巴基斯坦曼塞赫拉7.8级地震对中国大陆大震趋势影响的初步研究

讨论了喜马拉雅弧型地震构造带西反射弧地带(简称“西触角区”),大地震活动的基本特征及2005年10月巴基斯坦曼塞赫拉7.8级地震发生后,对中国大陆地震趋势的可能影响。西触角区(N30~45°,E61~80°)大震活动存在显著的时间上10年左右成组性及两次大震时间间隔小于1个月的爆发性,地点上的成丛性,兴都库什深震区的地震有一定先兆意义,与东触角区(N20~29°,E95~102°)大地震也存在较好的相关性。沿欧亚大陆与印度洋、澳州板块碰撞带上印尼苏门答腊8.9级地震后,再次发生巴基斯坦7.8级大地震,显示出这一板缘地震带正处于活跃状态。研究认为未来1~2年应注意西触角区尤其是天山地震带的大震连发的危险性及东触角区(缅甸及川、滇为主)发生响应性大地震的可能性。对中国大陆内部其他地区大震形势的影响可能不大。     

试论小区地震活动的时间规律

为了探讨小区域内地震活动的时间规律。本文在中国大陆选择了11个地点分析其从远古至公元1990年间的破坏性地震（M≥4 3／4）的活动性。因而发现小区的地震活动规律主要表现于以大震为代表的地震活动分期上，破坏性地震的频率、集中程度与阶段性变化上，以及与所在地震区地震活动期的关系上，不同小区的地震活动特征有共性，有类型区别，更有各自的特殊性。     

新地震区划图地震构造区划分的原则和方法——以中国东部中强地震活动区为例

在新编全国地震区划图潜在震源区划分工作中,采用了三级划分的技术思路,即在地震统计区内先划分出地震构造区,以控制地震统计区内地震构造和地震活动的差异性,然后,在地震构造区内再进行潜在震源区划分。地震构造区划分是新编全国地震区划图潜在震源区划分工作中的一个关键环节。本文论述了地震构造区的定义、作用、划分原则和依据等。介绍了中国东部地区地震构造区划分方案,并以东北地震区和华南沿海地震带为例,对地震构造区划分方案进行了详细论述。     

新疆中强震前地震活动空间演化研究

研究了新疆中强震前地震活动空间演化过程。结果表明:①新疆发生7级地震的主要地震活动特征是震前2年新疆4级地震增强,震前1年新疆4级地震平静;②新疆发生6级地震的主要地震活动特征是,在不同时段的增强背景下,构造带4级地震活动经历增强—平静过程,不同构造区震前3个月震源区的活动具有各自的特点;③对强震而言,地震活动不同阶段所表现出的特征与构造有较好的关联。4~5级地震的孕震影响范围远低于7级地震,地震活动的强弱更多的与所处的构造带相关,反映了区域应力场对不同量级地震的影响。     

大震区的长期活动

本文通过对我国内陆地区历史上的一些7级以上大震区地震活动的时、空、强分析后,发现许多大震区时过几十年、几百年乃至近千年,都还有不少的小震活动,有时竟然出现了中强地震,甚至还有与主震震级相当的复发性大地震发生。这里根据我国内陆地区17次8级以上地震和37次7级以上地震区的统计分析后,提出了大震区的长期活动概念。这个概念得到了六十年代中期全国陆续设立区域台网后,特别是1970年以来对大震区的观测事实的支持。 本文除简单地讨论了长期活动的物理意义外,进一步用一些具体事实说明了这种长期活动在趋势预报工作中所具有的现实意义。      

基于《中国震例》的地震空区和地震条带统计特征

基于《中国震例》(1970—2013年), 系统清理了246次M≥5.0震例前的地震活动图像异常, 并结合区域差异进行地震空区和地震条带的统计特征研究。 结果显示: ① 在246次震例中, 震前出现地震空区、 地震条带的震例数分别为105次、 51次, 占震例总数的42.7%和20.7%; ② 随着主震震级的增大, 地震空区和地震条带出现的比例逐渐增大, 尤其是7级以上地震, 震前出现地震空区的震例数占同类震例总数的83.3%, 出现地震条带的震例数占同类震例总数的66.7%, 可见地震空区和地震条带可能是7级以上强震的重要异常判据; ③ 针对整个中国大陆及近海, 地震空区和地震条带的持续时间、 展布尺度、 起始震级与主震震级存在一定线性关系, 相关系数能够通过95%置信水平的阈值检验; ④ 各主要构造分区的统计结果差异较大, 青藏高原北部除地震空区持续时间外, 其余地震空区和地震条带参数与主震震级之间的线性关系均通过阈值检验, 南北带中南段和华北地区有个别参数通过检验, 天山地区所有参数均未通过检验。     

