A relational database of global U-Pb ages

Enhanced understanding of how sampling techniques affect estimates of the global U-Pb age-distribution have, in turn, constrained U-Pb database design. Recent studies indicate that each continent has a unique age-distribution, as determined by zircon ages dated by the U-Pb isotope method. Likewise, broad regions within a continent also exhibit diverse age-distributions. To achieve a reliable estimate of the global distribution, the heterogenous composition of the continental crust requires sampling as many regions as feasibly possible. To attain this goal, and to provide a method for calculating age histograms, the records from a recent global U-Pb compilation are supplemented with 281,631 new records. These additions increase the database size to 700,598 records. In addition, the data are now restructured and made available as a relational database. After filtering the records by the six age-models included with the database, the results reveal two problems that might generally be unrecognized. First, an abrupt switch in the best-age at any given point(such as 1000 Ma) from ~(206)Pb/~(238)U ages to ~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb ages artificially depresses the age-distribution at the cutoff point. Second, rejecting analyses based on either absolute discordance or the magnitude of 2σ precision errors artificially depresses the age-distribution between 900 Ma and 2000 Ma. The results indicate that, when estimating the global U-Pb age-distribution, the methods for determining best-age and for rejecting records both require some attention. Possible solutions include using either an Accuracy Model or a Precision Model for estimating best-age, and then including all U-Pb records in the estimate, rather than rejecting any of them.     

Using time series analysis to assess tidal effect on coastal groundwater level in Southern Laizhou Bay,China

Sea water intrusion is an environmental problem cause by the irrational exploitation of coastal groundwater resources and has attracted the attention of many coastal countries. In this study, we used time series monitoring data of groundwater levels and tidal waves to analyze the influence of tide flow on groundwater dynamics in the southern Laizhou Bay. The auto-correlation and cross-correlation coefficients between groundwater level and tidal wave level were calculated specifically to measure the boundary conditions along the coastline. In addition, spectrum analysis was employed to assess the periodicity and hysteresis of various tide and groundwater level fluctuations. The results of time series analysis show that groundwater level fluctuation is noticeably influenced by tides, but the influence is limited to a certain distance and cannot reach the saltwater-freshwater interface in the southern Laizhou Bay. There are three main periodic components of groundwater level in tidal effect range (i.e. 23.804 h, 12.500 h and 12.046 h), the pattern of which is the same as the tides. The affected groundwater level fluctuations lag behind the tides. The dynamic analysis of groundwater indicates that the coastal aquifer has a hydraulic connection with seawater but not in a direct way. Owing to the existence of the groundwater mound between the salty groundwater (brine) and fresh groundwater, the maximum influencing distance of the tide on the groundwater is 8.85 km. Considering that the fresh-saline groundwater interface is about 30 km away from the coastline, modern seawater has a limited contribution to sea-salt water intrusion in Laizhou Bay. The results of this study are expected to provide a reference for the study on sea water intrusion.     

五垛山复式岩基锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

五垛山复式岩基位于北秦岭构造带东段,地处朱阳关—夏馆断裂和乔端—瓦穴子断裂之间,整体呈NWW向展布,由多个岩体复合组成,具多期次岩浆活动特征,岩性主要为黑云母二长花岗岩。本文在其解体出来的石门序列和五垛山序列中,采集5件样品进行了锆石U-Pb年龄值测定。测定结果对该区岩浆活动、构造背景及区域构造演化、地层时代确定等具有一定的地质意义。     

贵州威宁鱼坝稀土含矿岩系的锆石U-Pb年龄

黔西北地区晚二叠世稀土矿产于峨眉山玄武岩与上伏宣威组假整合面附近,在威宁地区稀土矿分为上、下两层,下含矿层为浅灰白色高岭石粘土岩,上含矿层为浅灰色高岭石粘土岩与铝质高岭石粘土岩,含矿岩系厚度在区域上变化较大,在威宁鱼坝剖面含矿岩系完整且厚度较大。在含矿岩系底部凝灰质粘土岩中取样测得锆石U-Pb平均年龄为254. 11 Ma±0. 98 Ma,含矿岩系顶部熔结凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄为252. 0 Ma±0. 82 Ma(谐和年龄)和251. 9 Ma±1. 86 Ma(平均年龄)。证实黔西北晚二叠世稀土含矿岩系下矿层产于峨眉山玄武岩第三段上部、上矿层产于宣威组下段,整个稀土含矿岩系形成时间约为2 Ma。     

Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills

Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.     

