Extending the versatility of the Bullard heat probe

A versatile probe for simultaneous studies of heat flow and near-bottom water parameters has evolved through modifications of the Bullard heat probe frame. Suitable sensor arrays have been used with this instrument to study (1) heat flow through the ocean floor, (2) water column temperature structure, (3) near-bottom current speeds, and (4) the differential cooling of water-column temperature sensors placed in a current speed gradient.Some of the advantages of such a modified Bullard probe are: (1) several parameters, including heat flow, can be measured across the sediment-water interface simultaneously, (2) the instrument frame is rigidly pinned to the ocean floor during measurement, permitting true Eulerian measurement in the water column with no effects of ship movement, swaying moorings or cable oscillation, and (3) the device is inexpensive and simple.     

一种改进的水下声学定位算法

通过分析讨论泰勒级数展开法和Chan算法的优缺点,提出了一种先由Chan算法解算求得初始参考值,再由泰勒级数展开法在该初始值处展开进行迭代求解的协同定位算法。通过实验,将本方法与传统定位算法(泰勒法)、Chan算法进行对比。结果表明,该方法无需额外提供初始值,解算出较好的结果的同时且能保持良好的时间效率。通过此方法,在实际生产作业中可节约定位时间,改善定位精度。     

自返式微型地热探针水下运动及贯入特性分析

自返式微型地热探针水下运动特性以及其贯入深度关系到其能否正常入泥工作,针对自返式微型地热探针的结构,对其进行简化,建立物理模型。并针对海洋流场及海洋底质,抽取关键参数,建立探针投放过程中的流场模型和底质模型。将所建立模型导入数据分析软件,先分析探针在投放过程中竖直方向和水平方向的相关运动特性,然后拟合为探针下行过程中下行深度和横向漂移的轨迹图,可见其水平方向最大位移约为106 m。在理论上论证了探针在下行过程中的姿态稳定性。通过计算论证了自返式微型探针在依靠自身重力的情况下,自动贯入海底沉积物进行热流测量工作方式的可行性。并在最后通过海上试验,对分析结果进行了实践验证。     

一种改进的基于TIN的多波束测深数据抽稀算法

多波束测深数据具有海量性与冗余性特征,海量的多波束数据不利于海底DEM构建与海图生产。因此,对于离散的多波束测深数据,行之有效的抽稀算法在多波束测深数据处理与应用中尤为重要。文中分析了常用的数据抽稀算法在数据处理速度以及特征地形保留方面的缺陷,提出一种通过改进基于TIN的数据处理流程的抽稀算法,并对比分析了抽稀前后海底地形特征。实验结果表明,改进的抽稀算法在数据量增大时依然可以保持较高的抽稀速度,能有效地提高数据抽稀的效率,准确保留海底地形特征。     

An improved processing sequence for uncorrelated Chirp sonar data

Chirp sonar systems can be used to obtain high resolution seismic reflection images of the sub-seafloor during marine surveys. The exact knowledge of the Chirp signature allows the use of deterministic algorithms to process the data, similarly to that applied to Vibroseis data on land. Here, it is described an innovative processing sequence to be applied to uncorrelated Chirp data, which can improve vertical and lateral resolution compared to conventional methods. It includes application of a Wiener filter to transform a frequency-modulated sweep into a minimum-phase pulse sequence. In this way, the data become causal and can undergo predictive deconvolution to reduce ringing and enhance vertical resolution. Afterwards, FX-deconvolution and Stolt migration can be applied to obtain an improved imaging of the subsurface. The result of this procedure is a seismic reflection image with higher resolution than traditional ones, which are normally represented using the envelope function of the signal. This technique can be particularly useful for engineering-geotechnical surveys and archaeological investigations that require a fine detail imaging of the uppermost meters of the sub-seafloor.     

一种改进的随机起伏海面的仿真方法

根据线性滤波器模型的基本原理,提出了一种改进的基于高阶滤波器的随机起伏海面仿真方法.利用Pierson的半经验海浪谱模型,得到了各种不同风速条件下海面随机起伏的仿真结果,并且对仿真结果进行了比较和讨论,结果表明,利用高阶滤波器方法能更加准确地仿真不同风速下的实际海面、更好地再现随机起伏海面的海浪谱特征.这一方法的提出为海浪的物理模拟实验提供了更为准确的数值计算方法,也为研究目标与海面共存条件下高频地波雷达信号的回波特性提供了更好的数值仿真平台.     

