南极长城站地壳和上地幔各向异性分析

利用我国第24次和第25次南极科学考察队于2008年2月—2010年3月南极长城站记录到的地震事件数据进行剪切波分裂研究. 选取近震事件对Sg波进行剪切波分裂计算,结果表明快波偏振方向有两个,分别为北东向和近南北向; 慢波延迟时间的范围为1.45—5.17 ms/km,平均值为3.54 ms/km.同时选取长城站记录到的远震数据SKS波震相进行剪切波分裂计算,得出上地幔快波偏振方向优势取向为北东向, 慢波延迟时间平均值为1.60 s. 剪切波分裂结果显示长城站地区地壳和上地幔具有明显的各向异性, 并显示长城站地区地壳与上地幔快波偏振方向几乎平行,表明壳幔变形的一致关系.另外,地壳和上地幔各向异性的快波偏振方向不仅与长城站附近的海沟方向平行,同时也与绝对板块的运动方向平行.该结果进一步说明了绝对板块的运动是构成上地幔各向异性的主要原因.      

青藏高原东北缘上地幔地震各向异性:来自SKS、PKS和SKKS震相分裂的证据

基于青藏高原东北缘甘肃区域台网41个宽频带地震台站的远震记录资料,通过PKS、SKS和SKKS震相的剪切波分裂分析,获取了台站下方介质的各向异性分裂参数,得到该地区上地幔各向异性分布图像,并结合GPS速度场和地壳剪切波各向异性分析青藏高原东北缘各向异性形成机制及壳幔各向异性特征.分析结果认为,在阿尔金断裂带西侧,各向异性快波偏振呈NWW-SEE方向,与断裂带走向有一定夹角,与塔里木盆地向柴达木盆地俯冲方向一致,说明该地区上地幔物质变形主要受古构造运动的影响,属于"化石"各向异性.在祁连山-河西走廊构造区,XKS快波偏振呈NW-SE方向,一致性较好,与区域断层走向方向相同;由区域小震的地壳剪切波分裂分析得到的地壳剪切波快波偏振在该区域呈NE-SW方向,与相对于稳定欧亚大陆GPS运动速率一致,地壳和地幔快波偏振方向的差异表明壳幔变形可能有不同的形变机制.在陇中盆地及其周缘,由于处于活跃青藏地块与稳定鄂尔多斯地块之间的过渡带,相对于其他区域具有更加复杂的构造背景,地壳快波偏振和地幔快波偏振总体上呈NWW-SEE方向,说明壳幔变形机制可能相同;但不同台站结果之间存在一定离散性,推测是由于受局部构造特征差异性造成.     

青藏高原东北缘SKS波分裂研究

利用青藏高原东北缘区域数字地震台网43个台站的远震SKS波形资料,采用最小能量法和旋转相关法得到台站下方上地幔介质各向异性的分裂参数:快波偏振方向(φ)和快慢波时间延迟(δt)。研究结果表明:在塔里木盆地东南缘区域,各向异性快波方向与该区域的断裂走向存在明显的夹角,该盆地向柴达木盆地的俯冲方向一致,各向异性归因为古构造运动遗留下的"化石各向异性",且由于壳幔物质的拆沉作用,推测该区域壳幔之间存在解耦作用;在祁连—河西走廊区,SKS快波偏振方向呈NW-SE,与主要断裂带的走向一致;在西秦岭北缘断裂带附近,观测到快慢波时间延迟有着较大的变化,可能是岩石圈变形和软流圈物质流动共同导致;在鄂尔多斯板块内,快波方向呈NW-SE方向,可能暗示青藏高原深部物质分叉绕流运动。青藏高原东北缘不同区域台站下方的各向异性均具有差异性,进一步证实了青藏高原东北缘地区构造变形的复杂性。     

喜马拉雅东构造结及周边地区地壳各向异性特征

利用喜马拉雅东构造结及周边地区的48个宽频带地震台站记录的远震波形数据,通过Pms波分裂测量得到了 295对地壳各向异性横波分裂参数,获得了研究区的地壳各向异性图像.喜马拉雅东构造结的快波偏振方向主要为NE-SW方向,周边地区的快波偏振方向呈现出绕东构造结顺时针旋转的趋势.Pms波分裂的慢波延迟时间范围为0.11～0.30 s,平均值为0.24 s.对比分析研究区内Pms波分裂、近震直达S波分裂和远震SKS波分裂的结果发现,上地壳各向异性对Pms波分裂影响有限,地壳各向异性主要来自于中下地壳矿物和熔体的定向排列;地壳各向异性对SKS波分裂影响较小,SKS波分裂主要反映了上地幔的各向异性特征;Pms波分裂的快波偏振方向与近震直达S波分裂和远震SKS波分裂的快波偏振方向表现出较好的一致性,并且与地表构造和变形特征具有较好的相关性,反映了喜马拉雅东构造结及周边地区的岩石圈变形可能为垂直连贯变形模式.     