我国大陆强震活动的韵律性特征

本文应用1895年以来我国大陆地区7级和大于7级的强震资料,讨论了我国大陆强震活动的轮回特性,指出了我国大陆地区强震高潮的到来有一个发展过程,即经历强震活动的平静、增强及出现强震高潮三个幕。文中讨论了各幕的持续时间及其强震活动的频度和能量分布,同时还分析了各轮回中强震的地区分布,探讨了每个强震高潮的主体活动区的形成特点。这些结果可为研究我国大陆强震高潮到来和结束的标志及判断未来强震高潮的主体活动地区等强震预测问题提供线索。此外,本文还分析了我国大陆强震高潮与东北深震的相关关系等问题     

地震活动的随机场特征

地震活动是一种随机自然现象,将其基本要素变量看作是空间和时间的函数,它们具有随机场的基本特征,由此得到地震活动的随机场描述。重点讨论在一定条件下地震活动能量场和频次场的统计特征及地震活动场的平稳性问题,说明应用随机场方法研究地震活动的合理性。     

华南地区地震活动特征与台湾强震影响

以M_S5.5以上地震是否发生为标记, 划分华南地区的活跃和平静时段, 结果显示与华南地区2级以上地震频次的应力调制时间过程变化趋势有很好的一致性。 另外, 在活跃和平静时段华南地区的震级频次特点显著不同。 华南地区在中强震发生前有4级左右地震频繁活动和小震群频发的特点。 华南地区的中强震与云南地区7级地震的发生相关。 统计20世纪以来台湾强震与华南中强震的对应关系, 台湾西带6级强震后1年内华南中强震的对应率近0.5, 地区影响似有由东至西逐渐减弱的趋势。 台湾7级地震后2年内华南中强震的对应率只有0.3, 对应地区除台湾海峡、 福建和广东东部地震外, 也有几次对应广西和北部湾地区的地震, 与6级相比, 台湾7级强震影响范围大。     

对永胜6级地震的预报及依据

2001年10月27日在云南永胜发生6.0级地震，震前四川省地震局有较准确的中期和短临预报，加强了川滇交界地区的地震监测预报工作，并且向四川省政府作了汇报，取得了明显的社会效益。经验性地震预报重视川滇菱形地块西界断裂带动态活动图像的分析，尤其对历史强震破裂空段附近出现的中小震活动带或新活跃区段的研究；同时，重视4级前震群、川滇交界地区地下水位、水温、形变观测异常的跟踪分析和震情预测。     

The use of modern statistical theories in the assessment of earthquake hazard, with application to quiet regions of eastern North America

It is generally accepted that both deterministic and statistical approaches are useful for the characterization of earthquake hazard. Although the most reliable estimates of seismic hazard can only be based on an improved understanding of the earthquake mechanism, efficient utilization of the appropriate methods provided by recent statistical theories is also important in seismic risk analysis. This is especially true in regions where the connection between seismicity and geologic structure is tenuous at best. We are particularly interested in developing better statistical treatments of data for regions with little known seismic activity. To this end, we have applied three statistical methods to the historical record of seismicity in relatively quiet regions of eastern North America. These are: (1) the threshold method for tail inference, a new theory for modeling earthquakes with sizes above a given threshold, (2) the ‘bootstrap’ technique in which the characteristics of an unknown population are simulated by replacing the true population by an estimated one, and (3) a technique to estimate the number of earthquakes below a given size, in order to compensate for the under-reporting of small earthquakes in most catalogs. A combination of these techniques has been used to estimate the probabilities of future large earthquakes for the regions studied. Because of limitations imposed by existing catalogs, the size estimate used has been maximum intensity.     

