately NNE trending high and low velocity regions arrange alternatively west-eastward. From west to east we can see high velocity in the middle Ordos region, the Shanxi graben low, the Jizhong depression high, the west Shandong uplift and Bohai Sea low, and the high velocity region to the east of the Tanlu fault. In the southern boundary zone of the North China block, except for the high velocity in the Qingling Mountains region, the velocity is generally lower than the average. Obvious velocity anisotropy is seen in the Datong Cenozoic volcanic region, with the fast velocity direction in NNE-SSW. Notable velocity anisotropy is also seen around the Bay of Bohai Sea, and the fast velocity directions seem to show a rotation pattern, possibly indicating a flow-like deformation in the uppermost mantle there. The Pn velocity variations show a reversed correlation with the Earth”s heat flow. The low Pn velocity regions generally show high heat flow, e.g., the Shanxi graben and Bohai Sea region. While the high Pn velocity regions usually manifest low heat flow, e.g., the region of Jizhong depression. This indicates that the Pn velocity variation in the study region is mainly aroused by the regional temperature difference in the uppermost mantle. Strong earthquakes in the crust tend to occur in the region with the abnormal low Pn velocity, or in the transition zone between high and low Pn velocity regions. The earthquakes in the low velocity region are shallower, while that in the transition zone are deeper.     

Upper crustal P-wave velocity structure beneath two volcanic areas in northern Iran

Detailed information about the crustal structure is essential for better understanding the occurrence and mechanisms of earthquakes and volcanoes. Here we present a study of the upper crustal P-wave velocity structure of two seismically and volcanically active areas in northern Iran using the two-dimensional Pg travel time tomography method. The imaging results suggest low velocities in the upper crust beneath the Damavand and Sahand-Sabalan volcanic areas in the central and western parts of northern Iran, respectively. The upper crustal low velocities in these two areas roughly coincide with previously imaged low Pn velocity anomalies, suggesting that the Late Cenozoic volcanic activity was probably caused by the upwelling of hot materials from the mantle. The image feature of the Pg velocity structure beneath the Sahand-Sabalan volcanic area further indicates that the hot materials stored in the upper crust beneath Sahand may be larger in size than those stored beneath Sabalan. Comparison of the Pg velocity images with the earthquake distribution in north Iran suggests that earthquakes mainly occur at moderately low velocity or low to high velocity boundary areas instead of significantly low or high velocity regions. The anisotropy results show that the Pg wave fast direction is consistent with the GPS direction at high Pg velocity areas and the fast direction is inconsistent with the GPS direction but consistent with the strike direction of faults at low velocity areas. Our new upper crustal structural images provide the basic observation for better understanding of the regional seismicity and volcanism, and link the surface geological phenomena to deep crustal and mantle processes associated with the active tectonics in northern Iran.     

Fine structure of Pn velocity beneath Sichuan-Yunnan region

We use 23298 Pn arrival-time data from Chinese national and provincial earthquake bulletins to invert fine structure of Pn velocity and anisotropy at the top of the mantle beneath the Sichuan-Yunnan and its adjacent region. The results suggest that the Pn velocity in this region shows significant lateral variation; the Pn velocity varies from 7.7 to 8.3 km/s. The Pn-velocity variation correlates well with the tectonic activity and heat flow of the region. Low Pn velocity is observed in southwest Yunnan , Tengchong volcano area, and the Panxi tectonic area. These areas have very active seismicity and tectonic activity with high surface heat flow. On the other hand, high Pn velocity is observed in some stable regions, such as the central region of the Yangtze Platform; the most pronounced high velocity area is located in the Sichuan Basin, south of Chengdu. Pn anisotropy shows a complex pattern of regional deformation. The Pn fast direction shows a prominent clockwise rotation pattern from east of the Tibetan block to the Sichuan-Yunnan diamond block to southwest Yunnan, which may be related to southeastward escape of the Tibetan Plateau material due to the collision of the Indian Plate to the Eurasia Plate. Thus there appears to be strong correlation between the crustal deformation and the upper mantle structure in the region. The delay times of events and stations show that the crust thickness decreases from the Tibetan Plateau to eastern China, which is consistent with the results from deep seismic sounding.     

