Evolution trend of the water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project in China

To investigate the evolution trend of water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project operation as well as to ensure the safe usage of the water receiving areas, water samples were collected and determined before and after water delivery in different hydrological seasons. Then, comprehensive pollution index method, comprehensive nutrition state index method and health risk assessment model were utilized to evaluate the quality, nutrition, and health risk of Dongping Lake water. Results showed that the quality of Dongping Lake water still met level III (light pollution) no matter before or after water delivery. The nutrition state was improved from light eutropher before water delivery to mesotropher after water delivery. The health risk level was reduced from high-medium before water delivery to medium level after water delivery. In summary, the operation of the eastern route of South-North Water Transfer Project is beneficial for water environment improvement of Dongping Lake.     

Evolution trend of the water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project in China

To investigate the evolution trend of water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project operation as well as to ensure the safe usage of the water receiving areas, water samples were collected and determined before and after water delivery in different hydrological seasons. Then, comprehensive pollution index method, comprehensive nutrition state index method and health risk assessment model were utilized to evaluate the quality, nutrition, and health risk of Dongping Lake water. Results showed that the quality of Dongping Lake water still met level Ⅲ (light pollution) no matter before or after water delivery. The nutrition state was improved from light eutropher before water delivery to mesotropher after water delivery. The health risk level was reduced from high-medium before water delivery to medium level after water delivery. In summary, the operation of the eastern route of South-North Water Transfer Project is beneficial for water environment improvement of Dongping Lake.     

Study on ecological and economic effects of land and water resources allocation in Sanjiang Plain

The pattern of groundwater usage and industrial development in the Sanjiang Plain remains a concern of Chinese government. In accordance with the Water Conservancy Planning of the Sanjiang Plain, this paper presents a Sanjiang Plain resources allocation model which is established to be used in controlling water, land, ecology and economy in consideration of 50%-level and 75%-level years, planting structure adjustment, industry development by 2020, and different transit water exploitation schemes. Lingo10 global optimization has been adopted in solving the model. The results show that by 2020 the output of three industries will increase to a certain degree, the grain yields will satisfy state demand, and regional service value will decrease dramatically. Such results provide theoretical basis and practical significance for instructing the development and exploitation of the Sanjiang Plain.     

Optimization of chlorination boosters in drinking water distribution network for Al-Khobar City in Saudi Arabia

Water quality management in distribution networks is directly related to spatial distribution of chlorine boosters and its dosages. Water chlorination is essential to reduce the effects of bacterial and other microbiological contaminants. A higher dosage of chlorine generates harmful by-products in addition to changes in drinking water’s taste and odor. The optimization of chlorine dosage is necessary to decrease the microbial contaminants that affect water quality. Once the chlorine threshold is determined for microbial contaminant, it will help decision makers suggest optimal values. These decisions can rely on the estimated water quality index (WQI). WQI is an index to evaluate water quality and can be linked to adequate residual chlorine with optimal booster dosage, numbers, and locations in water distribution network (WDN). The city of Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia’s WDN was selected to validate the application of this study. Based on geographic location, the city Al-Khobar water network was divided into five zones. The initial temporal and spatial analysis pointed out poor water quality zones. EPANET, a modeling and simulating software, was applied to evaluate the WQI. Those EPANET results were then integrated with an optimization model. The optimization model suggested new chlorine booster locations to improve water quality in the city of Al-Khobar water distribution network.     

基于Fisher判别分析和质心距评价法的矿井水源判别

矿井突水是影响煤矿安全生产的灾害之一,快速准确地判别突水水源对于水害治理至关重要。Fisher判别分析法在判别混合水时,只能将此确定为最相像的某一分组,从而发生误判,因此在Fisher判别分析理论的基础上引入了质心距评价法,剔除可能为混合水样的样本数据,可以提高判别结果的准确率。为此选取13种水化学离子作判别因子,30个有代表性的水样作为训练样本建立判别函数模型,应用判别函数模型及质心距辅助评价指标对6个取自特定含水层的单一水样和4个取自水仓的混合水样验证分析,引入质心距评价分析后判别准确率从60%提高到83.3%。研究结果表明,在Fisher判别分析后进行质心距评价分析可提高判别结果的准确度。      

