碱提取法分析海洋沉积物生物硅方法中碎屑组分污染的评估及校正

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱 (ICP- MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱 (ICP- AES)方法分析了常规碱液提取海洋沉积物中的生物硅所获取的溶液中的 Si、 Al和 Ti含量.分析结果显示 , 碱液提取法获取的溶液中 Si和 Al明显地由两种来源混合而成,其中, Si有较大比例的陆源碎屑成分的贡献,并不能直接代表沉积物中的生物硅含量,而需要对其中的陆源碎屑贡献进行扣除.通常使用 Al来代表陆源碎屑进行扣除的方法无法给出正确结果,因为碱提取液中 Al存在明显的非碎屑组分.对数个土壤及水系沉积物标准样品物质的试验发现,碱提取可以优先溶解其中的 Si和 Al,而提取液中的 SiO2/TiO2比值相对于土壤和沉积物全样的 SiO2/TiO2比值有一个比较固定的富集系数 (约 14左右 ).对南海沉积物而言,根据这个富集系数和区域的碎屑物质的化学组成算得碱提取液中碎屑组分 SiO2/TiO2比值约为 748,这与根据二端员混合估计的比值相当.这样,根据提取液中的 Ti含量可以较好地扣除出碎屑组分对生物硅的污染,对于更准确测定海洋沉积物中低含量的生物硅具有重要意义.     

南海西南海域表层沉积物中微量元素Ba的地球化学特征

分析南海西南海域表层沉积物中微量元素Ba的地球化学特征,并探讨生物成因Ba的分布及其与表层海水生产力的关系。南海西南海域表层沉积物Ba总量的变化范围为398~1 270 μg/g,平均值为851 μg/g,从上陆坡到下陆坡,沉积物中的Ba含量逐渐增加;微量元素Ba主要赋存于陆源碎屑相和生物成因相中,且明显受到沉积环境水深和陆源物质输入的影响。生物成因Ba含量的变化范围为30.6~938 μg/g,陆坡区和深海区平均值分别为495 μg/g、349 μg/g,占沉积物Ba总量的54％和51％,总体上,与沉积物Ba总量具有相对一致的分布特征。尽管研究区表层沉积物中Al、Ti成分为典型的陆源碎屑组分,但是,利用大陆上地壳Ba/Al比值和陆坡区沉积物回归分析获得的Ba/Al比值进行生物成因Ba的计算,过高地估算了沉积物中陆源Ba的含量;而采用页岩Ba/Ti比值来估算陆坡区表层沉积物中的生物成因Ba含量显得相对可靠。在深海区,利用经验的Ba/Al或Ba/Ti比值均不能获得有效的生物成因Ba值。因此,在获取沉积物中生物成因钡含量时,需结合各海区的特点选取合适的参数来扣除陆源Ba的含量。     

以Al/Ti比值为地球化学示踪剂反演海洋古生产力的研究进展

地球化学家通常用Al对其它重金属进行归一化以校正沉积物来源、粒度、矿物组成等方面的影响,因此现代海洋沉积物样品中Al、Ti含量的结果主要用于定量描述陆源输送的贡献。近期研究结果发现,在受陆源物质输送影响较小,沉降颗粒主要以生源颗粒物为主的赤道大洋区,沉积物中出现明显的“过剩铝”信号,“过剩铝”约占沉积物中总铝含量的50％。因此,用沉积物中Al的含量来估算陆源碎屑的比例会导致过高的结果,建议用Ti、Sc作为参比元素校正陆源物质的影响。沉积物中的Al/Ti比值可用来示踪水体中颗粒物的沉降通量和初级生产的改变。综述了近期以Al/Ti比值这种新的地球化学示踪剂反演古生产力的最新研究进展,提出了在我国陆架边缘海开展此项工作可能存在的问题与挑战。     

长江口海区表层沉积物主要化学成分

长江口海区按沉积环境、沉积物成分可分为五个沉积区,即现代长江三角洲前缘沉积区、现代长江前三角洲沉积区、过渡沉积区、晚更新世古滨海沉积区和苏北浅滩沉积区。在陆架上,陆源碎屑矿物主要为石英及硅铝酸盐矿物,陆源沉积物特征元素为Si和Al。探讨沉积物Si、Al平面上(沉积区)的分布、各类沉积物及粒度组分中Si、Al的含量变化,将有助于认识长江水下三角洲沉积地球化学的特点。统计表明,古滨海沉积区SiO_2(最高     

日本海末次冰期千年尺度古环境变化的地球化学记录

日本海末次冰期交替出现的深色层与浅色层可能记录了格陵兰冰芯指示的Dansgarrd-Oeschger旋回冷暖变化。本文对取自日本海南部KCES1岩芯纹层沉积物进行了高分辨率XRF岩芯扫描地球化学测试,运用因子分析来判别沉积物不同组分和来源。结果显示深色纹层中指示陆源碎屑来源元素Al,K和Ti含量较高,而代表生源组分的元素Ca和Sr含量较低;浅色层相反。深浅色纹层元素含量变化指示的陆源碎屑输入波动记录了Dansgarrd-Oeschger旋回信号,与冷期相比,在温暖期钻孔沉积物中较多的陆源碎屑可能是由加强的东海沿岸流带入日本海。末次冰期格陵兰和北大西洋等高纬地区气候变化导致大气环流和/或洋流系统发生改变,从而对东亚季风降水的调控可能是造成KCES1岩芯中元素含量变化的主要原因。     