Fine structure of Pn velocity beneath Sichuan-Yunnan region

We use 23298 Pn arrival-time data from Chinese national and provincial earthquake bulletins to invert fine structure of Pn velocity and anisotropy at the top of the mantle beneath the Sichuan-Yunnan and its adjacent region. The results suggest that the Pn velocity in this region shows significant lateral variation; the Pn velocity varies from 7.7 to 8.3 km/s. The Pn-velocity variation correlates well with the tectonic activity and heat flow of the region. Low Pn velocity is observed in southwest Yunnan, Tengchong volcano area, and the Panxi tectonic area. These areas have very active seismicity and tectonic activity with high surface heat flow. On the other hand, high Pn velocity is observed in some stable regions, such as the central region of the Yangtze Platform; the most pronounced high velocity area is located in the Sichuan Basin, south of Chengdu. Pn anisotropy shows a complex pattern of regional deformation. The Pn fast direction shows a prominent clockwise rotation pattern from east of the Tibetan block to the Sichuan-Yunnan diamond block to southwest Yunnan, which may be related to southeastward escape of the Tibetan Plateau material due to the collision of the Indian Plate to the Eurasia Plate. Thus there appears to be strong correlation between the crustal deformation and the upper mantle structure in the region. The delay times of events and stations show that the crust thickness decreases from the Tibetan Plateau to eastern China, which is consistent with the results from deep seismic sounding.     

郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段及邻区上地幔顶部Pn波速度与各向异性

为着重探讨郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段的分段特征及其深部结构特征,本研究搜集增加了研究区内近几年的Pn震相数据.经挑选后采用了由2163个地震和301个台站构成的9156条射线,重新反演构建了郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段及邻区上地幔顶部Pn波速度及方位各向异性分布.尔后,将速度反演结果与地形地貌、大地热流、强震活动及地壳厚度等进行了综合对比和分析;此外,还将Pn波各向异性与地震各向异性其他观测手段的结果展开了对比和讨论.反演结果的可靠性和分辨能力较前文有所提高,研究区上地幔顶部的非均匀性特征揭露得更为清楚,尤其是由Pn波速度揭露的郯庐断裂带分段特征与地质构造特征吻合得更佳.结果表明:(1)Pn波高、低速的分布与地形地貌呈负相关的关系,即山地隆起区呈低速分布,而平原地区表现为高速异常.(2)Pn波速度沿郯庐断裂带的分布具有明显的分段特征,本文的研究结果支持郯庐断裂带在研究范围内的上地幔顶部可细分为4个亚段.由上地幔顶部Pn波速度揭示的郯庐带分段特征与前人根据郯庐断裂带各段的地表地质构造特征给出的分段结果吻合,深、浅耦合的现象表明郯庐断裂带是一条贯穿地壳、深抵Moho面的幔源深大断裂带.(3)Pn波速度与大地热流呈负相关的关系.(4)Pn波速度的分布与强震的发生具有一定的关联性,强震大部分发生在Pn波高、低速过渡地带或者低速区域的地壳内.(5)在南黄海海域新发现一条NNE-SSW向展布的弱高波速异常带,该异常带被强震震中清晰地勾勒了出来,据此推测其下方存在一条切割Moho界面的幔源深大断裂.(6)Pn波各向异性的强弱与地质构造的活动性相关,活动性越强则各向异性强度越大.(7)由地震台站的时间延迟分布可以看出,研究区地壳厚度总体上自SE往NW逐渐增厚;最大厚度位于渤海湾盆地的北西部和西部.     

中天山地区的Pn波速度结构与各向异性

利用宽频带流动地震台阵GHENGIS和吉尔吉斯地震台网KNET记录的地震波走时数据,反演了中天山地区的Pn波速度结构和各向异性.结果表明,中天山上地幔顶部平均速度偏低,具有构造活动地区的特点和明显的横向非均匀性;中天山南部地幔上涌区的Pn波速度非常低,表明存在较高的热流活动.Pn波速度的变化与地震分布有着密切的对应关系：地震大都发生在中天山北部Pn波高速区上方,而南部的Pn波低速区上方几乎没有地震.这一现象说明地幔上涌引起高温极大地降低了岩石层地幔的强度,并以热传导的方式进入地壳使其失去地震破裂强度而发生韧性变形.中天山北部和南部的各向异性也存在一定的差异,南部各向异性的快波方向为近南北方向,与SKS波的各向异性特征基本一致,反映了地幔物质的迁移方向;北部各向异性的快波方向呈向南凸出的旋转趋势,估计与哈萨克地台南缘楚河盆地地壳块体向天山挤入造成应力场的改变和岩石层变形有关.     

