山东省渤海海洋保护区典型海域表层海水微生物群落多样性分析

海洋微生物在生态系统循环中发挥重要作用。为系统了解山东省渤海海洋保护区表层海水微生物群落多样性,作者利用Illumina高通量测序及生物信息学分析技术研究了12个水体样本的菌群构成和多样性特征。实验结果表明,山东渤海海洋保护区典型海域表层海水微生物群落丰富,12个水体样品OTU分属于25门、56纲、103目、163科、227属;门、纲、目、科、属分类等级上的优势类群分别为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(57.95%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)(21.88%)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)(4.31%)、红细菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)(10.68%)、Candidatus portiera(7.94%);保护区内表层海水微生物具有其独特的菌群特征和多样性。本研究结果为进一步认识海洋微生物多样性与海洋生态环境保护的关系奠定了基础。     

深海热液喷口微生物群落研究进展

1977年在太平洋上的加拉帕戈斯群岛附近深2 500 m的深海热液区首次发现了独立的生命体系,它被认为是海洋生物学研究领域中最为重大的发现之一[1-2]。自此,对深海热液喷口生物群落的调查研究吸引了无数科学家的眼球,成为了海洋生物学研究领域的热点之一。30余年来,随着海洋生物学研     

西南印度洋深海热液硫化物区沉积物微生物群落结构和固氮基因多样性

A sediment sample was collected from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field located at a depth of 2 951 m on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the prokaryotic community using polymerase chain reaction（PCR） amplification of the 16 S rRNA and nifH genes. Within the Archaea, the dominant clones were from marine benthic group E（MBGE） and marine group I（MGI） belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, respectively. More than half of the bacterial clones belonged to the Proteobacteria, and most fell within the Gammaproteobacteria. No epsilonproteobacterial sequence was observed. Additional phyla were detected including the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Chlamydiae, Verrucomicrobia, and candidate divisions OD1, OP11, WS3 and TM6, confirming their existence in hydrothermal vent environments. The detection of nifH gene suggests that biological nitrogen fixation may occur in the hydrothermal vent field of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that only Clusters I and III NifH were present. This is consistent with the phylogenetic analysis of the microbial 16 S rRNA genes, indicating that Bacteria play the main role in nitrogen fixation in this hydrothermal vent environment.     

大洋铁锰结核的微生物成矿过程及其研究进展

深海铁锰结核作为世界上潜在的巨大金属宝库已成为当今开发海底矿藏的热点,因而深入了解铁锰结核成矿过程成为其开发利用的先决条件。研究发现多金属铁锰结核中的铁锰矿物不仅仅是由单纯的物理作用形成的,同时也包含了海洋生物驱动的生物矿化的过程。本文介绍了运用分子生物学、矿物学和地球化学等多学科的研究方法对大洋中铁锰的生物成矿过程和成矿特征的研究。深海铁锰结核的生长速率缓慢且其生长演化伴随着微生物群落的活动,因此结核的生长过程同时也记录着不同时期微生物群落结构的变化并生成了大量的微生物化石。在铁和锰的生物矿化过程中,细菌可以通过酶促反应氧化Fe(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ),同时可能伴随生物能量的生成,此外微生物还可以通过非酶促反应的方式促进Fe和Mn的富集沉淀。这些研究表明生物矿化作用在大洋铁锰结核成矿过程中有巨大贡献,对大洋铁锰结核的生物成因过程提供更加全面准确的理解,从而为今后进一步充实大洋铁锰结核的生物矿化理论及其开发利用提供依据。     

