地下水资源可持续利用的制度架构——以华北平原为例

在水资源日益成为制约我国经济社会发展的今天,地下水资源由于其分布广泛、水质纯净、开采方便等特点被过度开采,华北平原是我国地下水开采最严重的地区。针对华北平原地下水资源利用现状与存在问题,从而看到加强地下水资源保护的紧迫性,要建立健全地下水资源管理的制度法规。把行政法中的许可证制度、经济刺激制度,环境法中的环境影响评价制度、信息公开制度引入到地下水的管理与保护之中,为实现地下水资源的可持续利用提供更全面的制度架构。     

Producing abjection: E-waste improvement schemes and informal recyclers of Bangalore

This article focuses upon informal e-waste recyclers who subsidise the environmental costs of Bangalore’s information technology boom. It illustrates how improvement schemes devised by development agencies, to make Bangalore’s e-waste disposal practices more sustainable, reproduced the effects of bourgeois environmentalism and effectively cast off informal recyclers from having a substantial role in the city’s emerging regime of e-waste management. Being cast out and rendered superfluous has been a deeply degrading experience for Bangalore’s informal recyclers. In order to foreground this experience I draw upon the notion of abjection and show how informal recyclers are constituted as abject residents who must be confined to collecting and processing waste from the most marginal frontiers of the city’s e-waste circuits.     

Iran’s energy policy: Current dilemmas and perspective for a sustainable energy policy

Iran is facing large challenges in the area of energy policy. In order to illuminate these challenges and the problems and possibilities, which are present, firstly, the current energy consumption patterns have been analyzed in Iran as well as the energy policy of the Iranian government. Based on this analysis, the alternative concepts have been then formulated for Iran’s future energy. The increase in energy usage in Iran is distinctly out of proportion with the development of economic productivity. Negative structural characteristics of this system are: first, an above average energy intensity; second, an increase in energy consumption in the traffic sector; third, a high growth rate in usage of electric energy; and lastly, an above-average amount of stress to the environment. Traditionally, Iran’s energy policy has focused on satisfying the growing demand for energy by oil and, in the last fifteen years, by successively expanding natural gas. However, the further development of the natural gas supply only makes sense within the context of a holistic energy policy, which takes into account the principles of sustainable development. In the short term, such a policy would take advantage of both considerable energy saving techniques, as well as potential renewable energy sources. In the long term, such a policy would strive for the complete transfer to renewable energy sources and technology.     

Assessment of agricultural groundwater users in Iran: a cultural environmental bias

Many environmental problems are rooted in human behavior. This study aimed to explore the causal effect of cultural environmental bias on ‘sustainable behavior’ among agricultural groundwater users in Fars province, Iran, according to Klockner’s comprehensive model. A survey-based research project was conducted to gathering data on the paradigm of environmental psychology. The sample included agricultural groundwater users (n = 296) who were selected at random within a structured sampling regime involving study areas that represent three (higher, medium and lower) bounds of the agricultural-groundwater-vulnerability spectrum. Results showed that the “environment as ductile (EnAD)” variable was a strong determinant of sustainable behavior as it related to groundwater use, and that EnAE had the highest causal effect on the behavior of agricultural groundwater users. The adjusted model explained 41% variance of “groundwater sustainable behavior”. Based on the results, the groundwater sustainable behaviors of agricultural groundwater users were found to be affected by personal and subjective norm variables and that they are influenced by casual effects of the “environment as ductile (EnAD)” variable. The conclusions reflect the Fars agricultural groundwater users’ attitude or worldview on groundwater as an unrecoverable resource; thus, it is necessary that scientific disciplines like hydrogeology and psycho-sociology be considered together in a comprehensive approach for every groundwater study.     

Possibility of implementation and environmental benefits of high-voltage power supply in developing countries,example of Croatia

One of the significant environmental aspects of transport and cargo manipulation in ports is air pollution. Coupled with other industrial sources, port traffic and operations can cause exceedances of environmental limit values and thus increase the risk of adverse biological effects including toxicity to humans. The proposed paper will describe the main characteristics of the on-shore high-voltage power supply and will discuss the extent to which the implementation of this technology is justified with respect to environmental protection, development of sustainable transport and the protection of human health. The paper suggests implementing on-shore high-voltage power supply with the aim of securing a sustainable development of world ports and minimizing their harmful effects to the environment, taking into consideration the economic aspects. After analysing the results, this technology provides a wider perspective for its future implementation into Croatian ports. The paper will assess the possible environmental effects of implementing this new technology into Croatian ports.     