Climatic periodicities recorded in lake sediment magnetic susceptibility data: Further evidence for solar forcing on Indian summer monsoon

The Indian summer monsoon exhibits considerable spatio-temporal variability.It is therefore important to understand its dynamics and the inherent periodicities.In this study,we have performed spectral and wavelet analyses of magnetic susceptibility data for sediments from Thimmannanayakanakere(TK)-a small lake in southern India.The main objective of this investigation is to identify and explain the possible origin of the prominent periodicities present in the magnetic susceptibility data.Significant periodicities in the TK χ_(lf)data are centered at 906,232,147,128,96,61,54 and 44 years,which might have a solar origin.The wavelet power spectrum of the raw and detrended χ_(lf)data confirms the findings of spectral analysis and also provides temporal variations of the significant cyclicities during the past3700 cal.years B.P.Positive correlation is documented between sunspot activity and TK xif data;crossspectral analysis of the reconstructed sunspot data and TK xif data suggest that there is a strong coherence between the two datasets as significant periodicities are documented in both.There is a good match between the TK xif and the reconstructed total solar irradiance data for the past 1200 years.However,an out-of-phase relationship is documented at certain time-intervals,which may be attributed to uncertainties in the age-depth model.The results obtained from this study show that solar variations are the main controlling factor of the southwest monsoon and,like other archives from different regions in India,the TK lake sediments have also recorded these solar signatures.     

柴北缘都兰地区片麻岩的起源及形成时代:锆石U-Pb年代学、REE和Hf同位素的证据

在柴北缘HP-UHP变质带东端的都兰地区,大量正、副片麻岩中包裹有少量榴辉岩和超基性岩。这些片麻岩普遍显示出角闪岩相变质作用特征,但是野外关系和少量副片麻岩中的柯石英包体显示这些片麻岩与榴辉岩一起经历了超高压变质作用。本文通过两个片麻岩样品的锆石U-Pb年代学测定,结合稀土元素和Hf同位素分析,来确定这些片麻岩的原岩起源和变质作用时代。锆石的阴极发光图像分析、稀土元素特征、U-Pb定年结果显示锆石具有明显的核、幔、边结构;岩浆成因的锆石核部获得的不一致线上交点年龄为2322～2365Ma,反映了源区经历过一期古元古代早期的岩浆热事件;岩浆和变质成因的幔部给出的不一致上交点年龄为1830～1837Ma,反映了片麻岩在古元古代晚期经历的变质和深熔作用。锆石幔部获得的不一致线下交点年龄451～465Ma与边部3个近于谐和点的加权平均年龄466Ma在误差范围内基本一致,结合锆石增生的边部较为平坦的重稀土配分型式、低的Th/U值,代表片麻岩发生榴辉岩相变质作用的时代。古元古代早期和晚期年龄的锆石大部分具有负的εHf(t)值,锆石的二阶段Hf模式年龄主要分布于2725～2835Ma之间,说明片麻岩的继承性碎屑锆石源区存在太古代的地壳生长事件,并在古元古代经历过两期再循环和改造事件。都兰地区的部分片麻岩具有与其北侧欧龙布鲁克微陆块中变质基底相似的早期演化历史,但前者在早古生代与所夹的榴辉岩的原岩一起发生了深俯冲作用。     

吉林东部大蒲柴河adakites锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其意义

地球化学研究表明,大蒲柴河岩体具有典型的埃达克岩特征,来自加厚下地壳的部分熔融作用.本文采用激光等离子质谱对该岩体进行了U-Pb同位素定年,结果表明该岩体为晚侏罗世(165Ma)岩浆活动的产物.锆石的LA-MC-ICPMS Hf同位素研究结果显示,ε_(Hf)(165Ma)范围为-5.02～5.43,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))范围为965～1622Ma,暗示原始母岩浆为两种不同源区岩浆的混合.另外,Hf同位素研究表明,研究区在中-新元古代时(965～1304Ma)曾经历了一次重要的地壳增生事件.     

