Analytical modeling of a deep tunnel inside a poro-viscoplastic rock mass accounting for different stages of its life cycle

An analytical approach of the viscoplastic behavior of a porous saturated rock mass surrounding a deep tunnel in different stages of a simplified life cycle is presented. The viscoplasticity is modeled by means of a simple (linear) Norton-Hoff’s law. Some numerical examples are performed to examine the consistency and relevance of the solutions. Parametric studies illustrate the influence of key parameters such as rock mass viscosity, Poisson’s ratio, rock mass permeability, lining emplacement, etc. This analytical approach constitutes a useful reference to facilitate more complex numerical simulation and making it possible to obtain practical estimations of the poromechanical behavior of underground structures.     

不同级配珊瑚砂水泥胶结体的破坏行为分析

为探究不同级配的珊瑚砂水泥胶结体在静、动荷载下的破坏行为,利用落锤冲击试验机对不同级配的珊瑚砂水泥胶结体试样进行了一系列冲击试验,并结合静力压缩试验,综合分析了珊瑚砂水泥胶结体的力学行为及破坏形态。试验结果表明：珊瑚砂的级配区间越广,其水泥试块的抗压强度越大、抗冲击性能越强、受冲击破坏程度越小且破碎角逐渐递减;珊瑚砂水泥试块在不同种类的荷载作用下展现出不一样的破坏形态,区别于混凝土试块。在此基础上,建立了三维离散元模型,以模拟的应力-应变曲线与静力试验结果相吻合作为PFC细观参数的选取原则,并利用该细观参数对试块冲击试验进行数值重现。通过细观分析可以看出：从裂隙分布角度分析,随着级配区间越广、平均粒径的增大,均匀且分散的冲击微裂隙会越来越集中往某个方向发展,使得试块的裂缝数量减小、破损程度减轻。从系统黏结力角度分析,级配区间范围窄的试块内部黏结力较小且分布均匀,级配区间范围广的试块内部黏结力较大且分布不均匀。     

含不同半径孔洞的颗粒体模型的力学行为数值模拟

本文通过编程建立了非连续介质(颗粒体材料)模型,采用FLAC软件模拟了静水压力条件下不同半径的巷道围岩中的剪切应变增量、最小主应力及最大主应力的分布规律。研究表明,随着孔洞半径的增大,呈圆环形的剪切应变增量与最小主应力的高值区的圈数、呈辐射状的最大主应力的高值区的延伸范围及剪切应变增量的最大值都呈先慢后快的增长趋势。模型中最大的拉应力接近于在模型四周所施加的压应力,而最大的压应力约为所施加的压应力的5～10倍。模型内部的剪切应变增量、最小主应力及最大主应力的分布是高度不均匀的。具有较高的差应力的位置与具有较高的剪切应变增量的位置具有很好的一致性。     

Effects of different crystal faces on the surface charge of colloidal goethite (α-FeOOH) particles: an experimental and modeling study

The surface charge of colloidal particles is usually determined by potentiometric titration. These acid-base titrations make it possible to measure the pH of point-of-zero charge (pzc) for oxide minerals. This macroscopic property is the most important parameter used in surface complexation modeling to reproduce experimental data. The pzc values of goethite reported in the literature vary between 7.0 and 9.5. Carbonate adsorption and/or surface morphology are thought to account for this wide range.We demonstrate a procedure for the removal of the carbonate ions that initially adsorb on goethite and strongly affect the titration curves and pzc determination. We also investigated the crystal-face-specific reactivity of two morphologically different goethites. The z-profiles obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that the goethite with the smallest specific surface area (S = 49 m²/g, denoted G49) exhibits 70% of the (001) face, whereas this value is only 30% for the goethite with largest specific surface area (S = 95 m²/g, denoted G95). This morphologic difference results in slightly different pzc values: 9.0 for G49 goethite and 9.1 for G95 geothite. These experimental pzc values have been correlated with multisite complexation calculations using both the full-site and the 1-pK approaches. We used the full-site approach to consider all of the configurations of hydrogen bond interactions with surface site. The resulting mean charges gave estimated pzc values of 8.9 and 9.2 for the (001) and (101) faces, respectively. Considering these theoretical pzc values for individual faces and the face distributions obtained from AFM analysis, the calculated pzc values are in full agreement with the experimental pzc values. However, this morphologic difference is more expressed in surface charge values than in the pzc values. Indeed, the surface charge of G49 goethite is much higher than that of G95 goethite, and the 1-pK calculations make it possible to fit the titration data satisfactorily.     