An improved technique for preparing eel otoliths for aging

The New Zealand Waters Pollution Regulations 1963, referring to recreational water to which the public can gain access, states that the “coliform bacteria content shall not consistently exceed 1,000/100 ml”. This standard is now under revision, and the suggested new standard is a median faecal coliform index of 200/100 ml with a maximum value not exceeding 400/100 ml.

Recent literature supports the use of faecal coliform sub‐group bacteria as the best indicator of faecal pollution and reference is made to the membership of this sub‐group. Inherent inaccuracies of the Most Probable Number (MPN) method of assessing bacterial populations are pointed out, such as experimental variations with different cultural media, and possible errors in interpretation of results. In North America, there is evidence that an MPN for the total coliform group of 1000/100 ml indicates a faecal coliform sub‐group MPN of 200/100 ml, and epidemiological experience supports these values as standards.

We tabulate and discuss evidence that the usual ratio of faecal coliforms : coliform group bacteria is typically 1 : 1 in fresh and marine waters of the Wellington region, and that a more attainable standard would be 500 faecal coliforms/100 ml. In ratios quoted in this paper, ‘coliform group’ means the remainder of the coliform group excluding faecal coliforms. The World Health Organisation (1963) definition, of the entire group of coliforms, is not intended. The ratio is different in other parts of New Zealand; in Auckland, for example, the ratio is close to that found in the United States.     

An embedded anchor with an improved response to repeated loading

As ocean operations have expanded and moved into deeper waters the need for development of high capacity, reliable anchors for long term moorings has emerged. The advantages of embedded anchors are demonstrated but the ‘cyclic creep’ phenomenon is highlighted as potentially damaging to their long term behaviour. A small scale device to prevent cyclic creep is described (AECC system) and the behaviour of an anchor incorporating this device compared to a conventional embedded anchor. Response to both static and repeated loading is presented and the deleterious effect of repeated loading on the life of the system, particularly when installed by soil disturbing procedures, emphasized. It is shown that the use of the AECC device will provide considerable improvements in anchor life. In addition, it is clear that the use of static loading test results in order to demonstrate the general suitability of an embedded anchor is misleading and bears little relationship to subsequent long term response. Finally, proposals are made regarding the incorporation of the AECC device into existing large scale anchors and it is considered that this will result in substantial improvements in behaviour.     

一种改进的HYCOM模式垂向坐标分层方法和模拟试验

针对22层的HYCOM海洋模式的不足,本文根据北太平洋位势密度的时空分布特征,建立了一种28层的垂向分层方法,并比较了28层HYCOM模式与22层HYCOM模式在积分过程中能量的变化,以及表层流场和赤道断面流系的模拟效果。结果显示:在模式积分过程中,本文采用的28层垂向坐标模式比传统22层模式对强迫场的响应更快,对动能的摄入更大,并且更加容易达到稳定状态;对于流场的刻画,28层模式对赤道表层流系和赤道潜流相比22层模式有明显改进。     

An improved model for estimating the TOC in shale formations

Determination of the total organic carbon (TOC) from well logs is an important step in formation evaluation of shale reservoirs. The ΔlogR model is one of the most commonly used methods in determining the TOC of the source rocks. Wang et al. (2016) made three revisions on ΔlogR model to enhance the prediction accuracy, one of which is to use a changeable slope of log₁₀R_t versus porosity logs to replace a fixed value. Based on the original ΔlogR model and Wang's revision, we propose an improved model for a better TOC estimation in this paper. Specifically, the approximate linear baseline is replaced by a theoretical one. Under this condition, both the slope and resistivity and porosity log values of the baselined rocks vary from depth to depth. The determination of theoretical baseline is presented, and the varied baseline log values are obtained by a simple mathematical technique. In addition to the shale play of Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, two study areas of Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin in China, were used to assess the applications of the proposed model and its improvement over the original model. The analysis and discussions presented in this paper indicate that the improved model offers more reliable results in shale plays with large lithological variations. Also, the TOC content of the three study areas was estimated using the proposed model. The results showed that the TOC values estimated from well logs and core analysis are in good agreement.     

An improved method for the determination of ammonia in seawater

The Liddicoat, Tibbitts and Butler method for the determination of ammonia in seawater has been noticeably improved by replacing the UV lamp with a 300 VA tungsten lamp. The characteristics so achieved, a low blank value (0.012 ± 0.002a.u.), a good molar absorptivity (23.90 × 10⁻³) and a reasonably short reaction time (1 h), are such that this modified procedure is more convenient for routine work in chemical oceanography.     