南极普里兹湾及邻近海域沉积物微生物多样性与生理生化研究

对中国第29次南极科学考察采自南极普里兹湾及邻近海域25个站位的海洋沉积物样品进行了细菌、真菌的分离培养,经细菌16SrRNA、真菌ITS基因序列分析及系统发育分析,共鉴定得到12个属的28株细菌和7个属的10株真菌。细菌API 20NE生理生化及真菌产胞外酶活性实验显示,分离培养的细菌和真菌多数可产生水解酶类,初步认定其在参与微生物体内新陈代谢、适应南极极端环境方面发挥作用。这些南极低温条件下产生的酶类有可能在工业生产中有一定的应用价值。本研究丰富了对南极普里兹湾及邻近海域沉积物微生物多样性的认识,筛选获得了一批具有产酶特性的低温微生物可为进一步的应用研究奠定基础。     

淡化浓海水日晒盐田原核微生物多样性分析

海滨日晒盐田具有稳定且独特的生态系统。淡化浓海水排入盐田制盐,对盐田生态系统的稳定及盐田的可持续发展具有一定的影响。本研究分析天津汉沽淡化浓海水日晒盐田不同季节不同盐度盐池原核微生物多样性现状及群落结构变化,以期为评估淡化浓海水对盐田原核微生物群落影响提供理论依据。采用温度梯度凝胶电泳和序列测定等方法,分析不同月份不同盐度盐池中细菌和古菌的多样性与群落结构变化。分别采用香农-威纳指数、加权丰富度指数和均匀度指数分析盐田微生物群落多样性、丰富度和均匀度。结果表明,淡化浓海水和溴后水中均未检测出细菌和古菌。不同月份不同盐度盐池样本中细菌多样性变化不大,优势菌主要为γ-变形菌门(γ-Proteobacteria)中的Spiribacter salinus和Pseudoalteromonassp.;古菌仅出现在盐度最高的Ⅶ号盐池中,优势古菌为广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)的Halogeometricum sp.。天津汉沽淡化浓海水日晒盐田中细菌的多样性和丰富度较低,春夏两季细菌群落结构较为稳定,秋冬季节细菌群落结构变化明显。盐度不同的盐池中细菌群落结构变化较大,随着盐度逐渐升高, Spiribacter salinus逐渐取代Pseudoalteromonas sp.成为占主要地位的优势菌种。     

长牡蛎外套膜组织着色区和无色区的微生物多样性比较分析

典型的开管式软体动物长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）具有开闭壳的行为习惯,易使大量海水成分进入体内。因此,海水中的微生物极易附着于长牡蛎的软体部表面。本研究利用16S rRNA对长牡蛎外套膜着色区和无色区以及其生活区域海水进行了微生物多样性比较分析。结果显示：长牡蛎外套膜表面的微生物多样性与丰富度均高于海水。在门水平上,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为长牡蛎外套膜着色区与无色区的共同优势菌类,而海水中优势菌类为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）。在属水平上,主要发现了弧菌（Vibrio）、假交替单孢菌（Pseudoalteromonas）和海洋单胞菌（Marinomonas）在内的28个菌属。此外,线性判别分析（Linear discriminant analysis effect size,LeFSe）显示,外套膜着色区与无色区的微生物标志物存在差异。着色区的主要标志物为螺旋体科未分类属（norank＿f＿Spirochaetaceae）,而无色区的主要标志物为弧菌（Vibrio）。综上,长牡蛎外套膜组织表面与海水之间的微生物组成存在较大差异。尽管外套膜着色...     

基于模糊综合—聚类评价模型的烟台市区排污混合区范围论证

基于烟台市区排污混合区2009年2月的海水水质监测资料,应用模糊综合—聚类评价模型对混合区的水质现状进行综合评价,并利用克里格插值法对水质进行平面空间分析,进而论证混合区范围划定的合理性。该模型克服了单独应用模糊综合评价或模糊聚类分析进行水质评价的不足,结合了两者的优点。结果表明:混合区中部水质为四类或劣四类,边缘水质为二类或三类,西北部水质优于东南部。混合区相邻海域水质已达到相应的海域功能要求,可见该混合区范围的划定是合理的。     

