水产养殖发展与生物多样性保护

水产养殖业在环境问题日趋严重、捕捞业面临严峻危机的情况下,再一次受到人们重视。水产养殖业可持续发展理念已基本成型,如何才能更为有效地保护养殖业赖以存在和发展的环境、尤为关键的是生物多样性问题应引起全社会、特别是水产养殖业利益相关者的高度重视。     

非法生产、进口和出口水产苗种的法律责任及其完善

为促进我国水产养殖业和水产品贸易的发展,文章梳理我国关于生产、进口和出口水产苗种的相关规定,分析对非法生产、进口和出口水产苗种进行处罚的原因和力度,并提出建议。研究结果表明：水产苗种是重要的渔业资源,具有自身特点和内在规律,我国以法律形式对生产、进口和出口水产苗种进行规定;我国对非法生产、进口和出口水产苗种进行处罚的法律规定较宽泛,建议以法律形式完善水产苗种检疫体系、完善水产苗种许可制度以及规定从轻或减轻处罚条款。     

开发应用生物技术、促进青岛市海洋与水产发展

海洋生物技术的开发与应用,具有极为重要的现实意义和广阔的前景。它对促进整个海洋与水产业的可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用。本文从近年青岛市的海洋与水产业现状着手,较为详尽地阐述了应大力发展海洋生物技术的领域与产品,包括开发应用生物技术在水产养殖中的良种培育、病虫害的诊断与防治、水产品的精深加工和综合作用、海洋药物和医用生物材料等等诸方面应重点开展的工作。藉以对政府部门制定科技与产业发展规划,对科研、生产单位开展工作提供参考。     

地方多科性海洋大学特色发展的探索与实践——以广东海洋大学为例

坚持特色办学,地方高校才能保持永不衰竭的生机和活力。广东海洋大学在其发展历程中,依靠立海兴邦光荣传统、与地方社会经济文化发展相融合、满足地方社会发展对高校的要求、贯彻产、学、研结合方针,经不断探索,创建出自身的海洋和水产学科特色,在为广东海洋经济强省建设和南海资源开发利用服务中取得了可喜成效。     

山东省海洋水产原、良种产业的发展和对策

为进一步提高山东省海洋水产种业的发展水平,促进海水养殖业和渔业经济的可持续发展,文章总结山东省海洋水产原、良种产业的发展特点,分析存在的问题,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明：山东省海洋水产原、良种产业具有起步较晚但发展速度较快,品种多、覆盖面广,代际连续性较强以及原、良种场建设全国领先的特点;目前仍然存在海洋水产良种的市场化程度较低、水产企业良种研发能力较弱以及国家级原、良种场的作用未有效发挥的问题;今后应重点推动育种技术进步,推进育、繁、推一体化发展模式,树立品牌意识,建立良种独立技术体系,加大对水产企业的支持力度,加强种质资源保护以及建立市场准入制度。     

海水池塘养殖对滨海生态环境的影响——以河北省为例

文章在分析海水池塘养殖现状的基础上,系统阐述了海水池塘养殖对滨海生态环境的影响,分析表明传统分散经营的养殖方式使周边生态环境日益恶化,最后从协调养殖生产与环境关系的角度,提出了相关的解决措施,以使海水池塘养殖业得以可持续发展.     

海水养殖生态环境压力评价及压力点侦测——以北部湾为例

文章以广西北部湾海水养殖区为例,采用模糊数学灰色统计方法与熵权法设置权重,采用TOPSIS建立广西北部湾海水养殖生态环境压力评价体系,并采用Arc GIS软件对广西北部湾海水养殖生态环境进行定量评价。研究结果显示：(1)海水养殖生态环境压力受养殖模式与时间的影响。(2)陆基池塘养殖模式对生态环境压力影响最大;浅海筏式养殖模式和浅海网箱养殖模式生态压力居中,浅海养殖模式对生态环境压力影响较小;(3)滩涂底播养殖模式对生态环境压力全年平均分布,无关键时期。珍珠港湾地区是压力最大分布区,也是生态环境压力的关键点;茅尾海和湾外鹿耳环江至乌雷为次压力分布区,也是养殖对生态环境压力的次关键点;西村到彬塘为三级压力分布区和关键点。     