青藏高原S波和泊松比的层析成像

本研究使用中国数字地震台网（CDSN）（2009—2016）走时数据开展青藏高原地壳地震波速度三维层析成像研究,获得分辨率达到1°×1°×20 km的青藏高原地壳S波三维速度结构和泊松比分布.结果表明,分布在可可西里和羌塘北部的高钾质和钾质火山岩带,其上地壳到下地壳都存在S波波速扰动负异常和高泊松比.说明第三纪青藏高原隆升过程中,由于大陆碰撞使三叠纪的东昆仑缝合带重新破裂,造成大量壳幔混合熔融物质上涌和火山喷发,进而揭示了青藏高原北部新生代火山岩的存在与青藏高原的形成和隆升密切相关;青藏高原新生代裂谷位于中下地壳S波速度扰动负异常带的两侧,裂谷带之下的中下地壳泊松比减小到0.22以下.裂谷带之下中下地壳的S波速异常分布和泊松比值可以推断青藏高原新生代裂谷深达中地壳底部,这个推论与密度扰动三维成像的相关结论一致.青藏高原S波速度和泊松比在下地壳至壳幔边界随深度产生急剧变化,说明地壳内部发生了大规模的层间拆离和水平剪切;青藏高原东构造结之下泊松比高达0.29~0.33,S波速度扰动为负异常,推断东构造结下方地壳主要由坚硬的蛇纹石化橄榄岩组成;青藏高原中下地壳S波速负异常区范围大面积扩大,地壳底部几乎被S波速低值区全部覆盖.下地壳S波异常分布特点可能反映下地壳管道流的影响.     

利用接收函数研究兴蒙造山带阿巴嘎地区的地壳结构

本文利用内蒙阿巴嘎地区布设的38个宽频带地震台站记录到的远震数据,采用P波接收函数共转换点叠加方法（CCP）揭示台站下方Moho面起伏形态,并利用H-κ方法进一步得到地壳厚度和壳内平均波速比值.结果显示,研究区地壳厚度为35~44 km,均值约为40 km,西南部的鄂尔多斯盆地边缘地壳较厚,东北部的阿巴嘎火山群地区地壳显著变薄.研究区地壳平均波速比值在1.70~1.87之间,均值为1.76,其中阿巴嘎火山地区波速比值明显偏高.CCP叠加结果显示研究区Moho界面较平缓,但在缝合带附近存在明显的变化.我们推测,新生代阿巴嘎火山地区薄的地壳和高波速比值可能是由于火山活动底侵作用引起上地幔铁镁质物质侵入下地壳所致.     

川滇及邻区Pn波速度结构和各向异性研究

川滇地区是中国大陆构造变形及地震活动最强烈的区域之一.本文利用从国际地震中心(ISC)、中国地震台网以及云南、四川、重庆三个省级地震台网的地震观测报告中严格挑选出的53673个Pn波到时数据,用Pn波层析成像方法反演了川滇地区的Pn波速度结构和各向异性.结果表明该地区上地幔顶部速度结构的横向变化与现代构造运动有明显的关...     

青藏高原东北缘地壳各向异性及其动力学意义

利用中国地震科学探测台阵项目二期(ChinaArrayⅡ)81个台站的地震数据,使用时间域反褶积方法提取接收函数,挑选满足要求的高质量Ps震相,通过改进的剪切波分裂计算方法获取了53个台站共130对高质量各向异性参数对.地壳各向异性分析指出,研究区东南部地区地壳各向异性方向为NWW向,与XKS各向异性方向、GPS速度场三者近平行关系,说明该地区在青藏高原向欧亚大陆增生的过程中是一个耦合的连贯变形过程;位于研究区中、北部地区的地壳各向异性方向表现为NEE-SWW或E-W方向,与GPS速度场方向一致,而与XKS结果的偏振方向大角度相交,说明该地区受到青藏高原下地壳塑性管道流的影响,可能存在壳幔解耦作用.     

