中天山坡地冰缘地貌的若干问题

由 1985—1989年野外调查结果和定位重复观测资料可知,本区坡地冰缘地貌的分布特征为:1.各类坡地冰缘形态彼此具有成因联系;2.不同序次的冰缘地貌类型具有各自的时空分异;3.不同的坡地冰缘地貌类型在一定条件下可有所转化。再则,本区风化以寒冻剥裂和寒冻楔入为主,呈现在时空和状态上为不可逆过程的耗散结构。     

松辽平原冰缘期的划分

冰缘学的研究近年来比较活跃。冰缘现象种类很多,其中对于分期比较有效的是冰缘构造现象。这种构造在松辽平原颇为常见。关于在冰缘气候条件下岩石受冻融作用而发生的变形,文献中有着各种各样的名称,如:冰缘构造(Periglacial stru-     

太白山高山带环境特征

对比国内外关于高山带景观划分的多种观点，采用气候树线以上部分为高山带的划分方法，重点讨论太白山高山带自然环境，包括第四纪冰川遗迹和现代冰缘作用影响下的高山、亚高山地貌，研究区内主要气候要素的分布状、特别气温和降水的时空分配分布格局，土壤有机质的空间分异，以及在这种环境条件下高山带的植物区系和植被分布格局。太白山高山带的各种环境要素之间密切相关，是表现特殊的自然综合体。在全球气候变化背景下，其自然环境特点及变化值得密切关主。     

青藏高原极大陆型多年冻土和冰缘若干问题探讨

水分条件是极大陆型多年冻土分布、发育和冰缘作用过程及其地貌类型组合的关键因素。极大陆型多年冻土下界高程最高,年平均气温最低;冰缘作用强度较弱,冰缘地貌类型单调,冰缘带下界高于多年冻土下界。     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛冰缘地貌过程分析

根据定位重复测量、坑探、物探、人工灌水、地温资料和样品室内分析,作者讨论了菲尔德斯半岛石冰川、倒石堆、分选环、石花、流动性条纹土等冰缘地貌变化过程和沉积结构特征,论证了含盐量对电阻率和冰缘地貌物质迁移的影响,最后指出了本区冰缘研究的问题。     

广东省罗定地区金矿床分类及成矿条件研究

粤西罗定盆地为北东走向的中生代断陷盆地,区内断裂构造活动强烈,老地层广泛出露,有丰富的多金属矿产资源。本文通过对区内成矿地质条件,矿物组合类型和构造运动的分析,将本区金矿床分为4种基本类型,认为区内的金矿源层是一套受变质热液作用的震旦系云开群地层,控制着金矿的物质来源,断裂构造是本区金矿的主要储矿构造。对区内成矿条件进行分类和归纳,具有重要意义。     

查格勒布鲁剖面—晚更新世以来东亚季风进退的地层记录

本文着重分析了查格勒布鲁剖面沉积物的粒度特征和孢粉组合特征，结合（１４）Ｃ测年、古冰缘现象和沉积物化学元素的ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３分子比值变化规律指出，晚更新世以来巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地区的气候条件随全球冰期气候的波动亦经历了由晚更新世早期的相对温湿阶段、晚更新世晚期尤其是末次盛冰期的干冷阶段向全新世温暖期的演化过程。东亚夏季风尾阎在晚更新世早期到达甚至越过本区影响到拐子湖一带，晚更新世晚期本区受冬季风的控制，全新世以来东亚夏季风尾闾又向本区推进，并于全新世大暖期对本区造成明显影响。     

据高灵敏度航空伽玛能谱资料探讨内蒙巴彦浩特盆地（腾格里沙漠）第四系成钾

巴彦浩特盆地自中生代至今一直是一自流水的构造盆地，其具有成钾构造、气候、水文以及古盐释放等有利条件。该区存在着高灵敏度航空伽玛能谱测量发现的现代高我，由区内已知盐类矿床（点）的存在及铀、钍元素的地球化学的分布特点知，高钾异常与含 盐类物质密切相关。高钾异常的分布及其形态特征表明了本区可能存在较深层卤水，并高 形成是由于沙丘带与盐湖带间的风积作用、两者间的内循环作用以及两者对较深层卤水存在的蒸发作用     