通过焦磷酸测序揭示北极海水的微生物群落结构

This study aimed to determine the microbial community structure of seawater in(ICE-1) and out(FUBIAO) of the pack ice zone in the Arctic region.Approximate 10 L seawater was filtrated by 0.2 μm Whatman nuclepore filters and the environmental genomic DNA was extracted.We conducted a detailed census of microbial communities by pyrosequencing.Analysis of the microbial community structures indicated that these two samples had high bacterial,archaeal and eukaryotic diversity.Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the two dominant members of the bacterioplankton community in both samples,and their relative abundance were 51.29% and 35.39%,72.95%and 23.21%,respectively.Euryarchaeota was the most abundant archaeal phylum,and the relative abundance was nearly up to 100% in FUBIAO and 60% in ICE-1.As for the eukaryotes,no_rank_Eukaryota,Arthropoda and no_rank_Metazoa were the most abundant groups in Sample FUBIAO,accounting for 85.29% of the total reads.The relative abundance of the most abundant phylum in Sample ICE-1,no_rank_Eukaryota and no_rank_Metazoa,was up to 90.69% of the total reads.Alphaproteobacteria,Flavobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were the top three abundant classes in the two samples at the bacterial class level.There were also differences in the top ten abundant bacterial,archaeal and eukaryotic OTUs at the level of 97% similarity between the two samples.     

东太平洋中国多金属结核区锰结核样品中微生物群落结构的研究

通过非培养手段研究了东太平洋中国多金属结核区ES0303站点锰结核样品中的微生物群落结构.细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库的研究结果表明：结核内细菌种群结构复杂,微生物种类丰富且各种群丰度不一（61个OTUs）,其中变形杆菌类群为优势种群,占所有细菌克隆子比例的64%,且主要分布于β/γ-、α-和δ-等3类变形杆菌（Proteobacteria）亚群之中,占比分别为34%、18%和12%.此外还存在包括酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）,放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）,绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）等在内的细菌类群的分布,克隆子比例依次为9%、7%、8%、2%和5%.古菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库的研究结果表明：古菌的群落结构单一（仅12个OTUs）,全部是由泉古菌海洋类群I（crenarchaeote marine group I,MGI）组成;其中MGI-η类群最为丰富,达到44%,而MGI-α、MGI-ζ和MGI-ε类群的克隆子比例分别为25%、18%和9%,另外还发现2个新的MGI分类类群.相关克隆子的数据库比对和系统发育树分析表明,并未发现已报道的直接参与铁锰氧化还原相关类群的存在,但它们大多数与来自多金属结核来源或深海来源的不可培养微生物具有较高的同源性.进一步的分析表明,锰结核内存在相当数量的氨氧化菌、硫酸盐还原菌、酸杆菌等能够改变pH值的细菌和古菌类群的存在,意味着它们可能在锰结核的形成过程中起到重要的作用.     

烟台潮间带大型底栖动物群落组成和结构研究

根据2009年11月至2010年8月对烟台3种典型潮间带的大型底栖动物调查,分析了烟台典型潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构特征,包括群落种类组成、丰度和生物量、优势种、多样性等,采用MDS和CLUSTER分析了大型底栖动物的群落结构,并用AMBI和m-AMBI对底栖群落和环境质量进行了评估。结果表明:本次调查共鉴定出大型底栖动物111种,其中多毛类动物40种,甲壳动物37种,软体动物29种,棘皮动物1种,鱼类2种,其他动物2种(包括纽虫和腔肠动物各1种)。多毛类动物和甲壳动物占据了研究区域底栖群落的主要成分,两者分别占据了群落总种数的36.04%和33.33%。从季节来看,3种类型潮间带物种数均为冬季最低,而秋季则普遍处于较高水平。物种丰度在3种类型潮间带的分布为泥沙质的渔人码头泥质的养马岛沙质的辛安河口,3种类型潮间带的丰度主要贡献者分别为甲壳动物、软体动物和多毛类动物。渔人码头和辛安河口的生物量均以秋季为最高,而养马岛在冬季达到最高,且远高于其他3个季节;软体动物是3种不同类型潮间带生物量的主要贡献者。烟台3种类型潮间带出现的优势种多达15种,但多数优势种仅在某个潮间带的单个季节出现,优势种受季节和潮间带类型的影响明显;日本大螯蜚(优势度为0.29~0.82)是渔人码头全年的优势种,中型阿曼吉虫则是辛安河口的主要优势物种,养马岛的优势物种则为养殖逃逸的菲律宾蛤仔。与以往历史资料相比,烟台潮间带大型底栖动物已经受到了人类活动的深刻影响,原有的潮间带经济种类已经严重退化或消失。     