THE 3-D VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS IN FUJIAN PROVINCE

It is important to detect the fine velocity structures of the crust and uppermost mantle to understand the regional tectonic evolution, earthquake generation processes, and to conduct earthquake risk assessment. The inversion of uppermost mantle velocity and Moho depth are strongly influenced by crustal velocity heterogeneity. In this study, we collected first arrivals of Pg and Pn and secondary arrivals of Pg wave from the seismograms recorded at Fujian provincial seismic network stations. New 3-D P-wave velocities were inverted by multi-phase joint inversion method in Fujian Province. Our results show that the fault zones in Fujian Province have various velocity patterns. The shallow crust is characterized by high velocity that represents mountains, while the mid-lower crust shows low velocities. The anomalous velocities are correlated closely with tectonic faults in Fujian Province. Velocity anomalies mainly show NE-trending distribution, especially in the mid-lower crust and uppermost mantle, which is consistent with the NE-trending of the regional main fault zones. Meanwhile, a part of velocity patterns show NW trending, which is related to the secondary NW-oriented faults. Such velocity distribution also shows a geological structural pattern of "zoning in east-west direction and blocking in north-south direction" in Fujian area. In the crust, a low velocity zone is found along Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone as mentioned by previous study, however our result shows the low velocity exists at depth of 20~30km in mid-lower crust. Compared with previous study, this low velocity zone is larger and deeper both in range and depth. The crustal thickness of 28~35km from our joint inversion is similar to the results from the receiver functions of previous studies. The thinnest crust(28km)is observed at offshore in the north of Quanzhou; while the thickest crust(35km)is located west of Zhangzhou near the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone. Generally, thinner crustal thickness is found in offshore of Fujian Province, and thicker crustal thickness is in the mainland. However, we also found that crustal thickness becomes thinner along the east side of Yongan-Jinjiang Fault. The values of Pn velocities in the region vary from 7.71 to 8.26km/s. The velocity distribution of the uppermost mantle presents a large inhomogeneity, which is correlated with the distribution of the fault zone. High Pn velocity anomalies are found mainly along the west side of the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone(F₂), and the east side of the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone(F₁), which is strip-shaped throughout the central part of Fujian. Low Pn velocity anomalies are observed along the coast and Taiwan Straits, including the Changle-Zhaoan fault zone, the coastal fault zone, and the Fuzhou Basin. We also found a low Pn velocity anomaly zone, which extends to the coast, in the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone at the junction of the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces. In the west of Taiwan Straits, both high and low Pn velocity anomalies are observed. Our results show that the historical strong earthquakes(larger than magnitude 6.0) are mainly distributed between positive and negative anomaly zones at different depth profiles of the crust, and similar anomalies distribution also exists at the uppermost mantle, suggesting that the occurrence of strong earthquakes in the region is not only related to the anomalous crustal velocity structure, but also affected by the velocity anomaly structure from the uppermost mantle.     

南北地震带岩石圈S波速度结构面波层析成像

本文利用天然地震面波记录和层析成像方法,研究了南北地震带及邻近区域的岩石圈S波速度结构和各向异性特征.结果表明南北地震带的东边界不但是地壳厚度剧变带,也是地壳速度的显著分界.其西侧中下地壳的S波速度显著低于东侧,强震大多发生在低速区内部和边界.青藏高原东缘中下地壳速度显著低于正常大陆地壳,在松潘甘孜地块和川滇地块西部大约25～45 km深度存在壳内低速层;这些低速特征与高原主体的低速区相连,有利于下地壳物质的侧向流动.地壳的各向异性图像与下地壳流动模式相符,即下地壳物质绕喜马拉雅东构造结运动,东向的运动遇到扬子坚硬地壳阻挡而变为向南和向北东的运动.面波层析成像结果支持青藏高原地壳运动的下地壳流动模型.南北地震带的岩石圈厚度与其东侧的扬子和鄂尔多斯地块相似但速度较低.川滇西部地块上地幔顶部(莫霍面至88 km左右)异常低速;松潘甘孜地块上地幔盖层中有低速夹层(约90～130 km深度).岩石圈上地幔的速度分布图像与地壳显著不同,在高原主体与川滇之间存在北北东向高速带,可能会阻挡地幔物质的东向运动.上地幔各向异性较弱且与地壳的分布图像显然不同.因此青藏高原岩石圈地幔的构造运动具有与地壳不同的模式,软弱的下地壳提供了壳幔运动解耦的条件.     

