满城冰雹云类型与特征分析

根据探空、雷达观测以及降雹资料，对河北满城地区１９８６－１９９０年６４次降雹天气过程进行了分析，对冰雹云类型作了分类研究。结果表明，该地区冰雹云分为５种类型：强单体、点源雹云、传播雹云、多单体及弱单体雹云。５年的统计资料得出，满城地区以多单体、弱单体雹云为最多，强单体雹云和传播雹云是该地区主要成灾雹云。     

一次多单体冰雹天气过程的雷达回波与闪电特征分析

利用多普勒雷达资料、三维闪电监测网资料和MICAPS常规观测资料,对2017年4月5日发生在贵州中部一次多单体冰雹天气过程雷达回波演变与闪电特征进行了综合分析,结果表明:(1)在高空槽和低空切变线配合的有利天气背景下,对流单体相继在贵州西部生成并向东移动发展,造成下游大范围冰雹灾害。(2)冰雹云单体移动发展过程中表现不同的增长特性,偏北路径冰雹云单体属于"跃增型"增长,偏南路径冰雹云单体属于"递增型"增长。"递增型"雹云单体具有较长的孕育时间,其产生的冰雹直径及密度高于"跃增型"冰雹云单体。(3)地闪频次5 min变化在降雹之前出现"跃增"现象并伴随地闪峰值,地闪频次峰值时间提前于降雹时间平均为7.3 min。"跃增型"冰雹云单体与"递增型"冰雹云单体平均正闪比和负闪比相当,但"跃增型"冰雹云单体云闪比率(Z)远高于"递增型"单体,在闪电发生空间分布上没有差异性,均沿脉冲单体移动方向呈带状分布。(4)闪电发生空间分布与雹云回波移动位置基本一致,闪电逐时分布标识出冰雹云的发展移动方向,对冰雹云移动发展具有指示作用。     

三维冰雹分档强对流云数值模式研究：Ⅰ、模式建立及冰雹的循环增机制

针对现行冰雹云参数化模式中假定冰雹谱服从特定的负指数分布，冰雹增长率依赖其加权平均末速度以及粒子间的数浓度转换不守衡等局限性，作者建立和发展了一个包括云滴、云冰、雨滴、雪团、霰和雹的云中主要水成物场及凝结、撞冻等37种主要微物理过程，可用于预测和研究三维强冰雹云降雹过程的冰雹分档模式，模式能够提供在雹云参数化模式中无法提供的关于冰雹增长与分布的信息，研究共分三部分；模式的建立及冰雹的循环增长机制；冰雹的分档分布特征；冰雹产生与增长的微篁,经一部分，通过建立模式及模拟一个多单体风暴个例，对多单体中冰雹的增长机制进行了数值模拟研究。     

伊犁河谷冰雹分布及其雷达回波特征分析

利用2010—2021年中国气象局灾情直报、地面观测、多普勒雷达资料，分析了伊犁河谷冰雹时空分布及雹云雷达回波：（1）5—8月是冰雹高发期，其中6月出现冰雹次数最多且雹暴发展最为旺盛；其日变化峰值在16—19时，19时出现最多。（2）冰雹易出现在河谷喇叭口地形的南北两侧，昭苏县的冰雹占伊犁河谷冰雹总数的一半以上且多为普通单体和多单体风暴，线风暴和超级单体风暴多发在霍城县。（3）统计32个雹云雷达回波初步凝练出预警指标：当反射率因子大于50 dBZ，回波顶高大于8 km，VIL出现跃增时，应警惕冰雹的发生；当回波顶高发展到11 km以上，出现冰雹的概率较大；（4）4类雹暴分别具有如下特征：普通单体多为高悬的质心；多单体风暴生命史较长，会反复影响同一地区；线风暴组织性较差，结构松散，低层常出现钩状回波；超级单体风暴基本具备所有典型回波特征，但有些个例中气旋不明显。     