华北地区库仑应力演化与强震活动关系

采用更加符合长期变形和震后短期变形的Burgers流变模型,模拟了华北地区1303年以来6.5级以上地震引起的同震和震后库仑应力演化.结合华北地区历史地震期幕活动特征,分析了不同活跃期之间、同一活跃期内不同地震之间的库仑应力加卸载效应.结果表明：华北地区不同活跃期的强震主体活动区受控于历史强震的库仑应力加载作用;每个活跃期内强震活动主体区在空间上的迁移与该活跃期内首个7.5级以上地震的触发作用有关;华北地区每个活跃期内强震活动在时间上表现出的"平静期—活跃警告期—高潮期—剩余释放期"应该是区域动力加载过程的一种表现.岩石圈流变松弛效应引起的库仑应力变化对华北地区强震活动时空演化有显著的促进作用.本研究讨论了库仑应力变化在华北地区历史地震活动时空演化过程中可能扮演的角色,为探索华北地区强震活动空间迁移和韵律特征蕴含的构造动力学过程,以及与之相关的地震危险性判定提供参考依据.     

渤海海域近期地震活动分析

渤海地区是我国东部地震较活跃的地区之一,历史上曾发生过多次强震,现今小震活动也较活跃。本文总结了地震活动的空间、时间和强度的特征,为本地区地震灾害的防御、减灾等方面提供依据。     

Statistical search for non-random features of the seismicity of strong earthquakes

The space-time-magnitude relationship among worldwide earthquakes of magnitude M ? 7 has been investigated with a view toward discerning the statistical reliability of possibilities of epicenter migration, gaps in seismic activity, and techniques of identifying aftershocks and foreshocks. The statistical procedure involves the calculation of the second-order moment of the sequences. The statistical validity of the results was obtained by modeling the interaction of discrete seismic events by a multidimensional branching stochastic point process.The results are that epicenters of large earthquakes migrate with velocities between 300 and 2,000 km/year with a significance level greater than 99.5%; the maximum likelihood estimate of the velocity of migration of large aftershocks of large earthquakes is about 1,400 km/year; foreshocks of large earthquakes have a maximum likelihood estimate of velocity of migration of about 2,800 km/year. A gap in seismic activity occurs before large earthquakes; with somewhat less confidence, a gap also occurs after large earthquakes, after the aftershock sequence has ended. The number of immediate foreshocks is 35–40% of the number of aftershocks. Aftershocks are comparatively weaker than foreshocks when compared with the main shock. There are hints, that are not fully statistically confirmed, of interaction among large earthquakes in different depth ranges.     

华北地震活动中短期异常图像研究

系统研究了多种地震活动性方法后认为, 1970年以来华北地区发生的M_S≥5.8中强震前, 约83%具有3级或4级地震异常条带、 孕震空区及信号震出现。 震前有信号震的比例占92%, 83%的信号震距主震150 km以内, 距主震发生时间小于1年的占67%。 条带时间形成进程在2年内的约占90%, 震前条带形成后到主震发生83%在5个月内。 空区形成进程在1年半内的占83%, 空区形成后到主震发生91%在50天内, 为有意义的地震活动图像短期异常特征。 文中还探讨了异常条带图像的定量判别指标及其与未来强震的关联。     

闽粤海外的历史地震活动

闽粤海外地震集中分布于晚更新世以来活动最为强烈的近岸海域断裂靠近南澳和泉州的两个地段.1918和1906年南北两段分别发生过7.3和6.1级地震.笔者以这两次地震的仪器测定参数为准,通过宏观资料对比,参考地震背景,估定各早期地震的参数,编制了历史地震序列表.南、北两区地震活动基本同步,所记最大地震均在7.3级左右.大震以前,地震活动常有增强.主震后余震频繁,但强余震多发生在1至几年以后.15世纪晚期以来,出现过两次地震活动高潮:第一次在1600年前后,两区各发生43级以上地震8次,其中南区最强为6.7级,北区约7.5级;第二次在19世纪初,南区地震18次,最强达7.3级,北区仅6.1和5.5级地震各1次.1942年以来,整个地带极少中强震活动.究竟系减震作用影响,还是北区正在酝酿较强地震,值得深入研究.      