Complex impact assessment of coastal development in the United Arab Emirates using GIS: a case study of Wurayah Biosphere Reserve

Wadi Wurayah area is one of the major wadis originating and running on the Oman Mountains and drains into the Oman Gulf. These wadis in general and Wadi Wurayah in particular are characterized with a rich diversity of rare and mountainous and freshwater habitats and species. These wadis contain unequal, representative, and sensitive areas of the dry lands ecosystem with natural, outstanding landscapes and cultural heritage, while the socioeconomic situation indicates that it has enough socioeconomic infrastructures to develop new alternatives ecologically and economically sustainable. As most of the United Arab Emirates and the region, the study area is undergoing dramatic changes linked to economic diversification and promotion of tourism. Established under the UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Program, Wurayah Biosphere Reserve represents protected areas intended to demonstrate well-balanced relationship between conservation of biodiversity and an appropriate local development. The main objectives of this study are to develop an environmental information system to understand the dynamics of human activities associated to land use in the study area, highlight the threats to the environment, educate people about the basic environmental issues and positive traditional practices, and promote tourism. Based on the gained results, the concept of biosphere reserve as a model is to implement ideas of sustainable land use in practice.     

Energy and policy providing for sustainable rural livelihoods in remote locations – The case of Cuba

Modern, small-scale renewable energy technology has the potential to enable and sustain rural livelihoods, particularly in developing countries remote locations without access to the grid. Yet, the provision of rural energy to isolated communities might not achieve the desired long-term result unless its development is part of wider national policy geared to sustainable development and social equity. This article shows how a combination of technology and policy targeted at the improvement of livelihoods in rural areas is the best solution for maximising the capacity of renewable energy to deliver services. It pinpoints the transforming processes and the institutions participating in the delivery of energy technology. This work draws on the Cuban experience of renewable energy technology, that country’s efforts to improve quality of life for remote populations, and its pledge to promote environmental sustainability. Using a sustainable livelihoods approach, the results of a survey in a rural community are analysed in the framework of existing assets and policies. The article describes how it is not only local users who benefit from a comprehensive technical, social and environmental energy approach. The same governmental administration that promotes such services has much to gain from technology that works well, benefits the poor in remote locations and protects the environment within its larger policy promoting sustainable and egalitarian society.     

A study on geology,geomorphology, hydrology,groundwater, and physical resources of the desertified Badia environment in Jordan towards sustainable development

This paper summarizes information on geomorphology and physical resources as a part of the Jordan Badia Research and Development Program. The research focused on the issue of the environment in arid lands as an aid to providing practical options for sustainable development, for the benefit not only of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan but of other arid regions of the world. The research is significant in that there is a need to identify usable natural resources and establish a framework for their effective exploitation and management in a marginal, fragile environment, which is sensitive to change. Pressure for development of the Badia stems from the fact that the great majority of the population in Jordan is compressed into less than 10% of the country by environmental constraints. It is hoped that the Jordan Badia Research and Development Program will provide the required framework to ease current environmental pressures, encourage migration to the Badia, a sparsely populated region, and establish economically and ecologically self-supporting communities. This paper discusses the following areas that are related to the sustainable development of the Jordan Badia with special emphasis on the Safawi area in the northern Jordan Badia; geomorphology, including landform, processes, and hazards; geology and physical resources; hydrology; surface water and water engineering; and groundwater.     

Assessment of Constraint Factors of Resources and Environment of Sustainable Development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebeiregion: Based on the Framework of Landscape Sustainability Science