三维冰雹分档强对流云数值模式研究Ⅰ.模式建立及冰雹的循环增长机制

针对现行冰雹云参数化模式中假定冰雹谱服从特定的负指数分布，冰雹增长率依赖其加权平均末速度以及粒子间的数浓度转换不守衡等局限性，作者建立和发展了一个包括云滴、云冰、雨滴、雪团，霰和雹的云中主要水成物场及凝结、撞冻等37种主要微物理过程，可用于预测和研究三维强冰雹云降雹过程的冰雹分档模式，模式能够提供在雹云参数化模式中无法提供的关于冰雹增长与分布的信息。研究共分三部分：模式的建立及冰雹的循环增长机制；冰雹的分档分布特征；冰雹产生与增长的微物理过程。第一部分，通过建立模式及模拟一个多单体风暴个例，对多单体中冰雹的增长机制进行了数值模拟研究。     

冰雹云雷达识别方法及防雹作业经验

总结了辽宁省40余年人工防雹工作积累的成果和经验,归纳了3种类型冰雹云的雷达回波特征以及利用回波形态、回波参量和综合指标对其进行雷达识别的方法,并结合冰雹云数值模拟结果,总结了对具有液态水累积区的雹云、对超级单体冰雹云和对多单体冰雹云实施人工防雹作业的一些经验,对于各地的科学防雹作业具有参考作用。     

贵州山区强冰雹云单体演变特征分析

按冰雹云生命演变史的发生、跃增、孕育、降雹和消亡等各个阶段特点,采用2011—2012年贵州6次强冰雹天气过程所对应雷达观测的时序资料,对冰雹云单体回波的强度、高度和结构的形成发展过程进行分析,针对回波强度和高度的梯度变化提出了跃增特性的划分方法。分析结果表明:1冰雹云单体回波的强度和高度分别大于55 d Bz和11 km以上,最大强度和最大高度出现的时间比开始降雹的时间分别提前了11.1 min和8.4 min。2冰雹云回波单体的跃增特性可划分为波动型、递增型和跃增型3类,跃增阶段的回波强度和高度平均持续时间分别为24.7 min和23.7 min,回波强度和高度平均增长了9.7 d Bz和2.7 km。3冰雹云回波具有长的生命史特征,一般持续时间达2 h以上。4冰雹云形成发展总体呈现逐步扩展增强的演变特征,多单体合并更利于冰雹云迅速形成发展,冰雹云单体具有明显的强中心结构体和结构密实等特点。     

多普勒雷达特征参数在人工防雹决策中的应用

对大连地区2003—2008年多普勒雷达观测到的37个冰雹和强雷雨个例雷达体扫资料进行PUP软件计算和处理,得到了每个个例雷达回波强度、回波顶高、30 dBz强回波中心高度、强回波顶高和垂直积分液态水含量几个主要雷达参数值、以及各参数随时间的变化特征,总结了冰雹云识别的雷达技术指标模型;根据大连地区降雹特点,将冰雹云分为强(超级单体)雹云、多单体雹云和单体雹云三类,总结了冰雹云类型判别的雷达指标(即防雹作业决策指标)。     

点源冰雹云研究

本文阐述了一类新型冰雹云——点源冰雹云。文章介绍了点源冰雹云的实例、特征、演变规律、单体性质及单体之间关系等。此文还介绍了它的模式及它与传播雹云的异同。     

一次冰雹过程的多普勒雷达资料分析

20022年6月16日，一次多单体强对流天气影响太原及周边地区。利用多普勒雷达回波资料分析了这次强对流天气过程，着重对冰雹云在其强度PPI、速度PPI、距离高度显示RHI上的回波特征进行了分析，并且利用垂直液态含水量分析了冰雹云增长的定量和定性的特征。通过分析总结出了冰雹云回波所具有的一般特点。2003年的汛期马上就要到来，这些分析结果，将为今后判别冰雹云和人工消雹提供依据。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.