青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部P波层析成像

为获取青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部的精细结构,本文基于1万4 484条天然地震的P波（Pg和Pn）到时数据,对青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部进行P波三维速度结构层析成像,获取了该区域内地壳P波、上地幔顶部Pn波的速度结构和地壳厚度信息。层析成像结果显示,青藏高原中东部地壳P波速度范围为5.2—7.2 km/s,上地幔顶部Pn波速度范围为7.7—8.4 km/s,地壳厚度范围为48.0—68.6 km,地壳和上地幔顶部存在强烈的横向不均匀性,与地质块体分布有较好的对应关系。地壳P波速度结构显示,研究区中、下地壳分布有较大范围的低速区,上地壳与中下地壳P波分布存在明显的差异:羌塘地块和巴颜喀拉地块在上地壳主要表现为高速异常,随着深度增加逐渐表现为低速异常;而柴达木地块在上地壳主要表现为低速异常,下地壳则表现为高速异常;柴达木地块和拉萨地块在上地幔顶部表现为较高的Pn波速度,最高约为8.4 km/s,而在巴颜喀拉地块和羌塘地块东部,Pn波总体上表现为低速,最低约为7.7 km/s。研究区内地壳厚度的总体特征表现为南厚北薄,其中羌塘地块东部和拉萨地块的地壳较厚,而柴达木地块和巴颜喀拉地块东部的地壳相对较薄,羌塘地块西部存在局部的地壳变薄现象,反映了印度板块对欧亚板块北向俯冲作用下的岩石圈变形特征。      

多层介质中利用sPn与Pn到时差确定震源深度的研究

为利用sPn与Pn波的走时差测定震源深度,进一步提高地震震源深度的测定精度,推导多层介质下sPn与Pn波的走时差与震源深度的关系,发现走时差与震中距无关,只与震源深度及区域地壳速度模型有关。震源在同一层中,走时差曲线的斜率不变,而当震源位于不同层中时,sPn-Pn走时差曲线的斜率不同,并呈分段直线的走时差曲线形态。地壳速度结构纵向越不均匀,多层和单层介质下利用sPn-Pn走时差计算的震源深度误差就越大,走时曲线的各分段直线斜率相差越大;探讨地壳中sPn与Pn波传播路径相同但波速不同的单层地壳速度模型,发现单层介质下波速越大,测定的震源深度越大;对于同一地区相同的地壳分层结构,测得的震源深度随着泊松比的增大而减小。基于前人给出的中国五个典型块体多层平均地壳模型,给出sPn-Pn走时差与震源深度计算公式速查表。     

腾冲地区近震S波分裂研究

本文利用布设在云南腾冲地区的15个固定和流动地震台站记录的近震波形数据,采用剪切波分裂分析方法得到了593对高质量的各向异性分裂参数.结果显示,腾冲火山区地震台站下方的近震各向异性的慢波延迟时间为0.02?0.37 s,平均延迟时间0.2 s.结合已有接收函数地壳各向异性研究结果,推测研究区地壳各向异性的主要贡献源自中...     

长白山天池火山区及邻近地区壳幔结构探测研究

对长白-敦化深地震测深剖面资料利用二维射线追踪程序包进行走时拟合及地震图计算,得到了长白山天池火山区及邻近地区地壳上地幔速度结构和深部构造. 结果表明,以C2界面为标志,研究区地壳可分为上部地壳和下部地壳. 上部地壳厚1-23km,P波速度为6.00-6.25km/s;下部地壳厚12-17km,它是由一个较均匀的速度层和一个厚6-km的壳幔过渡层构成. 地壳厚度由敦化一带31-33km向东南逐渐增厚,至天池火山区最深达3km. 在天池火山区地壳存在低速体,其速度较周围介质低约为0.15km/s. 利用地震剖面探测、地震CT和大地电磁测深等结果显示,在天池火山区地壳内存在低速、低密度及低阻异常体,该异常体可能表明壳内岩浆囊的存在.     