美国岸线现状调查30年进展综述——以美国弗吉尼亚州为例

以美国弗吉尼亚州20世纪70年代和21世纪初两个年代进行的岸线现状调查工作为例,介绍了30年来美国岸线现状调查的目标、指导原则、调查内容、数据来源、报告编写等内容,并与我国20世纪80年代开展的"全国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查"工作以及当前正在开展的"我国近海海洋综合调查与评价"专项的海岸带调查进行了对比,讨论了两国在海岸带调查方面的异同,以及可供借鉴之处。     

滨海湿地监测——以美国密西西比河三角洲湿地为例

一个完整的三角洲滨海湿地系统,其上游有作为淡水补给的地表河流,下游有与之相联系的海水,中间则是由低海拔湿地区和地表水系所组成,在季节性的河水水位和海洋之间的咸淡水界面一定有水位和盐度梯度动态变化,在湿地动态监测过程中要关注水位和盐度梯度变化及水动力学规律.     

加强养殖用海权属管理切实维护渔民合法权益--张宏声副局长在全国海域使用管理示范县建设工作会议上的讲话

同志们: 这次会议,对在全国开展海域使用管理百县示范活动,进行了全面的动员和部署,一些先进单位也作了经验介绍。会议取得了很好的成效。下面,借这个机会,我谈几点意见。一、充分认识加强养殖用海管理工作的重要性《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》颁布实施以来,各级海洋部门坚持依法行政,有力地推进了《海域法》各项法律制度的贯彻落实,海域管理工作呈现出良好的发展势头。但是,也应当清醒地看到,当前海域管理工作中还存在着一些深层次的矛盾没有得到很好的解决,尤其在养殖用海的管理上还存在着不少的薄弱环节,迫切需     

加强海洋生态环境保护 促进海水养殖业可持续发展——关于江苏省东台市海洋环境保护工作的调查报告

为了进一步贯彻落实《海域使用管理法》,全面提高对海域的综合管理能力,推进海洋事业在国民经济和社会发展中的地位与作用,国家海洋局海域管理司与《海洋开发与管理》杂志社联合开展“海域使用管理”有奖征文活动。从本期开始,征文将陆续在本刊“海域使用管理专栏”中刊登。     

Distributional effects of property rights: Transitions in the Atlantic Herring fishery

A principal challenge in developing any fishery management plan is the allocation of benefits and costs among participants in the fishery. This process is further complicated by imperfect information about future market demand and limited ability to predict the consequences of regulatory change. This paper offers a new approach to policymakers, using econometric analysis to simulate the potential impact of individual tradable quotas (ITQs) in a fishery. We compare the distribution of harvest across participants in the Atlantic Herring fishery under the current open access regime and under a potential ITQ regime, assuming two different levels of future demand. Our results show that production efficiency varies by vessel gear, home-port and relationship with buyers. Some of the predicted consequences of ITQs are: vessels from Massachusetts will gain share relative to those from Maine; trawlers will gain share relative to purse seine vessels; and independent vessels will lose share relative to vessels that are primarily contracted to specific processors or bait companies. These results will help policymakers in developing future management plans for the herring fishery. More generally, this analytical approach can help regulators in any fishery assess the potential impact of alternative policy changes under alternative future demand scenarios.     