An experimental and theoretical study of the seepage migration of suspended particles with different sizes

This study experimentally investigates the effect of particle size, particle concentration and flow velocity on the migration of suspended particles of size 1.02–47 μm in porous media. The results show that at the same flow velocity, the peak values of the breakthrough curves decrease and corresponding pore volumes increase slightly with increasing particles size. The migration velocity of smaller suspended particles is even greater than water flow velocity, which is attributed to the size exclusion effect. With increase of the injected particle concentration, the deposition coefficients of small single particles increase at first and then tend to a steady state or even decrease slightly, explained by the maximum retention concentration. The dispersivity of small particles decreases with increasing velocity. However, at a high flow velocity, the hydrodynamic dispersivity becomes increasingly dominant with the increase of particle size. The deposition coefficients for large-sized particles are higher than those for small-sized particles, which is attributed to considerable mass removal due to straining. An analytical solution, considering the release effect of sorbed particles, is developed to account for the one-dimensional flow and dispersive effect using a source function method, and then three transport parameters—dispersivity, deposition coefficient and release coefficient—are fitted using the experimental results. Finally, suspended-particle migration is predicted by the proposed model for short-time constant-concentration injection and repeated three-pulse injection. Overall, particle size has a significant effect on the seepage migration parameters of suspended particles in porous media such as the particle velocity, dispersivity and deposition coefficient.     

循环荷载作用下纤维水泥土动力特性

通过动三轴试验,研究水泥土中掺入不同掺量的聚丙烯纤维和玄武岩纤维条件下,其动应力 、动弹性模量 随动应变的变化规律。试验结果表明：水泥土的动强度和动弹性模量与围压、掺入纤维的种类和纤维掺量有关;随着纤维掺量的增多,水泥土的动强度和动弹性模量增大,动变形减小。从滞回曲线和微观的角度分析,掺入玄武岩纤维的水泥土动力性能最好,聚丙烯纤维水泥土次之,素水泥土（无纤维）较弱;最大动弹性模量 随着围压和纤维掺量的增大而增大。玄武岩纤维水泥土在不同围压下的 归一化曲线相互聚拢,表明 对围压的依赖程度降低。     

Experimental and modeling study of water-retention behavior of fine-grained soils with dual-porosity structures

Acta Geotechnica - Dual-porosity structures of fine-grained soils can noticeably affect their ability to retain water. This work jointly employs axis translation technique, filter paper method, and...     

Dynamic response of flexible rockfall barriers with different block shapes

Flexible rockfall barriers are commonly constructed on steep hillsides to mitigate rockfall. The evaluation of the dynamic response of proprietary flexible rockfall barriers is conventionally performed using full-scale field tests by dropping a block onto the barriers in accordance with the European test standard ETAG 027. The block typically has a spherical or polyhedral shape and cannot reproduce more complex rockfall scenarios encountered in the field. Little attention has been paid to the effects of the block shape on the impact force and structural response. This paper aims to quantitatively reveal the influence of the block shape on the dynamic response of flexible rockfall barriers. First, an ellipsoidal model is established to approximately simulate the block, and the sphericity is employed as the representative index of the block’s shape. A full-scale test on a typical flexible barrier system is carried out and then used to calibrate an advanced three-dimensional finite element model. Finally, the dynamic responses of flexible rockfall barriers are analyzed and discussed, focusing on the effects of the block’s shape. The numerical results show that the sphericity will obviously influence the maximum elongation of flexible barriers, the peak impact force, the peak force of the upslope anchor cable, the peak force of the lower main support cable, the axial peak force of the post, and the peak shear force at the post foundation. The assumption of spherical or polyhedral blocks in the test standard could lead to the defensive failure of flexible rockfall barriers in some impact scenarios.

     

Magnetic behavior of trioctahedral micas with different octahedral Fe ordering

This contribution is finalized at the discussion of the magnetic structure of two samples, belonging to phlogopite–annite [sample TK, chemical composition ^IV(Si_2.76Al_1.24) ^VI(Al_0.64Mg_0.72 $ {\text{Fe}}_{1.45}^{2 + } $ Mn_0.03Ti_0.15) (K_0.96Na_0.05) O_10.67 (OH)_1.31 Cl_0.02] and polylithionite–siderophyllite joints [sample PPB, chemical composition ^IV(Si_3.14Al_0.86)^VI(Al_0.75Mg_0.01 $ {\text{Fe}}_{1.03}^{2 + } $ $ {\text{Fe}}_{1.03}^{3 + } $ Mn_0.01Ti_0.01Li_1.09) (K_0.99Na_0.01) O_10.00 (OH)_0.65F_1.35]. Samples differ for Fe ordering in octahedral sites, Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺?+?Fe³⁺) ratio, octahedral composition, defining a different environment around Fe cations, and layer symmetry. Spin-glass behavior was detected for both samples, as evidenced by the dependency of the temperature giving the peak in the susceptibility curve from the frequency of the applied alternating current magnetic field. The crystal chemical features are associated to the different temperature at which the maximum in magnetic susceptibility is observed: 6?K in TK, where Fe is disordered in all octahedral sites, and 8?K in PPB sample, showing a smaller and more regular coordination polyhedron for Fe, which is ordered in the trans-site and in one of the two cis-sites.     