水资源承载力评价方法初探以及在“以水四定”中的运用

在水资源趋紧和水需求增长的背景下,水成为经济发展的约束资源,亟待“以水定城、以水定地、以水定人、以水定产”,把水资源作为最大的刚性约束,推动用水方式由粗放向节约集约转变。为将“以水四定”与农业、生活、工业、城镇发展相对应,本文将“地、人、产、城”分别定义为耕地面积、人口规模、工业增加值总量、城镇建设用地面积。在此基础上,初步探索了水资源承载评价方法,引入了“综合定额”的概念,力求揭示耕地与主要农作物、工业与耗水行业的内在联系与计算规则。通过全国31个省区市的评价结果显示,浪费情景处于超载,节约情景有较大盈余,倒逼节水行动。在水资源承载最大规模下,全国仍有超载区,耕地超载呈中部“塌陷”,人口超载呈环状“倒塌”,工业超载呈区域性“沦陷”,城镇用地超载呈沿海少点“亏空”,该区域需要从水资源总量、结构、效率等方面提升承载规模。     

生态工业园区水资源承载力与水循环系统构建

从水资源利用水平和利用方式的角度,通过建立水资源综合评价指标体系和水循环系统,对生态工业园区水资源进行科学评估和合理配置,并以国内某高科技园区为例,采用情景分析和层次分析法对评价指标进行定量估算;通过实例研究,建立的模型可操作性较好,可有效衡量生态工业园区水资源利用水平。     

Heavy metal assessment and water quality values in urban stream and rain water

Water quality monitoring in developing countries is inadequate, especially in stream water affected by urban effluents and runoff. The purpose of this study was to investigate heavy metal contaminants in the Nakivubo Stream water in Kampala, Uganda. Water samples Nakivubo Channelized Stream, tributaries and industrial effluents that drain into the stream were collected and analysed for the total elemental concentration using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that: 1) the wastewater was highly enriched with lead and manganese above the maximum permissible limit; 2) the levels of dissolved oxygen were below the maximum permissible limit, while the biological oxygen demand was above the maximum permissible limit. All industrial effluents/wastewater were classified as strong (> 220 mg/L). Factor analysis results reveal two sources of pollutants; 1) mixed origin or chemical phenomena of industrial and vehicular emissions and 2) multiple origin of lead (vehicular, commercial establishment and industrial). In conclusion, Nakivubo Channelized Stream water is not enriched with heavy metals. These heavy metals (lead, cadmium and zinc) were rapidly removed by co-precipitation with manganese and iron hydroxides and total dissolved solids into stream sediments. This phenomena is controlled by pH in water.     

区域性地下水有机污染调查与评价方法

借鉴国外区域地下水污染调查经验,针对中国的实际情况,提出了中国区域地下水有机污染调查与评价方法。内容包括有机调查指标选取,采样井选择和清洗、样品采集、保存与送检,实验分析方法和目标检出限,样品野外采集质量控制和实验分析质量控制,有机污染物检出评价、超标评价和相关分析方法。     

Hydrogeochemical characterization and appraisal of groundwater quality for industrial purpose using a novel industrial water quality index (IndWQI) in the Guanzhong Basin,China

Life and the sustainable growth of socioeconomic sectors such as agriculture and industry depend on groundwater, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where surface water resources are limited. The objectives of the current study are to characterize groundwater chemistry and assess its suitability for industrial usage in the Guanzhong Basin located in the semi-arid region of northwest China. To better understand the hydrogeochemistry in the study area, statistical analysis, ionic plots and Pearson's correlation analysis were conjunctively used. Finally, a novel industrial water quality index (IndWQI) model was developed in this paper to determine the overall industrial water quality based on scaling, corrosion, and foaming coefficients as well as some physicochemical parameters. The contribution of each parameter to the overall industrial water quality was determined using multivariate statistical analysis approaches. The findings reveal that dissolution of minerals such as calcite, dolomite, anhydrite and gypsum regulate the groundwater geochemistry in the study area. In addition, human activities influence the groundwater quality in the study area. According to the novel IndWQI approach, 78.95 % of the confined water samples and 74.51 % of the phreatic water samples have excellent or good quality, and can be safely used for industrial boilers. The geospatial analysis shows that the most contaminated groundwater samples are mainly located in northeast Xi'an and the northeast region of the Guanzhong Basin. The IndWQI model is trustworthy, as it can combine several water quality indices and give an instantaneous impression of the whole groundwater quality for industrial uses. It can serve as a benchmark for other areas across the world with a comparable climate.     