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is an important engine for China’s socioeconomic development. Timely and effectively assessing constraint factors of resources and environment is of great significance for the sustainability assessment and the sustainable development of this region. However, comprehensive assessment research considering key resource and environmental constraints are still lacking. In this study, therefore, the limiting factors of resources and the environment in the BTH region were assessed based on the framework of landscape sustainability science. First, we chose five limiting factors, including topographic condition, geological environment, water resource, land resource, and atmospheric environment, to assess the constraints of resources and the environment using the single-factor evaluation method and the multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method. Based on the results, we divided the whole region into five subregions, i.e., the ecological conservation subregion, the geological disaster subregion, the water resource scarcity subregion, the atmospheric pollution subregion, and the cropland protection subregion. The results revealed that the northern BTH region was highly constrained by topographic conditions, the central BTH region was strongly constrained by geological environment and water resources, whereas the southern BTH region was constrained mainly by land resources and atmospheric environment. In addition, water resource was the main limiting factor for regional population growth and economic development. In 2010, the water resource scarcity subregion had a total population of 39.59 million, an urban population of 76.90%, and a gross domestic product of 2 455.57 billion yuan. We argue that the sustainable development of the BTH region should explicitly consider the resource and environmental limiting factors, implement land use optimization according to local conditions, maintain multiple land use types and diverse management strategies, based on the perspective of “strong sustainability”, so as to promote the regional sustainable development.     

辽宁省地质环境监测网点控制程度浅析

根据辽宁省地质、水文地质、地貌单元特征,结合国民经济建设及现代科技发展进程,辽宁省地质环境监测网点的布设从以地下水环境监测为主,逐步向地质灾害监测方向扩展,监测内容从单一的地下水监测扩展到地质灾害监测.为了满足可持续发展的需要,应随时调整完善全省地质环境监测网点,以国内外最新发展的3S技术为依托,以监测采集的数据为主要信息来源,进行实时环境监测、分析,实现环境监测自动化.     

Geology,geomorphology, hydrology,groundwater and physical resources of the desertified Badia environment in Jordan

This paper summarizes the information on the geomorphology and physical resources component of the Jordan Badia Research and Development Programme. The research focuses on the issue of the environment in arid lands and aims to provide practical options for sustainable development, for the benefit not only of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan but for other arid regions of the world. The research is significantly development driven because there is a need to identify useable natural resources and establish a framework for their effective exploitation and management in a marginal, fragile environment, which is sensitive to change.Pressure for development of the Badia stems from the fact that the great majority of the population in Jordan is compressed into less than 10% of the country by environmental constraits. It is hoped that the Jordan Badia Research and Development Programme will provide the required framework to ease current environmental pressures, encourage migration to the Badia, a sparsely populated region, and establish economically and ecologically self-supporting communities.This paper discusses the following areas that are related to the sustainable development of the Jordan Badia with special emphasis on the Safawi area in the Northern Jordan Badia; geomorphology including landform, processes and hazards, geology and physical resources, hydrology, surface water and water engineering, groundwater, soils and vegetation, sediment erosion and mobility and environmental management.     

Golf and the environmental politics of modernization

In this critical review we reflect on findings from a socio-historical study of golf’s relationship with the environment. We focus especially on the golf industry’s pursuit of modernization from the early 1900s to the present. Golf’s quest to ‘be’ modern, we contend, has specifically constituted three particular ‘turns’: a first turn in the early 1900s involving the scientific rationalization of golf course development and maintenance; a second, ‘exemptionalist’ turn in the post-war years whereby science and technology fueled a perception of immense control over nature; and a third, more recent turn to ecological modernization (EM) whereby science and technology are leveraged toward environmental stewardship – or at least claims thereof. We ultimately argue that the golf industry’s recent adoption of EM principles in their environment-related work has political implications, as it ‘protects’ the industry from more radical environmental alternatives.     

Analytic network process (ANP)-based spatial decision support system (SDSS) for sustainable tourism planning in Cameron Highlands,Malaysia

Sustainable approach to tourism development is rarely addressed among authorities and participants. This research presents an approach based on an integrated use of analytic network process (ANP) and geographic information system (GIS) for sustainable tourism planning in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. ANP was utilized to evaluate the relative priorities for the sustainable tourism development of the highlands based on chosen criteria. ANP results were then transferred into GIS environment and attached to their respective criterion maps. Subsequently, GIS-based sustainable tourism map was generated, which defines the various types of tourism activities that are compatible with the highlands according to the sensitivity of the highland’s environment. The final output was validated using Cameron Highlands Local Plan.     