不同碳源富集的石油烃降解菌群结构的分析

以原油和正十六烷为唯一碳源,从长期受石油污染的环境中富集和分离具有不同功能的石油烃降解菌,并利用平板法和PCR-DGGE法时不同碳源富集到的菌群结构进行分析.结果表明,利用2216E平板从以原油和正十六烷为碳源的富集液中各得到两株菌,分另11为TJ-1、TJ-2和TJL-1和TJL-2,分子生物学方法鉴定结果表明,这4株菌分别为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、威尼斯不动杆菌(Acinetobacter venetianus)、Oceanobacillus picturaeP和短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus).PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,以原油和正十六烷为碳源的富集液中优势菌分别有5种和2种,且2种富集液中的优势菌明显不同.对比PCR-DGGE和平板法分析结果,可以看出PCR-DGGE法能够提供更全面的菌群结构信息.     

Phosphorus distribution in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river,China

The objective of this study was to investigate the phosphorus distribution in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river, intensively affected by municipal effluent and agricultural activity for about 50 years. Surface sediment samples were taken at 35 sites in the estuarine area and phosphorus species and contents of total P, Al, Fe, and Ca in the sediments were measured. Results showed that the content of total P in the sediments ranged from 230 to 841 mg kg⁻¹, with an average of 549 mg kg⁻¹. Ca–bound P, residual P, Al–bound P, reductant–soluble P, Fe–bound P, and soluble and loosely bound P were averagely 44.5, 21.6, 13.6, 11.7, 8.9 and 0.2% of total P, respectively. With the gradual increase of total P content, Al–bound P, reductant–soluble P, and Fe–bound P generally increased, while the rest species of P did not. This might indicate that anthropogenic P is bound to Al and Fe oxides. Regression analysis showed that Al–bound P and sum of Fe–bound P and reductant–soluble P were correlated to the contents of total Al and Fe, respectively. On the other hand, Ca–bound P was not correlated to the content of total Ca in the sediment, probably suggesting that Ca–P was mainly from authigenic marine origin. Whereas the content of total P in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river was within the range of total P content for Chinese and worldwide river estuaries as well as coastal sediments, non-calcium apatite phosphorus content in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river was relatively higher, indicating higher release risk and bioavailability of P in the sediment. On the other hand, the molar ratio of total Fe to total P was 16–34 in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river, suggesting that iron oxides/hydroxides in the sediments might be able to sequester more phosphorus. Therefore, the accumulation or release of P in/from the estuarine sediments might be dependent on the external loading of P and the estuarine eutrophication may be sustained by the internal bioavailable P pools following the decrease of the external P loading.     

Fluoride pollution in French rivers and estuaries

Fluoride concentrations have been determined in major French rivers and estuaries. The unpolluted estuary in the Loire has been compared with the Seine, Gironde and Charente where important discharges occur. Natural dissolved concentration can be multiplied by a factor of 30. Particulate fluorine concentration reach almost 2000 ppm in the Seine estuary. The percentage between free and complexed dissolved fluoride is not affected by the anthropic discharge. The present French rivers discharge of fluoride is 700% higher than the pristine value. At a global scale, dissolved fluoride has probably increased by 25% compared with the natural situation.     