海洋沉积物陆源碎屑粒度分析预处理方法研究

如何有效去除海洋沉积物中的非陆源物质,同时又能完好保存陆源碎屑,是获得陆源碎屑粒度变化信息的先决条件。利用南海MD190航次的深海岩芯沉积物样品,进行了不同预处理条件下的生源物质去除效果和陆源碎屑粒度分析结果的对比研究。结合显微镜和扫描电镜观察,获得了海洋沉积物陆源碎屑粒度分析预处理方法的新认识。结果显示,对于海洋沉积物中的有机质、碳酸盐和生物硅3种生源组分,依次使用浓度为30%的H_2O_2水浴60℃震荡3 h,0.5%的HCl充分反应1 h,2 mol/L的Na_2CO_3水浴85℃震荡5 h,可以有效去除,并能兼顾去除效率以及相对完好地保存陆源碎屑。研究认为,针对不同类型的沉积物样品进行陆源碎屑粒度分析时,应考虑生源碎屑对粒度结果的实际影响,从而选择合适的预处理方案。即在确保陆源碎屑的粒度分析结果更接近真实分布的情况下,沉积物样品的预处理步骤越少越好,并非一定要去除所有的生源成分。如当生物硅含量低于2%时,其对陆源碎屑粒度分析结果的影响很小,可不用去除。另外,超声可导致部分陆源碎屑的破碎,在粒度分析预处理过程中全程不宜使用。     

湖泊沉积物Rb/Sr比值在古气候/古环境研究中的应用与展望

Rb和Sr在赋存矿物和表生地球化学行为等方面存在显著差异,因而各种记录体中的Rb/Sr比值被广泛应用于古气候/古环境研究。湖泊沉积物中的Rb、Sr主要包括2部分来源：一是流域物理侵蚀直接带来的陆源碎屑组分,在沉积物中多以残渣态（碎屑矿物）形式存在;二是流域化学风化带来的溶解态物质,在湖泊水体中通过物理吸附、化学沉淀和生...     

不纯碳酸盐U-Th等时线定年及同位素分馏对年龄的影响

应用U-系L/R等时线模式测定了用天然碎屑沉积物与已知年龄的纯CaCO3按不同比例混合而成的不纯碳酸盐样品的年龄。实验分两个序列进行:其一研究碎屑沉积物化学前处理过程中U、Th同位素的萃取行为及其分馏效应。另一序列用不同浓度的溶剂对均匀混合的不纯碳酸盐样品进行溶解,确定稀酸淋滤碳酸盐的效率。各组分的238U、234U、230Th和232Th含量分析数据表明,稀酸溶解碎屑沉积物样品将U和Th同位素等比例的提取出来,不会发生U和Th同位素分馏现象。对于不纯碳酸盐样品,所有数据点落在一条直线上,良好的线性关系反映真实年龄含意。3个不纯碳酸盐样品的等时线年龄与纯碳酸盐年龄一致表明实验技术是可信的。同时,也证明对于碎屑含量较高的不纯碳酸盐U-Th定年,L/R等时线技术是适应的。     

北部湾东部海域表层沉积物常量元素地球化学特征及其物源指示意义

对南海北部湾东部海域61个站位表层沉积物的常量元素分析结果表明,研究区沉积物中的常量元素以SiO2、Al2O3和CaO含量最高,平均含量分别为61.83%、11.18%和5.32%,其中SiO2、Al2O3代表了陆源碎屑组分,CaO代表了生物碎屑组分。沉积物中常量元素的含量与沉积物类型密切相关,表明元素的丰度受沉积物粒度控制明显;而元素较低的富集系数,指示沉积物中的碎屑物质主要为地壳来源。元素相关分析和R型因子分析表明,沉积作用、粒度效应、海洋生物作用和自生作用等,对沉积物中常量元素的分布起着主要控制作用。在因子分析基础上,应用Q型聚类法并综合元素空间分布规律和富集特征,把研究区分为六个地球化学分区:Ⅰ区沉积物主要来源于北部湾北部的河流输砂和近岸侵蚀物;Ⅱ区为琼州海峡东侧来砂、昌化江以及红河等其他河流输砂以及北部湾周边近岸侵蚀物的混合沉积;Ⅲ区主要为红河输砂;Ⅳ区沉积物主要来源于海南岛西部和南部近岸侵蚀物,另外海洋生物活动和自生作用也是该区沉积物的重要物质来源;Ⅴ区和Ⅵ区为北部湾湾内沉积物与外海沉积物共同作用下的混合沉积,其中Ⅵ区部分海域的沉积物受到自生作用影响。     

南海中南部表层沉积物类型、分布与水动力条件

本文利用南海中南部8°-12-N,108°40’-114°E区域内获取的222个测站的海底沉积物样品的测试数据,并依据福克一沃德确定的沉积物分类方案,将该区沉积物划分为陆源碎屑沉积、生物碎屑．陆源碎屑沉积和生物碎屑沉积三大类,在此基础上研究了沉积物类型特征和分布范围,以及水动力条件等特征。南海中南部沉积物组分以陆源成分和生物成分为主,其分布具有一定的规律性。从陆架到陆坡直至深海盆,沉积物由粗变细,物质组成则由陆源碎屑沉积渐变为生物碎屑一陆源碎屑沉积、生物碎屑沉积。沉积物核心粒级为生物泥和生物粘土,其次为细砂、砂质泥等,其他粒级成分所占比例较小。水动力条件与水深和地形变化等因素相关,水动力强度具有不明显的自西而东逐渐减弱的趋势。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861