水利现代化的内涵及评价指标体系的建立

立足于建立具有中国特色的水利现代化,考虑到地区间经济社会发展的不平衡和科技水平较低的现状,在借鉴国际上现代化标准和国内其他部门现代化水平的基础上遵循科学、实用及简明的原则,构建水利现代化评价指标体系,探索性地提出了水利现代化发展阶段的划分标准。     

Application of an environmentally optimum cooling water system design in water and energy conservation

Recirculating cooling water systems are consist of a cooling tower and heat-exchanger network which conventionally have a parallel configuration. However, reuse of water between different cooling duties enables cooling water networks to be designed with series arrangements. This will results in performance improvement and increased cooling tower capacity. Research on recirculating cooling water systems has mostly focused on the individual components. However, a particular design method represented by Kim and Smith accounts for the whole system interactions. In this study, the Kim and Smith design method is expanded and a comprehensive simulation model of recirculating cooling system was developed to account for the interaction between the cooling tower performance and the heat-exchanger network configuration. Regarding this model and considering cycle water quality through introducing ozone treatment technology, a modern methodology of recirculating cooling water system design was established and developed. This technique, called the integrated ozone treatment cooling system design, is a superior designed tool based on pinch analysis and mathematical programing. It also ensures maximum water and energy conservation, minimum cost and environmental impacts. Related coding in MATLAB version 7.3 was used for the illustrative example to get optimal values in cooling water design method computations. The result of the recently introduced design methodology was compared with the Kim and Smith design method.     

“煤–水–环”绿色协调发展评价指标体系构建与应用

煤炭开采过程中煤、水、环三者关系的科学构建是煤炭绿色开发的基础。基于系统论的整体性和层次性原理出发,借鉴层次分析理论与灰色系统理论,以煤炭安全开采为目的,同时兼顾水资源与生态环境的保护,科学构建“煤?水?环”绿色协调发展评价指标体系。指标选取均是根据最新行业规程、技术标准及地方指导性规划确定,在考量资源因素的同时兼顾技术发展与环境理念进步的因素;引入灰色系统理论用以度量各指标与目标层的关联度,判定指标选取的科学性和逻辑合理性,并借助层次分析法理论分层次量化指标权重,克服以往在指标选取过程中的随意性及与生产技术实际的脱离。以山西晋城寺河井田为重点评价对象,介绍指标分值的科学获取方法,评价寺河井田“煤?水?环”绿色协调发展的现状条件,诠释“煤?水?环”绿色协调发展评价指标方法体系的可操作性。为验证评价方法体系在同类井田的适用性,对成庄井田进行了评价,两井田评价结果表明,绿色评价方法体系可以为煤炭资源科学开发提供参考,具有一定的实践意义。      

The Econometric Assessment of Losses Caused by Water Pollution in Chongqing, Southwest China

As an important industrial city, Chongqing has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years, but at the same time the growth has been accompanied by serious pollution problems. Water quality monitoring shows that the waters of Chongqing are widely polluted. In this paper, the human capital approach is applied to assessing the economic losses and damages caused by water pollution in Chongqing. Based on previous studies and empirical investigations,water pollution-induced damage can be categorized into two general types: damage to ecosystems, including agriculture; and damage to non-ecosystems, including industry. The economic loss estimation of each type of the damage is conducted by taking into account a group of relevant parameters and methods.     