据高灵敏度航空伽玛能谱资料探讨内蒙巴彦浩特盆地（腾格里沙漠）第四系成钾远景

巴彦浩特盆地自中生代至今一直是一自流水的构造盆地，其具有成钾的构造、气候、水文以及古盐释放等有利条件。该区存在着高灵敏度航空伽玛能谱测量发现的现代高钾异常区，由区内已知盐类矿床（点）的存在及铀、钍元素的地球化学的分布特点知，高钾异常与含钾的盐类物质密切相关。高钾异常的分布及其形态特征表明了本区可能存在较深层卤水，并高钾异常的形成是由于沙丘带与盐湖带问的风积作用、两者间的内循环作用以及两者对较深层卤水存在的蒸发作用的共同结果。根据统计及估算，本区可称之为一具一定远景储量的钾盐远景区。它反映了钾盐富集的一种不同形式，实则体现了构造、气候、水文、盐湖、沙漠五者的密切相关和极好的统一，是沙丘（山）型钾盐成矿模式的代表。     

长白山北坡冰缘环境与土壤动物

长白山海拔2000米以上的高山苔原带,是一特殊的高山冰缘环境。近几年来,国内许多学者对这一特殊环境进行了深入地考察研究。1979年,联合国教科文组织“人与生物圈”委员会委托中国科学院在长白山建立了森林生态系统研究定位站。从此,有许多外国学者前来考察,并对高山苔原冰缘环境产生了极大的兴趣。我们于1981年夏对高山苔原带冰缘环境与土壤动物进行了初步调查。目的在于了解冰缘环境的一般特征和土壤动物组成、分布及其与冰缘环境的关系,为进一步研究高山苔原带生态系统提供本底和基础性资料。     

Ground Thermal Profiles from Mount Kenya, East Africa

This paper presents and compares ground thermal regimes at 4200 and 4800 m a.s.l. on Mount Kenya's southern aspect. Temperatures were recorded using Tinytalk? data loggers, installed at the ground surface and at depths of 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm and 50 cm. Temperatures were logged at 2‐hour intervals over a period of 12 months (August 1998 to July 1999). The study is designed to demonstrate near‐surface freeze conditions, which would have implications for contemporary periglacial landform production. Although ground freeze at 4200 m a.s.l. occurs during most nights (c. 70% at 1 cm depth), freeze penetration is restricted to the top 2 to 3 cm, such that no freeze was recorded at 5 cm depth. At 4800 m a.s.l., the diurnal frost frequency at the surface is 365 days (100%), whilst that at 10 cm depth is 165 days (45%). The paper demonstrates that a greater longevity of contemporary thin snow cover at 4800 m a.s.l. permits progressive sub‐surface cooling with depth. However, the near‐surface ground temperature profiles suggest that conditions are not conducive to permafrost development at the sites.     

川西北高原地貌垂直地带性及山地灾害对南水北调西线工程的影响

川西北高原地貌垂直地带性明显:现在流水地貌带海拔高度<3800m;冰缘地貌带为3800⁴200m;冰川地貌带>4200m;相应的主导地貌过程分别是流水侵蚀、冻融侵蚀和冰川侵蚀。川西北高原是大面积构造隆升背景下冻融侵蚀形成的夷平地貌,花岗岩和石灰岩等结晶岩抗寒冻风化能力强,三叠系砂板岩,抗寒冻风化能力差,前者可以形成冰川发育的高山,后者为融冻地貌等发育的丘状起伏的高原面。南水北调西线一期工程主要位于流水地貌带与冰缘地貌带的交界地带,滑坡、崩塌、融冻土流是工程沿线的主要斜坡灾害,规模多为中小型。工程沿线地区泥石流沟数量多、规模小,但流水地貌带内的部分沟谷可能有大型泥石流发生。融冻土流是该区河流泥沙的主要来源,侵蚀产沙对水库淤积的影响应引起重视。冰缘地貌和流水地貌的交错带部位,地貌过程对气候变化的响应相当敏感。     

中国天山积雪垂直分布异质性研究

基于2001—2018年MOD10A2积雪产品和MOD11A2陆地表面温度数据,采用精细分区统计和相关性分析方法,研究了中国天山不同海拔高度上积雪垂直分布特征及其与地表温度（Land surface temperature,LST）的响应关系。结果表明：中国天山积雪覆盖率（Snow cover percentage,SCP）随海拔的变化呈现春、夏、秋、冬4种不同的季节变化模式。SCP在海拔4200 m以下呈秋冬季增加、春夏季减少态势,在海拔4200 m以上呈秋冬季减少、春夏季增加态势。除冬季外,春、夏、秋3个季节的SCP与LST均具有显著强负相关性。     