新疆三塘湖盆地后碰撞火山岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及其地质意义

新疆三塘湖盆地广泛出露哈尔加乌组地层,主要为陆相中性喷发岩夹火山碎屑岩。火山岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为319.6±9.8Ma（MSWD=4.8）。地球化学分析表明,哈尔加乌组火山岩高钾富碱,属于高钾钙碱性系列;LREE强烈富集、大离子亲石元素（LILE）强烈富集、大多数高场强元素（HFSE）明显高于MORB,没有Ti的负异常和P的正异常,Nb、Ta负异常明显,基本没有Eu、Ce的异常,Ti/Y（467~494）、Nb/Y（0.41~0.43）值高。判别图解投入板内火山岩和岛弧火山岩区域,整体显示板内火山岩的特征又携带岛弧火山岩的地球化学痕迹。ε_Nd (t)值（+5.90~+6.31）为正值、Mg^#较高（0.54~0.57）,显示与亏损地幔相关的源区特点,(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i值（0.70397~0.70464）相对于亏损地幔高、La/Nb（3.12~3.39）、Nb/U（5.86~9.80）比值显示源区有陆壳组分的参与。综合区域地质特征和前人研究资料表明,三塘湖盆地哈尔加乌组火山岩是碰撞造山中增厚的岩石圈根部拆沉作用致使软流圈地幔上涌底侵,致使早期的陆壳组分和弧组分部分熔融而形成的火山喷发,形成于后碰撞伸展转换背景。     

相关和频谱分析法在岩溶系统中的应用研究综述

岩溶含水层由多重含水介质组成,具有高度的非均质性,从系统角度出发,将岩溶系统看作是一个过滤器,将降雨作为输入信号,泉流量、水位、电导率、浊度等物理化学参数作为输出量进行相关和频谱分析是认识岩溶系统内部结构特征的有效方法。文章综述了相关和频谱分析法在岩溶系统研究中的应用,首先介绍了相关和频谱分析法基本理论的形成、发展过程和研究意义,然后总结了如何根据不同的研究目的选择相关和频谱分析法使用的时间序列的长度、周期和类型,最后阐述了该方法应用于岩溶系统分析的局限性。     

Time series analysis of mantle cycles Part I: Periodicities and correlations among seven global isotopic databases

In this study, seven isotopic databases are presented and analyzed to identify mantle and crustal episodes on a global scale by focusing on periodicity ranging from 70 to 200 million years (Myr). The databases are the largest, or among the largest, compiled for each type of data – with an objective of finding some samples from every region of every continent, to make each database as global as conceivably possible. The databases contain zircon Lu/Hf isotopic data, whole-rock Sm/Nd isotopic data, U/Pb detrital zircon ages, U/Pb igneous zircon ages, U/Pb non-zircon ages, whole-rock Re/Os isotopic data, and large igneous province ages. Part I of this study focuses on the periodicities of age histograms and geochemical averages developed from the seven databases, via spectral and cross-correlation analyses. Natural physical cycles often propagate in exact integer multiples of a fundamental cycle, referred to as harmonics. The tests show that harmonic geological cycles of ～93.5 and ～187 Myr have persisted throughout terrestrial history, and the cyclicities are statistically significant for U/Pb igneous zircon ages, U/Pb detrital zircon ages, U/Pb zircon-rim ages, large igneous province ages, mean ε_Hf(t) for all samples, mean ε_Hf(t) values for igneous-only samples, and relative abundance of mafic rocks. Equally important, cross-correlation analyses show these seven time-series are nearly synchronous (±7 Myr) with a model consisting of periodicities of 93.5 and 187 Myr. Additionally, the similarities between peaks in the 93.5 and 187 Myr mantle cycles and terminal ages of established and suspected superchrons provide a framework for predicting and testing superchron periodicity.     

澜沧江构造带南段变质岩系锆石U-Pb年代学及构造涵义

澜沧江构造带南段的古老变质岩系因临沧花岗岩基的大面积出露而呈零星分散状出露,该地区是否存在前寒武纪结晶基底和变质岩系的精确时代以及澜沧江构造带变质岩系的变质时限等问题还不是很清楚。本文以变质岩系为研究对象,挑选出锆石颗粒进行U-Pb SHRIMP定年,获得锆石核部U-Pb年龄是1802Ma、1404Ma、1092Ma、906~961Ma、812Ma和727~623Ma,时代为古元古代、中元古代和新元古代,揭示研究区存在前寒武纪的结晶基底,三叠纪(~230Ma)发育区域性岩浆作用事件,破坏改造了其结晶基底;昌宁-耈街剖面近澜沧江岸边花岗质片麻岩的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为73.9±1.8Ma(MSWD=1.3,N=6),记录澜沧江构造带变质岩经历了晚白垩世变质事件。综合研究认为澜沧江构造带南段存在区域性前寒武纪结晶基底,构造带中昌宁段之变质岩系的变质时间为晚白垩世(85~74Ma),并一直持续到36Ma,约32Ma之后构造带发生走滑运动,变质事件明显早于走滑运动事件。     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a typical karst spring system based on time series analysis in northern China

