印尼苏门答腊MW9.0级地震对全球及中国大陆地震趋势影响研究的反思

本文对2004年12月26日印尼苏门答腊以西发生MW9.0级地震后所做的地震趋势预测做了反思,指出:关于全球特大地震近年可能连发,特大地震对几年内世界7级以上地震年频度没有明显影响,但未来几年内7级以上强震可能集中在这次特大地震附近或相关构造上的预测意见是正确的;而有关近年中国大陆及川滇地区可能发生7级强震的预测是错误的;并认为,2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震释放了已积累的应变可能是这次特大地震不能触发中国大陆及川滇地区发生强震的重要原因。     

雅江6.0级地震对西南地区近期地震形势的影响

分析了西南地区的活动构造、 应力场特征, 统计了川滇菱形块体内部理塘-德巫断裂上发生的中强地震与川滇及其附近地区大地震的对应关系。 结果表明, 1900～2000年理塘-德巫断裂上发生的6次5.5级以上地震有5次在其后2～3年内, 川滇菱形块体边界带及其附近地区发生了7.5级以上地震。 反之, 1900年以来西南地区共发生7.5级以上地震7次, 其中5次地震前2～3年内理塘-德巫断裂上均发生了5.5级以上地震。 在此统计基础上讨论了2001年2月23日雅江6.0级地震对西南地区近期地震形势的影响。     

四川盆地地震活动与川西、川滇交界区强震关系初探

本文根据对四川省地震资料的分析,认为盆地内4级以上地震的活动与川西、川滇交界区的强震活动有较为密切的关系。当盆地内发生一次或几次4—5级地震后,大约一两年内或稍长一些时间内,在川西或川滇交界区将可能发生一次或几次6—7级乃至7级以上地震。若大震发生在松潘、龙门山地震带,震前盆地内发生4—5级地震的次数较少;若大震发生在鲜水河、安宁河地震带或川滇交界区,震前盆地内4—5级地震次数多。历史地震也有类似情形。因此盆地内的地震活动性可作为川西、川滇交界区发生强震的一个标志。     

一次地震预测的案例

2001年11月14日昆仑山8.1级地震后, 川滇地区的震情引起了地震学者的普遍关注。 文中详细阐述了针对当时川滇地区的多种地震与地震前兆观测项的观测异常形成的综合预测意见及预测三要素的判定, 并探讨了8.1级地震对这一预测意见的影响及对经验性地震预报的认识。     

中国大陆及邻区、川滇成组强震活动特征初步研究

将中国大陆及其邻区1902年以来MS≥7地震的成组活动划分出7组,其首发大震分别为1902年阿图什8.2级,1911年阿拉木图8.2级,1920年海原8.5级,1931年富蕴8.0级,1946年缅甸7.8级,1966年邢台7.2级,1988年缅甸7.2级。川滇MS≥6.7地震成组活动划分出5组,其首发强震为1913年峨山7.0级,1933年茂县7.5级,1948年理塘7.3级,1966年东川6.5级、6.2级,1988年澜沧7.4级。其中,川滇MS≥7的首发大震滞后中国大陆首发大震几个月至4年不等。按成组大震的界定,目前中国大陆处于1998~2007年(估计)的大震少发时段。川滇未来1~2年的大震形势为川滇西部存在发生大震的可能性。中国大陆新一轮强震成组活动中的大地震将可能在2007~2009年前后发生,主体危险区可能为天山地震带中段及川滇东部。2007~2008年可能出现5~6级地震的增强过程。巧家—东川一带可能最先发生6级地震。     

川滇藏交界地区M≥7地震记载的起始年代与资料完整性分析

地震资料是地震活动性分析、地震危险性分析及地震预测等研究的基础数据。川滇藏交界地区是中国地震活动强烈的地区之一,分析该地区地震资料的完整性有助于进行相关断层的危险性评价及区域地震活动趋势分析。文中通过查阅川滇藏交界地区44个县的地方志,了解各县的建制沿革,由川滇进藏通道的演化明确了川滇藏交界地区的关键交通枢纽与节点,结合历史地震目录、地震史料及前人对该地区地震资料完整性的研究成果,综合分析了鲜水河地区与三江并流区7级以上强震不会被漏记的可靠年代及6级以上地震应被记载的起始年代。同时,根据历史地震等烈度线长、短轴数据拟合得到的川滇菱形块体烈度衰减关系,在空间上分析6、 7级地震的影响范围。结果表明,1719—1736年为鲜水河地区M_S≥7地震资料完整的起始年代,1719—1728年为三江并流区M_S≥7地震资料完整的可能起始年代,上述年代同样可以作为2个地区6级以上地震应记载的起始年代。     

结点区小震活动与福建及其周围强震的关系

地震活动与地壳现代构造断裂,具有共轭网络特征.笔者在研究川滇地区和中国东部大陆扳内地震活动中,利用中小地震活动条带互为正交网络,与7级大震的发生地区进行对比,总结出大地震发震区域与网络交汇的结点具有相关性.以此对川滇地区18个网络结点小震频度--时间序列进行统计,预测区内5级以上地震,取得了一定的效果.     

2020年2月3日四川青白江5.1级地震总结

针对2020年2月3日四川青白江5.1级地震发生前的地震活动和地球物理观测异常、构造背景、震源物理参数,以及地震序列特征等进行系统总结。结果表明,青白江5.1级地震发生前存在小震调制比高值、地磁低点位移、重力固体潮高噪声等中短期异常;地震序列活动特征显示,此次地震为一次孤立型地震序列,序列参数计算结果与当前余震活动水平基本相符。另外,青白江地震发生在龙泉山断裂带上,震源机制计算结果显示为一次逆冲型破裂事件,与龙泉山断裂构造性质一致。同时,此次地震发生在四川盆地的少震弱震区,对于川滇及川滇藏交界地区后续7级以上地震的发生具有一定预测意义。     

川滇M≥6.7强震的二维坐标系与时间预测研究

20世纪以来,川滇地区M≥6.7强震时间间隔具有良好的规律性,其地震发生的年份可组成一个二维时间坐标系,并据此建立川滇地区的强震时间预测模型。预测分析表明：未来16年,川滇地区可能存在发生4次6.7级以上地震发生的风险,2012-2021及2025-2029年均有M≥6.7强震信号,且未来强震可能发生在2014-2015、2019与2027年前后。     

2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震与1927年古浪8.0级地震的相似性

对20世纪中国大陆巨大地震进行了研究,认为1927年古浪8．0级地震与2001年昆仑山口西8．1级地震在构造上,与川滇地区的相对位置上,以及孕育、发展和发生的过程都具有一定的相似性,这2个地震对其后川滇地区地震活动形势的影响也具有相似性;这2次地震的发生对中国大陆的地震活动强度有一定的缓解作用;2003年至2005年川滇地区地震活动水平为6．0～6．9级。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.