Urban geochemistry of Khoshk River, Shiraz, Iran

The Khoshk River passes through Shiraz City, southwest Iran. It passes through the populated urban area of Shiraz and receives and carries different kinds of industrial and urban solid and liquid wastes produced by industries and domestic sewage. The obje…     

Hydrogeochemistry of the Winder River and adjoining tributaries, Balochistan, Pakistan

Quantitative estimation of ground and stream waters draining through sedimentary rocks of the Pab and Mor ranges (Jurassic-Cretaceous) and the Bela ophiolite has been made. The degree of correspondence among cations and anions has been estimated in order to evaluate their mutual relationships. The abundance of major ions is interpreted to be related to bedrocks and climatic conditions, which may contribute to the genetic affiliation. The log TDS and Na/Na Ca ratio reflected supremacy of weathering of rocks with some influence of evaporation. Ionic relationship is exhibited in the form of Stiff diagrams. Patterns of ionic composition revealed high NaCl, medium Ca(HCO3)2 and low MgSO4. Piper diagram has been used to classify the hydrofacies. The important hydrogeochemical parameters have been estimated for assessment of groundwater quality for domestic purposes in accordance to WHO. Irrigation water qualities have been evaluated in terms of EC, SAR, RSC, ESP and pH.     

Major ion geochemistry of Godavari River at Rajahmundry, India

Detailed time-series studies on the major ion geochemistry of tropical peninsular Indian rivers are lacking. In this backdrop, a small stretch of the Godavari River, globally ranking 32nd in terms of total discharge, is chosen for sampling at its mouth. The objectives are： （1） to understand the natural and anthropogenic sources controlling the major ion chemistry of the Godavari River at Rajahmundry, （2） processes controlling the temporal variations in major ions over a period of two years, （3） comparison of total dissolved solid （TDS） fluxes and weathering rates at Godavari River with other major tropical rivers. A total of 47 surface samples were collected, bimonthly, at five stations in the Godavari at Rajahmundry spaced over a distance of 6 km for a period of two years. Water samples were collected in pre-cleaned PP bottles. Parameters like temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity were measured on-site. Samples collected for analysis of major ions were processed within a few hours of collection by filtering through 0.45 mm pore size millipore filters. Filtered water samples for major ions were transported to the laboratory in cleaned 250 mL PP bottles. Sodium and K were measured on a Flame Photometer, Ca and Mg on a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Cl, NO3, SO4 by Ion Chromatography and SiO2 on a spectrophotometer. Chemical weathering of rocks controls the major ion chemistry of the Godavari River at its mouth as indicated by the alkaline nature of the river and dominant presence of Ca, Mg and HCO3 ions. Ca/Mg and Na/Mg ratios point its source to a mixture of lithological assemblages of basalt, granite-granodiorite,     

Hydrogeochemistry of Wujiang River Water in Guizhou Province,China

The chemical composition of Wujiang River water represents that of river water from the typical carbonate areas.Ite hydrogeochemical characteristics are different from those of global major rivers.The Wujiang River and its tributaries have high total dissolved solid concentrations,with Ca^2 and HCO3^- being dominant,Mg^2 and SO4^2- coming next.Both Na^ K^ and Cl^- Si account for 5%-10% of the total cations and anions,respectively,These general features show the chemical composition of river water is largely controlled by carbonate weathering,with the impact of silicate and evaporate weathering being of less importance.Production activity,minin practice and industrial pollution also have some influence on the chemical composition of rive water.     

Spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical and heavy metal pollution in Ramganga River—a tributary of River Ganges,India