中国大陆壳幔运动耦合作用分析

板块运动是地壳和上地幔变形的主要动力来源之一。因为只有地壳变形能被直接观测到,所以将上地壳变形场与下地壳和上地幔变形场比较是研究壳幔运动耦合作用的主要方法之一。利用中国大陆GPS观测结果,结合第四纪活动断层和由20世纪以来发生的地震资料反演获得的地球表层的水平应变率场,并将相关结果与Pn波各向异性及剪切波分裂的快波方向相比较,探讨中国大陆壳幔运动耦合作用。结果发现,总体来看活动性强的构造单元,其深部上地幔塑性剪切带的展布与上地壳脆性剪切带的方位有较大的差异;反之,活动性弱的构造单元,差异较小。活动构造单元其上地壳与下地壳—上地幔之间构造变形活动差异较大的原因,可能是在这个部位上、下地壳之间构造活动有一定程度的解耦,使下地壳以上部分的活动与其下“大地幔流”的运动趋势发生差异,从而产生构造应变能积累     

中国大陆上地幔各向异性和壳幔变形模式

近10年来,中国布设的宽频带地震台站大幅度增加.宽频带地震记录中含有大量的剪切波分裂信息,它在揭示中国大陆上地幔的各向异性特征起重要作用.本文对这些台站的远震SKS和(或)SKKS记录,采用最小切向能量的分析方法,确定各台站剪切波分裂的快波偏振方向和延迟时间.此外,还收集了前人在中国大陆及其周边地区的剪切波分裂研究的部分结果,形成拥有1020个剪切波分裂参数对的数据集.这些分裂参数展示了复杂的上地幔各向异性图像.统计分析表明,中国大陆存在较强的上地幔各向异性,平均的剪切波时间延迟为0.95 s,其中西部地区为1.01 s,东部地区为0.92 s.西部地区的各向异性强度略大于东部地区.在大尺度意义下,青藏高原及天山地区,其SKS波分裂和地表变形数据共同支持岩石圈变形模式,即地壳与岩石圈地幔是连贯变形的;东部地区的平均快波偏振方向近似平行于绝对板块运动方向,上地幔各向异性归因于软流圈流动.中部的鄂尔多斯至四川盆地一带为东、西部两种变形模式的过渡带,各向异性结构较为复杂,表现为"化石"各向异性和(或)双层各向异性.印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞是中国大陆西部上地幔各向异性的主要影响因素,东部地区则与太平洋板块和菲律宾板块向欧亚板块俯冲有关.     

山东地区上地幔各向异性研究

通过分析山东地区数字地震台网37个宽频带地震台站的远震SKS波形资料,使用最小能量法和旋转相关法求得每一个台站的SKS快波偏振方向和快、慢波时间延迟,获得了山东地区上地幔各向异性图像.该研究区的各向异性快波方向基本呈WNW-ESE方向,快、慢波时间延迟为0.73-1.71 s.研究表明,山东地区上地幔存在明显的各向异性...     

山东及邻区地壳介质剪切波分裂研究

采用山东地震台网记录到的近场源地震波形数据,基于剪切波分裂研究,获得山东地区多个台站的剪切波分裂参数。研究结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向反映了该地区构造应力空间分布特征,CHD台和LIS台显示出两个优势偏振方向,揭示山东地区地壳介质各向异性受到区域背景应力及局部断裂构造的双重制约。     

基于地壳介质各向异性分析山东地区构造应力特征

利用山东地震台网记录到的近场源地震波形数据,基于剪切波分裂研究,获得山东地区多个台站的剪切波分裂参数。研究结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向反映了该地区构造应力空间分布特征,CHD台和LIS台显示出2个优势偏振方向,揭示山东地区地壳介质各向异性受到区域背景应力及局部断裂构造的双重制约。     

秦岭造山带上地幔各向异性及相关的壳幔耦合型式

秦岭是具有复杂地壳结构、经历长期构造演化的复合型大陆造山带.本文通过地震资料精细反演上地幔各向异性,探索秦岭造山带构造演化及成因动力.采用最小切向能量法、最小特征值法和“叠加”分析法求得覆盖秦岭造山带及周边地区41个地震台站的SKS横波分裂结果:快波偏振方向(φ)和快、慢波的时间延迟(δt),据此绘制了秦岭造山带上地幔各向异性图.将已发表的地表GPS观测结果与上地幔各向异性相结合作上地幔变形因素分析,发现秦岭造山带自西向东的上地幔变形因素不是单一垂直连贯变形或地幔流动,而是共存的.同时,其上地幔变形的主控因素有区域性变化.研究表明秦岭造山带西、中部上地幔变形以壳幔垂直连贯变形为主,属壳幔强耦合,东部壳、幔耦合变弱,上地幔变形以简单地幔流动为主控因素.同时,SKS快波偏振方向(φ)于秦岭造山带显示出南缘略向北凸、北缘略向南凸的弧形展布,反映了造山带两侧刚性较强的扬子地块与鄂尔多斯地块旋转与秦岭造山带南北缘弧形流动有关.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.