In order to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the karst aquifers in northern China, time series analyses (correlation and spectral analysis in addition with hydrograph recession analysis) are applied on Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring in Jinan karst spring system, a typical karst spring system in northern China. Results show that the auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 after 123 days and 117 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring, respectively. The regulation time obtained from the simple spectral density function in the same period is 187 days and 175 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring. The auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 in 34–82 days, and regulation time ranges among 40–59 days for every single hydrological year. The delay time between precipitation and spring water level obtained from cross correlation function is around 56 days for the period of 2012–2019, and varies among 30–79 days for every single hydrological year. In addition, the spectral bands in cross amplitude functions and gain functions are small with 0.02, and the values in the coherence functions are small. All these behaviors illustrate that Jinan karst spring system has a strong memory effect, large storage capacity, noticeable regulation effect, and time series analysis is a useful tool for studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of karst spring system in northern China.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

保山地块漕涧花岗伟晶岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

本文对出露于保山地块北部漕涧地区的花岗伟晶岩脉进行了全岩元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素组成研究,旨于揭示与紧邻的漕涧花岗岩体间的成因关系及其形成环境。伟晶岩样品表现出高硅(Si O2=73.02%~75.35%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=9.10%~10.79%)、过铝质(A/CNK=1.05~1.13)特征,在Si O2-K2O岩石判别图解上属钾玄岩系列;微量元素原始地幔标准化配分曲线上,花岗伟晶岩显示清晰的Rb、U、Ta和Pb正异常,Ba、Sr、Ti、Th和Nb负异常;稀土元素含量很低,总量3.99×10-6~17.29×10-6,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线表现为轻稀土富集型,具有明显的正Eu异常(δEu=2.92~14.7)。锆石形态学与原位稀土元素组成显示:锆石颗粒粗大(颗粒长约150~400μm),阴极发光强度较弱,内部为海绵状结构,边部发育韵律环带;锆石Th/U比值低,主要介于0.004~0.009,重稀土元素富集。通过图解(Sm/La)N-La和Ce/Ce*-(Sm/La)N,判断锆石具有岩浆锆石与热液锆石过渡的特征。2件样品单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄变化于85~54Ma,测点位于锆石边部韵律环带发育的微区所得出的谐和年龄分别为73.44±1.0Ma(MSWD=1.03)和67.12±1.60Ma(MSWD=4.2);其余测点的谐和年龄为61~57Ma。花岗伟晶岩脉中锆石εHf(t)值分布范围为-10.1~-4.7(集中于-6.7~-5.7),分布较为集中,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄tC DM为1260~1565Ma(集中于1310~1360Ma)。这些地化特征综合表明漕涧花岗伟晶岩脉与花岗岩体有着亲缘关系,共系保山地块先存加厚地壳元古代基底物质的减压熔融的产物,其形成于新特提斯洋俯冲末期至随后发生的印度欧亚大陆碰撞初期的构造背景下。     

时间序列分析法在延吉市地下水动态预测的应用

根据延吉市地下水位周期性变化趋势明显的特点,提出了水位预报的时间序列分析模型。同时,通过模型分析可知该区地下水位变化存在两个主要周期年,即地下水位的季节性变化和多年变化规律,预报结果表明：该模型预测效果较好,运行合理,对规律性不强的地下水位动态预报具有一定的实用价值。     