The River Ganges being the most sacred river and lifeline to millions of Indians in serving their water requirements is facing excessive threat of pollution. Under various river management and conservation strategies for its protection, the assessment of water quality of its main tributary Ramganga River is lacking. This study focuses on assessment of physicochemical and heavy metal pollution of the Ramganga River by application of multivariate statistical techniques. Sampling of Ramganga River at sixteen sampling sites was carried out in three seasons (summer, monsoon and winter) of 2014. The collected water samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. Results from cluster analysis (CA) of the data divided the whole stretch of the river into three clusters as elevation from 1304 to 259 m as less polluted, from 207 to 154 m as moderately polluted and from elevation 154 to 139 m as high-polluted stretches with anthropogenic as main sources of pollution in high-polluted stretch. Principal component analysis of the seasonal dataset resulted in three significant principal components (PC) in each season explaining 72–8% of total variance with strong loadings (>0.75) of PC1 on fluoride (F^?), chloride (Cl^?), sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^?), total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. Temporal variation by one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) showed significant seasonal variation was in the pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, HCO₃ ^?, F^?, Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Mn (p < 0.05). Turbidity showed approximately a twofold increase in monsoon season due to rainfall in the catchment area and subsequent flow of runoff into the river. Concentration of HCO₃ ^?, F^? and pH also showed similar increase in monsoon. The concentration of Zn, Cd and Mn showed an increasing trend in summers compared to monsoon and winter season due to dilution effect in the monsoon season and its lasting effect in winters.     

Assessment of heavy metal contents in bed sediments of a mineralized catchment of the Agno River, Benguet, Philippines

Several former and existing gold and copper mines of the Benguet Province in northern Philippines are situated in the Baloy catchment. Rivers and tributaries drain an area of approximately 89 square kilometers before joining the main Agno River which drai…     

Aquatic ecological risk assessment of OCPs in Huaihe River, Jiangsu section

The Huaihe River Basin, located between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, is one of the most populated areas in the eastern part of China. The Huaihe River is probably the most heavily polluted one among the three largest rivers in China. The Jiangsu section is the downstream reaches of the Huaihe River, where organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） may come from local discharge due to flourishing industry and agriculture, and also from inflows from upstream. OCPs are usually hazardous organic pollutants, and may endanger the aquatic ecosystem of the Huaihe River, Jiangsu section. Surface water of the Huaihe River, Jiangsu section in both high-flow period and low-flow period was sampled and OCPs were determined using GC-ECD. 15 OCPs were detected, including 2,4＇-DDT, 4,4＇-DDT, 4,4＇-DDD, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, methoxychlor, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene（HCB）, α-endosulfan, α-Endosulfan and heptachlorepoxide. The span of total OCPs concentration is between 26.27-124.39 ng/L. Among the 15 OCPs detected, aquatic ecological risk assessment was performed for 12 ones except for α-endosulfan, α-endosulfan and heptachlorepoxide due to lack of the relevant toxicity data of the three compounds. The acute toxicities of 12 OCPs to multi aquatic species were collected from AQUIRE database and other sources. Environmental Concentration Distribution （ECD） and Species Sensitivity Distribution （SSD） were achieved after Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The risk quotient distributions were acquired using Monte Carlo simulation. The aquatic ecological risks caused by single OCPs were analyzed. It is shown that endrin and 2,4＇-DDT have the highest risk while HCB and HCHs have the lowest risk. Then the joint ecological risk caused by all 12 OCPs was calculated based on the concept of equivalent concentration and it proves to be significantly higher than risk caused by any single OCP. Furthermore, the probability of aquatic ecological risk was calculated according to different ecological risk criteria （ERC）. The comparative analysis shows that ERC is very important to the result of ecological risk assessment.     

Identification of landslide susceptibility zones in Gish River basin,West Bengal,India

The occurrence of landslide in the hilly region of Darjeeling during monsoon season is a matter of serious concern. Every year this natural hazard damages the major roads at several places and thus disrupts the transport and communication system in this region. This paper tries to prepare a landslide susceptibility zone (LSZ) map for the Gish River basin. A total number of 16 spatial parameters have been taken for this study and these are categorised under six factor clusters or groups for example, triggering factors, protective factor, lithological factors, morphometric factors, hydrological factors and anthropogenic factors. The LSZ map is prepared by integrating all the parameters adopting the weighting base as logistic regression. The landslide susceptibility map shows that nearly 9.11% of the area falls under the very high landslide-susceptible zone while 40.28% of the area of the total basin lies under the very low landslide-susceptible zone. The landslide-susceptible model is validated through the receiver operating characteristic curve. This curve shows 86% success rate in defining landslide-susceptible zones and 83.40% prediction rate for the occurrence of landslides. The spatial relationship between the landslide susceptibility model and other factors’ groups shows that the morphometric factors’ cluster (mainly slope) is the focalone for the determination of landslide-susceptible zone.     