雅鲁藏布江大拐弯峡谷的地貌特征和成因

雅鲁藏布江下游作发夹形的奇特大拐弯,并构成深峻的峡谷。本文根据实地考察的资料,阐明大峡弯的地貌特征,并结合地质构造的分析,认为包括大峡弯在内的雅鲁藏布江是适应不同方向断裂构造发育的先成河。大峡弯不是河流的袭夺弯,雅鲁藏布江曾经由东向西流的看法是没有根据的。     

Example of a supradetachment basin within a pull-apart tectonic setting: Mormon Point, Death Valley, California

The geological features now exposed at Mormon Point, Death Valley, reveal processes of extension that continue to be active, but are concealed beneath the east side of Death Valley. Late Cenozoic sedimentary rocks at Mormon Point crop out in the hangingwall of the Mormon Point low-angle normal fault zone, a fault zone that formed within a releasing bend of the oblique-slip (right-normal slip) fault zone along the east side of Death Valley. The late Cenozoic sedimentary rocks were part of the valley when the low-angle fault zone was active, but during late Quaternary time they became part of the Black Mountains block and were uplifted. Rocks and structures exposed at Mormon Point are an example of the types of features developed in a releasing bend along the margins of a major pull-apart structure, and in this example they are very similar to features associated with regional detachment faults. The oldest sedimentary rocks in the hangingwall of the Mormon Point low-angle fault zone dip steeply to moderately east or north-east and were faulted and rotated in an extensional kinematic environment different from that recorded by rocks and structures associated with younger rocks in the hangingwall. Some of the younger parts of the late Cenozoic sedimentary rocks were deposited, faulted and rotated during movement on the Mormon Point low-angle normal fault. Progressively, strata are less faulted and less rotated. The Mormon Point low-angle normal fault has an irregular fault surface whose segments define intersections that plunge 18°-30°, N10°-40°W, with a maximum of 22°, N22°W that we interpret to be the general direction of slip. Thus, even though Death Valley trends north, movement on the faults responsible for its formation was at least locally north-northwest. Gouge and disrupted conglomerates along the faults are interpreted to have formed either as adjustments to accommodate space problems at the corners of blocks or along faults that bounded blocks during their displacement and rotation. The younger units of the late Cenozoic sedimentary rock sequence and the geomorphic surfaces developed on them are rarely faulted, not rotated, and overlap the Mormon Point low-angle faults. Active faults cut Holocene alluvium north of the late Cenozoic rocks and form the present boundary between Mormon Point and the Black Mountains. The distribution of active faults defines a releasing bend that mimics the older releasing bend formed by the Mormon Point low-angle fault zone. Rocks and structures similar to those exposed above the Mormon Point low-angle fault zone are probably forming today beneath the east side of Death Valley north-west of Mormon Point.     

Crustal structure of Atlantic fracture zones–II. The Vema fracture zone and transverse ridge

Summary. The crustal structure beneath the Vema fracture zone and its flanking transverse ridge was determined from seismic refraction profiles along the fracture zone valley and across the ridge. Relatively normal oceanic crust, but with an upwarped seismic Moho, was found under the transverse ridge. We suggest that the transverse ridge represents a portion of tectonically uplifted crust without a major root or zone of serpentinite diapirism beneath it. A region of anomalous crust associated with the fracture zone itself extends about 20 km to either side of the central fault, gradually decreasing in thickness as the fracture zone is approached. There is evidence to suggest that the thinnest crust is found beneath the edges of the 20 km wide fracture zone valley. Under the fracture zone valley the crust is generally thinner than normal oceanic crust and is also highly anomalous in its velocity structure. Seismic layer 3 is absent, and the seismic velocities are lower than normal. The absence of layer 3 indicates that normal magmatic accretionary processes are considerably modified in the vicinity of the transform fault. The low velocities are probably caused by the accumulation of rubble and talus and by the extensive faulting and fracturing associated with the transform fault. This same fracturing allows water to penetrate through the crust, and the apparently somewhat thicker crust beneath the central part of the fracture zone valley may be explained by the resultant serpentinization having depressed the seismic Moho below its original depth.     