海域资源产权的流转机制探讨

文章在论述建立海域资源产权流转机制的必要性的基础上,分析了海域资源产权市场流转机制的优势并阐述了海域资源产权市场流转机制的构建过程。     

益生菌在水产育苗中的应用研究

本文报道在室内试验条件下,对枯草芽孢杆菌、硝化菌、乳酸杆菌和酵母菌等4种菌在对虾工厂化育苗中的应用研究结果.将4种菌按不同比例复合在一起,在凡纳滨对虾和日本对虾工厂化育苗中的应用进行实验研究,研究在0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0g/t、对照组（加药品）和对照组（不加药品）等7组不同微生物密度对凡纳滨对虾和日本对虾幼体存活、生长和变态的影响.实验结果表明在1.0、2.0g/t和3.0g/t这三组微生物密度中生存的幼体,其存活、生长及变态率较好,其次是对照组（加药品）,第三是0.5g/t和4.0g/t.最差是对照组（不加药品）,0.5g/t实验组,可能是菌量不足,4.0g/t实验组,可能是菌量过多造成对虾幼体存活、生长和变态的不利影响.     

挤压膨化技术在水产饲料生产上的应用

近年来，挤压膨化技术在我国水产饲料生产上的应用和推广十分迅速，也将是今后的主要发展方向.本文就挤压膨化原理、挤压膨化过程中水产饲料营养成份的变化、原料对挤压膨化产品的影响诸方面进行探讨和阐述，并对我国目前在挤压饲料产业中所存在的问题进行了讨论.     

Property rights in fishing: from state property towards private property?: A case study of three EU countries

Fishing limitations to protect fish stocks can develop to different types of property rights. A move towards full private rights is promoted by some authors. The article questions whether such a move is desirable and it also investigates whether private rights are indeed becoming more important in EU fisheries. A study on property rights in the Danish, Dutch and UK fishery (WP Davidse, ed., Property Rights in Fishing, LEI-DLO, The Hague, 1997, OV159) sector forms the background of this approach.Bromley’s definition of property rights (D W Bromley, Environment and Economy: Property Rights & Public Policy, Blackwell, Oxford, 1991), including ‘a right to a benefit stream’, has been used to identify rights in these three EU fishing sectors. These property rights regimes vary from a domination of state property, the Danish one, to a complete system of individual rights, the Dutch case. The UK position is between these extremes, showing characteristics of common property, apart from kinds of state- and individual property of fishing rights.The article ends with a consideration of the review of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in 2002 from the viewpoint of property rights. Negotiations in the run up to 2002 will demonstrate conflicts between views on state property and on private property rights. This regards the tension between the principle of relative stability of quota allocations and the EU principle of free movement of capital, goods and services. Finally, two possibilities are suggested to combine both these principles.     

Fisheries property rights and recreational/commercial conflict: implications of policy developments in Australia and New Zealand

Commercial fisheries management in Australia and New Zealand is increasingly based on better definition of the rights and responsibilities of resource users. At the same time recreational fishers are claiming a greater share of resources largely based on perceptions of superior economic returns to the community from their activities. The basis of the conflict between traditional, recreational and commercial resource users is moving from physical competition for fish to economic and legal arguments over social priorities. Advantages and disadvantages of increased use of property rights in resource allocation are investigated. It is argued that the recreational sector needs better definition of its claim for priority access to resources.     

Attainment of ecosystem based governance in European waters—A State property rights regime approach for Ireland

On Ireland's continental shelf, as well as within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), there are significant biodiversity hotspots including those associated with Cold Water Corals (CWC). Some of these ecosystems enjoy little or no actual protection and are subject to the effects of open access. Sectorally driven initiatives, a recalcitrant attitude to environmental law and inadequate governance, have added to the conditions that have facilitated years of damage by fishers and other actors from many States. A review of the current governance regime, influenced primarily by the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), is presented. Failings of this regime are highlighted by the destruction of some biodiversity hotspots associated with vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs), an externality primarily arising from the effects of deepwater fishing. While exploring some of the principles relating to the institution of property rights, this paper makes a link between property rights, the public trust doctrine and sovereign rights. The paper suggests that such biodiversity systems are the property of citizens of the individual States in whose area of jurisdiction they occur. The paper argues for an Irish State property rights regime as part of an ecosystem approach within a nested institutional architecture. This has important implications for the governance of biodiversity such as that associated with CWC and for the development of an Irish National Oceans Policy.