Environmental quality evaluation of the Vacacaí River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The water quality of the Vacacaí River was assessed at different sites in the period between winter 2005 and autumn 2006. All samples were analyzed for 52 elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, Li, Be, Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, In, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb, Bi, U, Na, K, Hg, B, Mo, Sn, Te, Ti), temperature, pH, ammonia, and alkalinity levels. Water from the Vacacaí River ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline. No difference was observed in the chemical composition at different sites of the Vacacaí River. Levels of Ba, Ca, Sr and Mg increase in the dry seasons and reach their highest concentrations in autumn; Be and U decrease in the dry season and reach their highest concentration in spring. Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Th, U Mn, Ca and Mg are highly positively related, indicating a common origin. Se and Cu are probably from anthropogenic source, from the rice crops of the margins of the river. Waterborne Al and Fe levels were above the desirable level for drinking water at all sites during all seasons. These results demonstrate the need for constant monitoring of water parameters, which is crucial to ensure water quality for the population of this region.     

Isotope Method for Confined Groundwater Recharge of the Lower Reaches of the Heihe River, Inner Mongolia, China

Environmental isotopes have been applied to analyze confined groundwater recharge in the lower reaches of the Heihe River,Inner Mongolia.CFC is regarded as a tracer that determines the date of groundwater,the date being less than 45 a.The confined groundwater within the Gurinai area and Ejin Basin other than the surface water of Heihe River might have originated from precipitation from Qilian Mountain or/and the Tibetan Plateau.The deep confined groundwater overflows into an upper aquifer and emerges into the ground,forming springs and lakes within the low-lying area.The recharge volume is estimated to be around 400 million-cubic meters.     

Geochemistry and Tectonic Significance of Alkali Granites along the Ulungur River,Xinjiang

In North Xinjiang there is an alkali granite belt extending in the NW-SE direction along the southern band of the Ulungur River and running parallel to the suture zone,i.e.,Aermantai-Zhaheba Ophiolitic Melange Zone ,between the Junggar Plate and the Altay Orogenic Belt.Whole -rock Rb-Sr isochron ages of the Ulungur alkali granites are within the range of 292-309Ma, showing that they were genetically connected with the latest episode of Hercynian magmatism subsequent to the syncollision S-type and post-collision uplifting I-type granitoids in the Altay region .The alkali granites are miner-alogically characterized by the occurrence of aegirine and arfvedsonite and chemically by high silicon and alkali,low calcium and magnesium and abundant high-field elements, being typical A-type granites .The alkali granites were formed in the final stage of the Hercynian calc-alkaline magmatic cycle in a very short period of time .They are in line with the post-orogenic A-type(PA-type)granites, implying that the tectonic regime was changed from compression to extension.     

Non-point source pollution of Wujiang River watershed in Guizhou Province, SW China

The amount of pollution from non-point sources flowing in the streams of the Wujiang River watershed in Guizhou Province, SW China, is estimated by a GIS-based method using rainfall, surface runoff and land use data. A grid of cells, 100 m in size, is laid over the landscape. For each cell, mean annual surface runoff is estimated from rainfall and percent land use, and expected pollutant concentration is estimated from land use. The product of surface runoff and concentration gives expected pollutant loading from that cell. These loadings are accumulated going downstream to give expected annual pollutant loadings in streams and rivers. By dividing these accumulated loadings by the similarly accumulated mean annual surface runoff, the expected pollutant concentration from non-point sources is determined for each location in a stream or river. Observed pollutant concentrations in the watershed are averaged at each sample point and compared to the expected concentrations at the same locations determined from the grid cell model. In general, annual non-point source nutrient loadings in the Wujiang River watershed are seen to be predominantly from the agricultural and meadow areas.     

Stratigraphy and ecostratigraphic distribution of foraminiferal morphogroups from the Upper Jurassic of the Makar’yev section (Unzha River,Volga River basin)