吕梁-五台地区晚太古宙—古元古代花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素性质及其地质意义

报道了五台地区一个晚太古代片麻状富钾花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为2509±7.4Ma.该年龄与前人获得的年代学数据一起,进一步限定了晚太古期间五台-吕梁地区与俯冲有关的弧岩浆活动的年代框架.为了探讨晚太古宙-古元古代不同类型的花岗岩的源区性质和演化,特别是当时的陆壳增生机制和古老陆壳性质,本文在锆石U-Pb年代学的基础上对相应的锆石进行了细致的Hf同位素原位测量.结果表明,晚太古代片麻状花岗岩可能代表发育在古老克拉通(东部陆块?)上的弧岩浆作用产物.碰撞后(1.8 Ga)花岗岩的形成与加厚的造山带发生垮塌性伸展有关,后者导致幔源物质底侵,并引起下地壳物质的部分熔融而形成花岗质岩石.这些壳源花岗质岩浆再以不同比例与幔源岩浆混合而形成吕梁-五台地区成分复杂的碰撞后岩浆岩(花岗质为主).锆石Hf同位素还表明,吕梁-五台地区可能存在老于2.7Ga的古老克拉通物质(2.9Ga?),虽然目前还没有发现这么老的碎屑锆石.     

Geochemical and statistical analysis of trace metals in atmospheric particulates in Wuhan, central China

The geochemical characteristics of trace metals (As, Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in PM10 in Wuhan, the biggest metropolitan in central China, as well as their sources and contributions were analyzed. As PM10 has been the principal contaminant of air in Wuhan for years, concentrations of trace metals were measured in PM10 using high-volume samplers at one urban (Hankou) and one industrial (Changqian) site in Wuhan between September 2003 and September 2004. Based on the results, PM10 in Wuhan is characterized by relatively high levels of As, Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn compared with other Asian cities. The time-series of these elements indicated that As, Cu and Zn at both sites have similar trends, whereas Pb levels showed different patterns due to different emission sources. Factor analysis was applied to the datasets focusing on the apportionment of the mass of selected trace metals. Results indicate that Pb, Cd and As have a common source (smelting) at both sites, whereas the sources of Ni vary from coal combustion and steel in Changqian to mineral and traffic in Hankou.     

西藏冈底斯带西部达雄岩体的岩石成因:锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素约束

对出露于冈底斯西部地区措勤北部达瓦错东侧的达雄岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素研究,以约束其岩石成因.达雄岩体的主体岩性为花岗闪长岩,其中发育大量闪长质包体.花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP MS年龄为107±1Ma,该年龄代表了岩体结晶年龄.花岗闪长岩锆石εNd(t)值变化于-1.0～3.0,两阶段模式年龄变化于974～1226Ma.花岗闪长岩富硅(SiO2=70.65%～71.10%),富钙(CaO=3.21%～3.26%)、贫钾(K2O=2.81%～2.99%)、低P2O5(0.09%),铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.01～1.02,属于偏铝质花岗岩或弱过铝质花岗岩.闪长质包体SiO2含量为57.84%,与寄主岩相比,闪长质包体更富CaO、MgO、TFe2O3和TiO2.花岗闪长岩和闪长质包体均属中钾钙碱性系列,εNd(t)值分别为-4.6和-3.2,两阶段模式年龄(tDM2)相近(分别为1277Ma和1166Ma),并与锆石Hf同位素模式年龄一致.岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究表明闪长质包体可能是由岩浆混合作用形成的镁铁质微粒包体.我们的初步研究成果似乎表明,冈底斯中西部地区在早白垩世晚期(～110Ma)很可能存在一次重要的岩浆混合作用,这一初步认识对研究冈底斯中北部地区规模宏大的白垩纪岩浆作用的深部动力学过程具有重要意义.     

陕西小秦岭地区太华群的锆石U-Pb年龄和 Hf同位素组成

本文对陕西华山岩体南侧一个太华群黑云斜长片麻岩进行了地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析.地球化学分析显示其原岩为中酸性钙碱性花岗质岩石,稀土含量较低( ∑REE =83.13×10-6),但富集Pb和LILE元素(如Rb、Ba).锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值变化于0.281258～0.281404,具明显负的εHf(t)值(-6.86～- 11.23).锆石的Hf同位素模式年龄(2.96 ～3.24Ga)表明原岩是由中太古代地壳演化而来.对比显示小秦岭太华群黑云斜长片麻岩与鲁山地区的太华群具有相似的中太古代地壳源区,但它们的形成时代可能不同.锆石内部结构、Th/U比值以及定年结果显示小秦岭地区的太华群在～1.91Ga经历了一期重要的变质热事件,该事件与Columbia超大陆拼合时的全球性碰撞造山事件相关联.小秦岭太华群为华北克拉通块体南缘的地质单元,但各地区太华群在原岩组成、形成时代和变质时代上具有不同的特征,太华群应是一个杂岩体,至少可以解体为新太古代和古元古代两部分.