Statistical simulation analysis of the correlation between the annual estimated key regions with a certain seismic risk and the earthquakes in China

IntroductionEarthquake prediction is still one of most difficult problems in the world although the researches on it in China have been done for more than 30 years. A lot of experience, however, has been accumulated and some theoretical study on earthquake prediction conducted so that some prediction could be issued prior to earthquakes to obtain real effectiveness of mitigating disasters from these earthquakes to some extent, in China. The annual national consulting convention of earthquake …     

德令哈地震台国内外中强震震相记录特征

选取德令哈地震台2007-2017年数字地震记录,对于国内外不同方位、不同震中距、不同地区、不同深度的典型中强地震,使用广东省地震局研发的单台分析处理软件MSDP,从地质构造、波列特征、P波初动、S波与P波震相到时差、主要震相、最大振幅、震中距等方面,分析所选取地震震相特征。结果表明,不同构造区域的介质差异性及震源深度、地震波传播路径的不同,导致德令哈地震台记录的各地区地震震相特征不同。     

Universality of the Seismic Moment-frequency Relation

—We analyze the seismic moment-frequency relation in various depth ranges and for different seismic regions, using Flinn-Engdahl's regionalization of global seismicity. Three earthquake lists of centroid-moment tensor data have been used the Harvard catalog, the USGS catalog, and the Huang et al. (1997) catalog of deep earthquakes. The results confirm the universality of the β-values and the maximum moment for shallow earthquakes in continental regions, as well as at and near continental boundaries. Moreover, we show that although fluctuations in earthquake size distribution increase with depth, the β-values for earthquakes in the depth range of 0–500 km exhibit no statistically significant regional variations. The regional variations are significant only for deep events near the 660 km boundary. For declustered shallow earthquake catalogs and deeper events, we show that the worldwide β-values have the same value of 0.60 ± 0.02. This finding suggests that the β-value is a universal constant. We investigate the statistical correlations between the numbers of seismic events in different depth ranges and the correlation of the tectonic deformation rate and seismic activity (the number of earthquakes above a certain threshold level per year). The high level of these correlations suggests that seismic activity indicates tectonic deformation rate in subduction zones. Combined with the universality of the β-value, this finding implies little if any variation in maximum earthquake seismic moment among various subduction zones. If we assume that earthquakes of maximum size are similar in different depth ranges and the seismic efficiency coefficient, χ, is close to 100% for shallow seismicity, then we can estimate χ for deeper earthquakes for intermediate earthquakes χ≈ 5%, and χ≈ 1% for deep events. These results may lead to new theoretical understanding of the earthquake process and better estimates of seismic hazard.     

Regularities in the time variations of seismic parameters and their implications for prediction of strong earthquakes in Greece

Time variations in the parameters of seismic activity in two regions in Greece, which are known to have different geodynamical conditions, are analyzed using the FastBEE algorithm suggested in (Papadopoulos and Baskoutas, 2009). The study is based on the data on weak earthquakes that occurred in two local regions. One region pertains to the zone dominated by intensive compression stress field, while another is located in the region of a relatively lower intensity extension stress field. It is shown that in the zone of compression the seismic parameters exhibit anomalous temporal behavior before strong earthquakes with Ms ≥ 5.7, whereas in the zones of extension, similar anomalies precede earthquakes with lower magnitudes of up to Ms ≥ 4.9. The most informative parameters for the purposes of predicting strong seismic events are the released seismic energy in the form logE ^2/3 and the slope of the frequency-magnitude dependence, b-value. The seismic activity in the region, expressed in terms of the logarithmic number of earthquakes, per unit time in some cases does not exhibit any particular pattern of behavior before strong earthquakes. In the time series of the studied parameters, four stages in the seismic process are clearly distinguished before strong earthquakes. Typically, a strong earthquake has a low probability to occur within the first two stages. Instead, this probability arises at stage III and attains its maximum at the end of this stage coinciding with the occurrence of the strong earthquake. We suggest these features of the time series to be used for the assessment of seismic hazard and for the real-time prediction of strong earthquakes. The time variations in the b-value are found to be correlated with the time variations inlogE ^2/3. This correlation is closely approximated by the power-law function. The parameters of this function depend on the geodynamical features of the region and characterize the intensity and the type of the regional tectonic stresses. The results of our study show that the FastBEE algorithm can be successfully applied for monitoring seismic hazard and predicting strong earthquakes.