青藏高原东构造结及周边地区上地幔顶部Pn速度结构和各向异性研究

东构造结是印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的奇点,历来是地学研究的热点.本文在中国及区域地震台网资料所得结果的基础上,增加了1964～2006年的ISC数据,总共349475个Pn波到时资料,着重反演了东构造结及周边地区Pn波速度结构和各向异性.结果表明该区Pn速度结构与现代构造活动存在较明显的关联：四川盆地,印度板块是构造稳定的地块而具有高速异常;藏东南和南北地震带构造活动强烈而显示低速异常,云南南部、中南半岛北部因处于缅甸弧弧后扩张区其低速异常尤为明显. Pn波各向异性表明快波方向在东构造结有一顺时针旋转的趋势：在藏东南是北东方向,然后在南北地震带先转向东南,再转向南,最后在中南半岛北部突变为近东西向. 这是因为青藏高原物质在东流的过程中,相对于东构造结和四川盆地,在藏东南和南北地震带存在强烈的简单剪切变形,而在缅甸弧后扩张区为纯剪切变形所致. SKS快波方向也有类似的旋转趋势,但在中南半岛北部附近,具有近东西向Pn快波方向的区域,比云南南部东西向SKS区域偏南3°左右,这可能是由于该地区岩石圈上部运动比下部更快的结果.     

接收函数揭示的兴蒙造山带西南部的地壳结构特征

针对构造演化历史甚为复杂的兴蒙造山带的地壳结构探测较为有限的问题,本研究利用2016-2018年布设在兴蒙造山带西南部的第3期NECsaids地震台阵和固定地震台及NECESSArray的流动台数据,采用时间域最大熵谱反褶积方法提取到研究区的24027条高质量P波接收函数,进而采用H-κ和共转换点(CCP)叠加方法以及分层剥离转换震相分析地壳各向异性的方法来辨识研究区的地壳结构特征.分析表明:研究区地壳各向异性整体呈近NW向和近EW向,与区域速度场和板块绝对运动方向一致,表明现今地壳结构主要受控于太平洋板块构造域;大兴安岭-太行山重力梯级带是明显的地壳结构差异过渡区,其西侧地壳厚度明显高于东侧且呈降低趋势,而平均波速比则呈现东西两侧盆地较高的分布特征;局部地区的高波速比和不同的各向异性特征则显示受到新生代火山和断裂活动的改造作用,二连盆地的厚地壳和复杂的各向异性特征则展现出古亚洲洋闭合及蒙古-鄂霍茨克和古太平洋等多期构造作用的可能影响.     

青藏高原P波速度层析成像与岩石圈结构

利用中国西部地震台网的数据,通过体波层析成像反演了青藏高原及邻域的三维P波速度结构.根据地壳和上地幔的速度变化和构造特征,重点讨论了下地壳流动、地幔上涌、岩石圈减薄以及与藏北新生代火山岩和藏南裂谷系的关系等问题.分析表明,青藏高原中、下地壳平均速度偏低,低速区主要分布在拉萨和羌塘块体内部,随着深度的增加逐渐扩大到松潘—甘孜块体.上述低速区之间多被高速带分隔,暗示地壳中、下部的韧性变形被限制在特定的区域,不太适于产生贯穿整个青藏高原的大规模横向流动.此外,地幔上涌也并非普遍发生于整个青藏高原,而是集中在羌塘、松潘—甘孜以及喜马拉雅东构造结附近,导致上述区域的岩石圈地幔较薄,并且伴生火山活动和岩浆作用.此外,由于印度大陆岩石圈在向北俯冲,板片下沉过程中引起地幔上涌,热流物质有可能上升进入地壳,这一作用对藏北新生代火山岩和藏南裂谷系的形成以及中、下地壳的韧性变形产生了明显的影响.