云顶山植被及其垂直分布研究

本文概要介绍了山西云顶山植被的6个植被型,16个群系,并将现存植被的垂直带划分为4个带:落叶阔叶林带(海拔1200—1750米);针阔叶混交林带(海拔1750—2200米);寒温性针叶林带(海拔2200—2600米);亚高山灌从草甸带(海拔2600米以上)。     

澧阳平原优周岗遗址孢粉记录的环境变化与人类活动

通过对澧阳平原优周岗遗址剖面沉积样品孢粉分析,重建了该区5500 a B.P.~4000 a B.P.气候、水文、植被变化和人类活动历史。结果表明：距今5500~5200年大溪文化晚期,气候环境较为适宜;距今5200~4000年的屈家岭—石家河文化时期,气候暖湿程度先升高后降低,转折点在4800 a B.P.左右。其中,距今4200~4000年的石家河文化晚期,气候向干凉化发展。孢粉组合显示优周岗遗址周边一直有湿润生境存在,且在屈家岭文化中晚期和石家河晚期出现湿生草本、蕨类孢子和藻类的明显增加,反映两次水文变化过程。优周岗遗址大溪文化时期常绿和落叶阔叶林已遭破坏,稻作农业有一定发展,屈家岭—石家河文化早中期稻作规模扩展。然而石家河文化晚期,稻作农业规模明显收缩,可能与区域文化衰落有一定关系。     

基于多源遥感数据的玛纳斯河流域冰川物质平衡变化

冰川物质平衡变化是连接气候和水资源的重要纽带,对河川径流有重要的调节功能。本文采用MOD11C3和TRMM 3B43等多源遥感数据驱动度日模型,模拟了2000—2016年玛纳斯河（简称玛河）流域冰川物质平衡过程,并分析了冰川融水对径流的补给规律。结果表明： ① 通过构建气温及降水反演模型能有效校正气象遥感原数据的精度,且经降尺度后能较精细刻画冰川区气候变化特征。冰川区年均气温和降水量分别为-7.57 ℃和410.71 mm,海拔4200 m处为气候变化剧烈地带,气温直减率以其为界上下分别为-0.03 ℃/100 m和-0.57 ℃/100 m,降水梯度分别为-2.66 mm/100 m和4.8 mm/100 m,海拔大于4700 m后降水又以5.17 mm/100 m递增。② 研究期内流域冰川持续呈负平衡状态,累积物质平衡达-9811.19 mm w.e.,年均物质平衡介于-464.85~-632.19 mm w.e.之间。垂向物质平衡在消融区和积累区分别以244.83 mm w.e./100 m、18.77 mm w.e./100 m递增。2000—2002年、2008—2010年冰川消融减缓,2002—2008年、2010—2016年消融加剧,其中2005—2009年期间冰川亏损最为强烈。③ 年内河川径流对冰川物质平衡变化响应强烈,尤以7月、8月物质平衡亏损最为严重占全年总量的75.4%,使得同期河川径流量占全年径流总量的55.1%。年际冰川融水补给率波动于19%~31%之间,可能是不同年份降水和积雪融水补给率差异较大所致。玛河与天山北坡其他河流冰川融水贡献率非常接近,也进一步证实了本研究物质平衡估算结果的可靠性。本研究可为其他流域冰川物质平衡研究提供借鉴和参考。     

A Late Holocene Vegetation and Environment Record from Byenup Lagoon,South-western Australia

South-western Australia has a Mediterranean-type climate and its infertile soils support a highly diverse angiosperm flora. Little is known of the vegetation history of this region, and this means that little can be said of the roles of environmental stability, climate change, or human impact on the maintenance or development of the high biodiversity of the region. This study presents a pollen and fossil charcoal record from two peat profiles from a freshwater lagoon region near Lake Muir, east of Manjimup, in south-western Australia. The record shows a glimpse of an early Holocene where a mix of Casuarina and eucalypts with an understorey of heath and some open herbaceous vegetation, including chenopods, occurred. Fire was not an important factor at this time. The main record begins from about 4800 BP, and shows a vegetation mix of Corymbia calophylla and Eucalyptus marginata, with the latter becoming dominant by about 3500 BP. Corymbia calophylla again becomes prominent in the last few centuries. A heathy understorey is present throughout the last 4800 years, but was apparently less dense during phases when C. calophylla was more prominent. Melaleuca woodland has been the main vegetation type around the wetland areas and areas of inundation since the mid-Holocene. Major fire periods at Byenup, around 4200 BP and between about 3000 and 2000 BP, did not result in major vegetation changes. An analysis of cation content in the sediments suggests that weathering and erosion rates have been relatively stable throughout the record, but an increase in phosphorus and possibly organic matter in the surface layers suggests that agricultural practices have led to changes in the chemistry of sediments. It is hypothesised that an increase in effective precipitation about 4800 BP led to the initiation of the continuous part of the sediment record at Byenup. This increase most likely resulted from a more effective westerly wind stream. Changes since this time are more likely a result of changing fire regime and the interaction of species, rather than climate shifts.