非饱和土化学-水力-力学耦合行为数值模拟

在描述非饱和土力学本构行为的Gens-Alonso模型[1]的基础上,结合化学浓度对前固结压力的软化公式[2],并考虑了化学浓度对黏聚力的软化作用,建立了描述非饱和土化学-水力-力学耦合行为的本构模型。对包括化学-水力-力学本构关系、流体流动和污染物传输的控制方程的平衡方程组进行有限元离散,并采用此非饱和土化学-水力-力学耦合行为的数值模型对非饱和土中隧道周围化学-水力-力学耦合过程进行了模拟,对纯粹的力学响应、弹性化学力学响应、弹塑性化学力学响应 3 种情况进行了分析,数值结果显示了化学浓度作用下隧道周围的体积变化量和应力状态比单纯的力学响应有较大的提高,隧道表面的收缩量也有明显的增大。数值模拟的结果显示了该方法对模拟非饱和土复杂的耦合行为的可行性。     

矿物材料应用于香烟过滤嘴降害的研究现状与展望

总结了近几十年来包括活性炭、沸石、蒙脱石、海泡石、麦饭石、凹凸棒石、氧化铝、氢氧化钠、明矾、纳米材料等矿物材料作为卷烟滤嘴添加剂以去除烟气中有毒有害物质的研究和实验应用及效果。实验结果和市场调查表明,活性炭是减少卷烟危害最快、香烟市场应用增长最快的过滤嘴添加剂。从降低卷烟有害成分的比例和成本等综合因素来看,铝硅酸盐类滤嘴和多材料复合滤嘴亦有很好的应用前景和市场需求,应积极进行研制。     

不同桩底地层超长桩工作性能的数值模拟

超长桩在大型桥梁和高层建筑中得到了越来越广泛应用。以某超长桩基础工程为例,采用三维有限元法分析了桩底地层对超长桩工作性能的影响。土体本构关系采用邓肯-张双曲线非线性弹性模型,混凝土、岩石采用线弹性模型模拟,桩土界面采用有厚度的薄单元模拟。结果表明：桩底地层不同时,桩端阻力和桩侧阻力的比例不同,但承载性状仍属摩擦型桩;桩顶极限荷载不同,但桩身失稳时的极限沉降基本相同;桩端阻力的发挥程度不同,但桩基失稳的原因都是桩侧土体的破坏。     

等截面桩与扩底桩抗拔承载特性数值分析研究

建立了等截面桩与扩底桩的抗拔分析模型。采用直接约束处理的接触算法与库仑摩擦模型来模拟桩-土界面,土体选用抛物线型Mohr-Coulomb本构模型。通过程序的二次开发,实现初始应力场的合理计算,并采用位移边界对扩底抗拔桩的上拔过程进行动态的非线性有限元模拟。以现场足尺试验中的试桩为数值分析对象,通过调整计算参数使计算得到荷载-位移关系曲线与试验结果接近,来验证数值模型的正确性并确定计算参数。在此基础上,研究了上拔过程中轴力、侧摩阻力的大小与分布、桩身与扩大头附近土体变形与塑性区的发展规律。数值分析加深了对扩底桩抗拔承载特性的进一步认识。     

Finite element modeling of the consolidation behavior of multi-column supported road embankment

A multi-column composite foundation is a new concept utilizing different column types with varying lengths and diameters to support the embankment fill and to mobilize the strength and stiffness of the soil at shallow depths. This study presents the results of finite element analyses using the finite element software PLAXIS to investigate the consolidation behavior of a road embankment constructed on a multi-column composite foundation. The finite element results are calibrated for a period of 200 days. The settlement, horizontal displacement, differential settlement, column axial force, and the development and dissipation of excess pore pressure are presented and discussed in detail. It is concluded that a multi-column composite foundation allows a fast rate of consolidation and significantly increases the embankment stability. A multi-column composite foundation formed by CFG–lime columns is more effective than one formed by SC–lime columns. The CFG–lime columns improve the long-term stability of the embankment because the compression modulus of CFG columns is significantly greater than that of SC columns.     