Empirical tools for simulating salinity in the estuaries in Everglades National Park,Florida

Salinity in a shallow estuary is affected by upland freshwater inputs (surface runoff, stream/canal flows, groundwater), atmospheric processes (precipitation, evaporation), marine connectivity, and wind patterns. In Everglades National Park (ENP) in South Florida, the unique Everglades ecosystem exists as an interconnected system of fresh, brackish, and salt water marshes, mangroves, and open water. For this effort a coastal aquifer conceptual model of the Everglades hydrologic system was used with traditional correlation and regression hydrologic techniques to create a series of multiple linear regression (MLR) salinity models from observed hydrologic, marine, and weather data. The 37 ENP MLR salinity models cover most of the estuarine areas of ENP and produce daily salinity simulations that are capable of estimating 65–80% of the daily variability in salinity depending upon the model. The Root Mean Squared Error is typically about 2–4 salinity units, and there is little bias in the predictions. However, the absolute error of a model prediction in the nearshore embayments and the mangrove zone of Florida Bay may be relatively large for a particular daily simulation during the seasonal transitions. Comparisons show that the models group regionally by similar independent variables and salinity regimes. The MLR salinity models have approximately the same expected range of simulation accuracy and error as higher spatial resolution salinity models.     

烟台邻近海域水质与富营养化时空变化趋势分析

根据1994年8月、2001年8月和2006年8月在烟台市邻近海域3个区域的监测资料,分别运用单因子标准指数法、有机污染评价指数法评价了3个区域水质质量状况,并运用营养状态质量指数法进行了营养状况评价.结果表明:由3 a的评价指数可知,芝罘湾及四千里湾的水质状况有很大改善,水体不再呈现出富营养化状态;套子湾海域的水体呈现出富营养化的状态;烟台外海水质情况良好,但倾倒区海域水质状况略差,建议将倾倒区向烟台外海迁移.     

Estimation of dispersion in estuaries by a self-consistent method

Longitudinal and transverse dispersion in estuaries may be determined in principle by measuring the change in time of the concentration field of a water soluble dye. In practice, measurements may take the form of several sampling runs crossing the dye patch. The coefficients of dispersion are usually estimated from the second moments of the concentration field; the use of second moments, in particular, introduces errors because measurements at long times or distance are unduly emphasized.A self-consistent method, free of the disadvantages inherent in the use of higher moments, is described in which the distribution of concentration in space is related to the zeroth spatial moment of concentration. In this formulation, based upon sampling runs across the dye patch, the concentration field in the estuary may be directly and simply related to the dispersion coefficients in both the intercept and gradient of a linear graph.The methods are illustrated by the characterization of a series of experiments in the Inner Estuary of Milford Haven.     

Management of transboundary estuaries in Latin America and the Caribbean

The need for integrated resource management in coastal and marine areas is increasingly urgent. Estuaries, as a representation of the relationship between river basins and coastal areas are spaces of convergence due to their natural characteristics. Transboundary estuaries also historically represent divisions between regions and countries, often presenting overlaid administrative domains and a complex situation to manage. This paper makes a meta-analysis of the main geographical and managerial characteristics of 17 cases of transboundary estuaries in Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC). These cases are presented as examples of bilateral relations of cooperation and co-management of shared systems (fluvial, coastal and marine). The analysis of these estuaries in LAC demonstrated that there is an inadequate integration between River Basin Management and Coastal Areas Management, not considering the scope of a management based in ecosystems. It was also exposed that the articulation of international and national policies and the land and sea domains that take place at these locations determine the system management, as well as the use and distribution of shared resources.     

Long-term morphodynamic evolution of estuaries: An inverse problem

A new technique for predicting long-term variations in estuary morphology is developed using a morphological evolution equation that isolates diffusive and non-diffusive processes in estuaries. The contribution from non-diffusive processes to the morphological changes of the estuary is incorporated in the governing equation by a source function. The source function is derived by solving an inverse problem using historic survey data of the Humber estuary, UK covering a period of 150 years.