Investigation of the Upper Callovian to Lower Kimmeridgian microfossils from the Makar’yev reference section (Unzha River, East European Platform) has been carried out. The section is characterized by ammonite debris and abundant associations of benthic and planktic foraminifers. It is a perfect object for stratigraphic and paleoecological researches. The biostratigraphic distribution of foraminifers from the Makar’yev section allows one to identify standard foraminifera zones of the East European Platform, as well as to upgrade some of them. The analysis of vertical and lateral ammonites and foraminiferal distribution, completed with litho stratigraphy, has precised the stratigraphic volume and position of boundaries of several lithological units.An improved stratigraphic scheme for the Kostroma area of the Moscow Depression is proposed. Analysis of the composition, structure, and dynamic changes of the foraminiferal assemblages has been performed. The morphofunctional analysis of foraminiferal genera has for the first time identified how foraminiferal morphogroups differing in their life style and feeding strategy varied with short-term paleoenvironmental changes. These morphogroup changes allow establishing four ecostratigraphic levels. These paleoecological data have been calibrated along with geochemical factors. They have shown a crisis of foraminiferal association during the Late Oxfordian and Early Kimmeridgian. A similar crisis has also been discovered in the north of Siberia, which may be an argument for its global distribution. The analysis of the taxonomic composition and the density of foraminiferal associations, in parallel with the structure of the association, has revealed a succession of transgressive and regressive events during the Late Callovian-Early Kimmeridgian. It allows the typification of each assemblage in relation with each event and underlines the occurrence of second-order sea-level fluctuations (middle part of the Middle Oxfordian and the earliest Kimmeridgian).     

Mercury in the Waters of the Jundiaí River, SP, Brazil: The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter

Many developing countries have regions of high demographic density, where untreated residuary waters from different sources are often discharged into rivers, streams and other water bodies. This paper discusses the reducing action of organic matter of anthropic origin on the mercury redox cycle in the Jundiaí River impacted by discharged wastes, and on the Piraí River, a non-impacted water body. The total mercury concentrations in these locations vary from 1.7 to 32?ng?L^?1 in the former and from 0.6 to 10.6?ng?L^?1 in the latter. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations of up to 68.3 and 6.5?mg?L^?1 were observed, confirming the higher impact on the Jundiaí River. It was found that an inverse correlation between the concentration of dissolved organic carbon and total mercury was stronger in the Jundiaí River, given that it receives higher organic loads, suggesting that organic matter exerts a reducing action on mercury, which is released as gas into the atmosphere. This correlation was not observed in the Piraí River, where the organic matter of natural origin is probably not sufficiently labile to act intensely upon the Hg redox cycle, favoring the metal transport.     

Detrital Zircon Ages of Hanjiang River： Constraints on Evolution of Northern Yangtze Craton, South China

Clastic sedimentary rocks are natural samples of the exposed continental crust over large areas. The Hanjiang (汉江) River drains the northern Yangtze craton,including the South Qinling (秦岭) belt and the northern parts of the Yangtze craton. Detrital zircons from this river thus provide an ideal sample for studying the formation and evolution of the northern Yangtze craton. Here we report laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer U-Pb ages of 122 detrital zircons from one sand sample of the Hanjiang River. The 110 concordant zircons reveal four major age groups of 768,444,212,and 124 Ma,which well correlate with known magmatic events in the northern Yangtze craton. A minor group is present at 1 536 Ma,which is less known in the study area. Only seven zircons have ages of >1 750 Ma. Our results show that the Early Paleozoic,Late Triassic,and Early Cretaceous are important episodes of zircon growth and crustal growth/reworking in addition to the previously documented Neoproterozoic event. Our results suggest very limited exposures of Paleoproterozoic and Archean rocks in the northern parts of the Yangtze craton.     

Mobilization of arsenic from acid deposition – The Elbe River catchment,Czech Republic

Temporal changes of As concentration in surface waters were observed in some areas of the Czech Republic. Mobilized As originates from past atmospheric deposition. To understand the factors influencing As aqueous concentration and mobility the chemistry and runoff generation of a number of brooks, springs and rivers in the central part of the Elbe River catchment, Czech Republic, were monitored. Seasonal variations of As (from 0.5 to 10.5 μg L⁻¹), Fe (from 0.05 to 3.9 mg L⁻¹) and DOC (dissolved organic C – from 1.2 to 17.5 mg L⁻¹) were observed in monitored stream waters with maximum values of As and Fe in the summer months at pH values 7.6–7.8. The concentration of As in particles with a diameter < 60 μm correlates with the Fe concentration. There is no correlation between Fe and As in filtered samples (<0.45 μm). The As concentration in stream water colloids depends on an increase in DOC concentration and a decrease in ionic strength. The DOC stabilizes As in solution and reduces its re-adsorption on Fe colloids and consequently As concentration in the stream increases.