充填物性质影响结构面剪切特性试验研究

通过自主研发的煤岩剪切-渗流耦合试验装置,开展了无充填结构面和充填石膏、岩屑、黄泥结构面的剪切试验。利用三维光学扫描技术,研究了结构面的三维形貌特征和裂隙开度演化。结果表明：充填结构面的峰值剪应力和法向位移由充填石膏、岩屑到黄泥依次递减,受充填物强度影响较大;无充填结构面由于直接接触,剪切后表面发生明显磨损,结构面粗糙度系数（JRC）整体减小且变化最为显著,充填石膏和岩屑结构面的JRC变化次之,充填黄泥结构面几乎没有变化;充填物破坏和结构面磨损主要受裂隙开度演化和局部应力集中的影响。随着剪切位移的增大,在裂隙开度较小的区域,应力分布较大,充填物易沿此处破碎,无充填结构面沿此处严重磨损。     

Stochastic groundwater modeling of a sedimentary aquifer: evaluation of the impacts of abstraction scenarios under conditions of reduced recharge

A transient finite difference groundwater flow model has been calibrated for the Nasia sub-catchment of the White Volta Basin. This model has been validated through a stochastic parameter randomization process and used to evaluate the impacts of groundwater abstraction scenarios on resource sustainability in the basin. A total of 1500 equally likely model realizations of the same terrain based on 1500 equally likely combinations of the data of the key aquifer input parameters were calibrated and used for the scenario analysis. This was done to evaluate model non-uniqueness arising from uncertainties in the key aquifer parameters especially hydraulic conductivity and recharge by comparing the realizations and statistically determining the degree to which they differ from each other. Parameter standard deviations, computed from the calibrated data of the key parameters of hydraulic conductivity and recharge, were used as a yardstick for evaluating model non-uniqueness. All model realizations suggest horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimates in the range of 0.03–78.4 m/day, although over 70 % of the area has values in the range of 0.03–14 m/day. Low standard deviations of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimates from the 1500 solutions suggest that this range adequately reflects the properties of the material in the terrain. Lateral groundwater inflows and outflows appear to constitute significant components of the groundwater budgets in the terrain, although estimated direct vertical recharge from precipitation amounts to about 7 % of annual precipitation. High potential for groundwater development has been suggested in the simulations, corroborating earlier estimates of groundwater recharge. Simulation of groundwater abstraction scenarios suggests that the domain can sustain abstraction rates of up to 200 % of the current estimated abstraction rates of 12,960 m³/day under the current recharge rates. Decreasing groundwater recharge by 10 % over a 20-year period will not significantly alter the results of this abstraction scenario. However, increasing abstraction rates by 300 % over the period with decreasing recharge by 10 % will lead to drastic drawdowns in the hydraulic head over the entire terrain by up to 6 m and could cause reversals of flow in most parts of the terrain.     

高位落石作用下不同缓冲层与钢筋混凝土板组合结构动力响应

2008年“5.12”汶川特大地震诱发了大量的震裂山体危岩崩塌灾害。这类危岩发育位置高、冲击能量大,存在主动加固措施难以实施且被动防护网防护能级不足的问题,为此在汶川、芦山、九寨沟地震灾区逐渐广泛使用桩板拦石墙结构用于防治高位崩塌落石,取得了非常好的效果,但同时也存在部分桩板拦石墙墙后因未设缓冲层或挂废旧轮胎而被落石直接撞击并损毁的现象。为避免落石直接与此类钢筋混凝土（RC）板碰撞造成刚性破坏,工程上常采用就地开挖的碎石土、砂土作为缓冲层以减缓落石冲击力,为研究冲击作用下不同类型缓冲层消能效果及RC板的动力响应特征,基于室外搭建的落石冲击试验平台,开展了不同缓冲层及其相互组合的系列落石冲击试验。结果表明,总厚度相同前提下,EPS泡沫-砂土组合缓冲层的消能效果最优,其次为碎石土,砂最差。与其他两种缓冲层消能方式相比,落石锤与组合缓冲层碰撞过程中发生多次反弹且接触时长远大于其他两种;相同的冲击工况下,EPS中心位置压溃并下陷,且产生大量辐射状宽大裂缝;组合缓冲层能够有效减小RC板的跨中位移,在3,5,7 m冲击高度下,比砂作为缓冲层时跨中位移减小了37%~46%。在R4落石锤冲击下,RC板跨中位移显著增加且产生明显塑性位移,随冲击能量增大跨中裂缝自下而上延伸,RC板最终破坏时表现为典型的弯曲破坏特征。     

A conceptual modeling on the behavior of strain localization for brittle rocks

Acta Geotechnica - This paper captures the frequently encountered strain localization of brittle rocks in laboratory compression experiments under moderate confining pressures generally ranging...