延安地区水资源供需平衡及对策研究

通过阐述水资源供求平衡在区域经济社会发展中的作用,归纳了区域水资源供求平衡的方法和模型。针对延安地区水资源现状及经济社会发展的趋势,选择了合理的预测方法,并构建了指标体系,对延安地区未来经济社会发展水资源需水量和供水量进行了预测,在此基础上,提出了平衡区域水资源供需矛盾的措施和对策,为区域经济社会良性发展提供了保障。     

Planktic foraminiferal porosity: a water mass proxy for latest Cenomanian paleoceanography, Greenhorn Sea, Western Interior USA and Canada

Planktic foraminiferal porosity analyses can be used as a water mass proxy and were conducted on samples from above the latest Cenomanian Neocardioceras or B bentonite from the Western Interior Seaway of North America. This time slice provides a snapshot of water mass characteristics in this vast epicontinental sea during the early phase of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Mean sample porosity decreases northward and is interpreted as northward decrease in water temperature at the depth Hedbergella delrioensis (Carsey) calcified. Four water masses are defined by porosity, their boundaries are extremely similar to water mass boundaries previously identified by others using the distributions of macrofossils, microfossils and lithology. The boundary between the Subtropical–Tropical Water Mass and Central Subtropical Water Mass was located in southern Colorado. The boundary between the Central Subtropical Water Mass and the Northern Temperate Water Mass lay at approximately 48°N latitude. This boundary is displaced northward approximately 8° latitude as compared to the Holocene planktic foraminiferal temperate ocean province. Within-sample porosity variation suggests all water masses except the Temperate Water Mass were thermally stratified. Samples from the south indicate that the Subtropical–Tropical Water Mass was the most stratified. The porosity data support a previously published data-based paleoceanographic circulation of the southwestern seaway.     

引江济太调水经济效益分析——以湖州市为例

采用分摊系数法定量分析了"引江济太"调水对湖州市三大产业经济效益的影响,同时基于灰关联分析法分析了湖州市总用水量和产业发展的关系,定性验证了调水经济效益分析计算的合理性。结果表明,"引江济太"对湖州市第三产业的经济效益影响最大,其次是农业,最后是工业。     

Natural mineral waters,curative-medical waters and their protection

In Europe different types of water are marketed, each strictly defined by EC Directive 80/777 (Natural Mineral Water, Spring and Table Water) or 80/778 (Drinking Water). In Germany, an additional type of water is common in the market: curative/medical water. Product quality and safety, registration as medicine, and pharmaceutical control are defined by the German Federal Medicine Act. A medical water is treated as any other medicine and may be sold only in pharmacies. The use of any water in Germany is controlled and strictly regulated by the Federal Water Act (Fricke 1981). The following requirements are set by the act: (1) No water use without a permit, which is limited in time and quantity. (2) No single or juristic person may own water. (3) Water resources of public interest and their recharge areas are to be protected by the definition of water protection zones. (Natural mineral water is not of public interest and therefore is not required to be protected by the definition of water protection zones, although it represents a market value of more than US$2 billion. Medical water is of public interest). The definition of water protection zones impacts private property rights and has to be handled carefully. In order to protect water resources, sometimes the economic basis of a traditional industrial and/or agricultural infrastructure is destroyed. The concerns and needs all citizens, including industry, must be considered in analyzing the adequacy of water protection zones.     

环境有机污染物检测技术及其应用

随着地质工作重点由资源向资源与环境并重的转变,环境有机污染物检测技术成为地质调查和地质科研工作新的重要技术支撑.环境有机污染物检测技术主要分为样品采集与保存、样品前处理以及检测等部分.本文简述了地质行业环境有机污染物检测技术的发展和现状;介绍了环境有机样品的采集与保存方法;从分析原理、基本结构、应用范围、存在的问题等方...     

Estimation of environmental impacts on the water quality of the Tahtalıdam watershed in İzmir, Turkey

Water pollution is a widespread problem in different areas of the world. Some of these problems originated from point contamination sources and widespread contaminant outlet sources which are observed in every country. The major elements and chemical loads of surface water have been dominated by constituents derived directly or indirectly from human activities and/or industrial practices that have increased additives in the last several decades. The point sources of contamination may result from the direct wastewater discharges to the dam sites, which are considered to be the most commonly encountered water pollution problems. One of these problems is the eutrophication process which usually occurs in the static water mass of lakes and other surface water reservoirs. This process may be caused by the continuous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus contents and decrease of O₂ level in water causing an anaerobic condition which may stimulate algae-growth flow in these water bodies, consequently reducing the quality of water. Of course, there are many research methods for determining the various kinds of water pollution. In this research, the hydrochemical parameters were evaluated to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution, and its environmental impacts on the Tahtal dam reservoir.