Spaces of sustainable development in the Lower Hunter Regional Strategy: An application of the ‘cultural sociology of space’

Sustainable development was introduced as an approach to overcoming growing concerns about consumption and the limitations of the natural resource base upon which society depends. It advocates a system in which economic growth can still occur, but within natural resource limits and such as not to disadvantage either current or future generations. However the implementation of sustainable development has proven problematic due to definitional problems, institutional constraints and unresponsive socio-political systems. This paper examines the mechanisms through which an aspatial policy such as the Australian Government’s National Strategy for Ecological Sustainable Development is reinterpreted through the recent spatial planning processes of Lower Hunter Regional Strategy. This paper applies the cultural sociology of space theoretical framework which considers the dialectical relationship between material practices and the symbolic meanings that people attach to their environment. The framework provides insights into how within this spatial planning process, through a combination of language and representation, spatial practices and power rationalities produce discourses and spaces. Applying the framework also shows how a desired “sustainable future” is achieved through the predominance of land development rationality.     

西北地区矿山环境图件的编图特点

矿业开发诱发了种种环境地质问题,部分矿山严重的环境地质问题已制约了地区社会经济的可持续发展。为了查明西北地区矿山环境地质问题的现状,中国地质调查局自2001年起先后在西北地区部署了大区、五省区、重点矿区等不同比例尺的矿山地质环境调查和研究工作,完成了大量基础性和综合性图件的编制。初步总结了西北地区目前已完成的不同比例尺的矿山地质环境调查与研究图件的类型、内容、表达方式和特点,旨在促进矿山环境编图技术水平的不断提高和发展,为矿山地质环境保护和防治提供科学信息。     

Tracing environmental narratives: a web-based tool for the analysis and visualization of georeferenced narratives

A growing number of studies have used standalone GPS or smartphones to track where people move and the environment to which they expose. In the same time, questionnaire, survey, and travel diaries have been used to capture people’s perception, emotions, and interactions with the nearby environment. The growing volume of qualitative data together with locational information calls for new ways to conveniently, intuitively, and visually convey georeferenced narratives. In this study, we developed a web-based tool that automatically processes GPS trajectories and narratives, displays information regarding travel routes and georeferenced environmental perception. Our georeferenced word-cloud approach provides an innovative way to visualize qualitative information. The developed platform can be widely used in community engagement and participatory planning processes to empower the local communities.     

An overview of satellite remote sensing technology used in China’s environmental protection

Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used in environmental protection in China. Based on China’s environmental protection characteristics, this paper reviews the application advancements of optical, infrared, microwave and hyperspectral satellite remote sensing techniques in atmospheric environment, water environment and ecological environment, respectively, including the atmospheric environment monitoring of aerosols, particulate matter, pollution gases, and greenhouse gases; the water environment monitoring of water blooms water quality, oil spills, water pollution and drinking water safety; the ecological environment monitor of national nature reserves, environmental damages from mines development, soil contamination, urban/rural ecological environment and biodiversity richness. Furthmore, it summarizes the limitations and future directions of satellite remote sensing studies in China environmental protection. The paper specifically notes that the development of high-resolution satellite remote sensing technology, as well as the launch and use of China series satellites could significantly improve the level of government’s environmental management.     

地球观测数据卫星分发系统发展综述

地球观测数据卫星分发系统(GEONETCast)借助通信卫星,把从地面站点、航空和航天平台获取的观测数据、产品传送给广大的用户。GEONETCast当前由CMACast,EUMETCast和GEONETCast Americas 3个区域系统组成,作为地球观测组织(GEO)提出的全球综合地球观测系统(GEOSS)的全球地球观测数据和信息卫星分发系统,旨在满足9个社会受益领域的用户需求。GEONETCast建立在现有区域系统之上,利用GEO的协调机制,共同确定GEONETCast系统的整体计划和要求。各区域系统在科研项目和业务建设的支持下,不断发展完善。未来要保障GEONET-Cast健康、良性和可持续的业务运行,还需要加强4个方面的工作:①区域系统之间的互相通信;②保持GEONETCast的开放性和动态性,发展更多的数据提供者提供地球观测数据;③发展更多的数据使用者;④数据政策。     

基于RS和GIS的广西矿山地质环境综合评价

以广西陆域作为研究区,利用遥感技术开展矿山地质环境遥感调查与监测工作,获取矿产资源开发状况、矿业活动占地情况、矿山地质灾害、矿山环境污染、矿山生态环境恢复治理情况等客观数据,综合自然地理、基础地质等相关资料,选择14个评价因子,采用网格法进行矿山地质环境综合评价,划分矿山地质环境严重影响区、较严重影响区、一般影响区、无影响区,为政府部门整治矿山地质环境、制定相关政策法规等提供技术支撑及决策依据。