四象限非对称风场对风暴潮的改进研究

分析了Holland 模型风场和四象限非对称模型风场的差异和适用性,基于ADCIRC 模型建立了适合华南沿海的高分 辨率风暴潮模式,将上述两种模型风场作为强迫场分别模拟1117 号台风“纳沙”风暴潮过程,结果表明：在珠江口、琼州 海峡岸段的风暴潮模拟有了较大的改进,究其原因是四象限模型相比Holland 模型更灵活、能够更好刻画“纳沙”台风非对 称风场结构,说明该风场模型可用于改进风暴潮数值模拟。     

ATI-SAR平地相位去除的改进频移法

本文提出了一种改进的频移方法以去除ATI-SAR海洋表面运动探测中的平地相位。首先,介绍和比较两种常规的平地效应去除方法（即,频移方法和轨道参数方法）。然后,对频移方法提出了两项改进措施。第一,干涉相位图被分成几个子块,分别计算相位条纹空间频率。第二,基于在顺轨干涉相位图中陆地区域的相位趋于零的特点,拟合陆地区域的相位与其位置之间的函数关系,进一步校正残余平地相位。结果表明,改进后的频移法去除平地效应的效果得到了很大改善。改进方法的结果与轨道参数法一致性更好,精度趋于轨道参数法的精度水平。     

An improved QuikSCAT wind retrieval algorithm and eye locating for typhoon

This paper proposes a rain considered geophysical model function (GMF), to be noted as GMF plus Rain. GMF plus Rain is based on the basic raidative transfer model with attenuation and scattering effects of rain on radar signal considered. Combined with the NSCAT2 GMF and the rain correction model, the GMF plus Rain model is used to retrieve the ocean wind vectors from the collocated QuikSCAT and SSM/I rain rate data for typhoon Melor. The resulting wind speed estimates of typhoon Melor show improved agreement with the wind fields derived from the best track analysis of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The results imply that compared with the GMF model, the GMF plus Rain model can improve the precision of wind retrieval under the rain condition. Then, a new general algorithm of locating the eye of typhoon through the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) is proposed. The implementation of this algorithm in the ten QuikSCAT observations of typhoon Melor suggests that this algorithm is effective.     

基于固有频率的海洋平台损伤检测方法的改进

针对海洋平台损伤检测方法中需要未损伤模型参数的不便,提出了一种相对频率变化量的方法。对不同类型构件的损伤及同一类型构件在不同位置损伤的情况,进行结构模态分析,研究平台结构的固有频率对损伤、损伤位置和损伤程度的敏感性,以及平台质量变化对频率的影响。利用两次测量的相对频率变化量,可以发现损伤的存在,并进行损伤的初步定位。     

An improved methodology to measure flag performance for the shipping industry

The subject of measuring the performance of registries has been a topic of policy discussions in recent years at the regional level due to the recasting of the European Union (EU) port state control (PSC) directive which introduces incentives for flags which perform better. Since the current method used in the EU region entails some shortcomings, it has therefore been the subject of substantial scrutiny. Furthermore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed a set of performance indicators which however lacks the ability to measure compliance as set out in one of its strategic directions towards fostering global compliance. This article develops a methodology to measure flag state performance which can be applied on the regional or global level and to other areas of legislative interest (e.g. recognized organizations, Document of Compliance Companies). The proposed methodology overcomes some of the shortcomings of the present method and presents a more refined, less biased approach of measuring performance. To demonstrate its usefulness, it is applied to a sample of 207,821 observations for a 3-year time frame and compared to the current method.     

The measurement of marine geothermal heat flow by a multipenetration probe with digital acoustic telemetry and insitu thermal conductivity

The design and use of a marine heat probe with capability for measuring thermal conductivity insitu with high accuracy, and providing digital acoustic transmission of data to the ship, is described. The instrument employs the violin bow strength member and parallel sensor string configuration suggested by C. R. B. Lister. Several hundred measurements have been made in the deep ocean on multipenetration or pogostick profiles using a 3 m probe and in deep inlets of western Canada using a 7 m probe. The insitu thermal conductivity technique using a calibrated heat pulse has been studied in detail through laboratory calibration of the probe in materials of known conductivity, through numerical models, and through comparison of insitu measurements with needle probe measurements on sediment cores taken from the same sites. The insitu technique permits a conductivity accuracy of better than ±5% with a recording time of 7 minutes following 7 minutes in the bottom to establish the geothermal gradient. The pulse heating is also more energy efficient than the conventional continuous heating technique.Contribution from the Earth Physics Branch No. 807.