探地雷达在确定全新世海侵线方面的应用

针对全新世大暖期古海岸线位置的不确定性问题,提出了一种利用探地雷达进行最大海侵位置追踪的方法,在探地雷达可获得连续沉积地层图像的理论基础上,在具有丰富研究资料的莱州湾东岸开展了实验研究。结果表明,利用Mala RAMAC100MHz天线结合相应的图像处理手段,能够识别区域10 m以内浅地层中海陆相沉积物分界面,与已有钻孔和现场探挖浅孔剖面对比,具有较好的一致性。证实了利用探地雷达追踪全新世海侵时期古地层、将海相层尖灭点处确定为最大海侵线位置,进一步恢复古环境是可行的。本文为研究古海岸线位置提供的方法,即通过探地雷达探测地层,得到高清的可视化图像,这使得古海岸线位置确定更精确、更直观。     

渤海辽东湾沉积物的元素地球化学

几十年以来,渤海辽东湾沉积物的元素地球化学研究取得了长足的发展,尤其对辽东湾北部、南部、河口和潮间带沉积物重金属环境地球化学的研究取得了显著成果。目前,辽东湾沉积物元素地球化学的研究多集中在辽东湾北部和河口等地区表层沉积物的重金属分布和污染评价方面,对于辽东湾沉积物系统地元素地球化学,特别是稀土元素地球化学和浅地层元素地球化学研究仍有待加强。     

日照近岸海域晚更新世以来地层结构及沉积环境演化

根据在日照近岸海域施工的地质钻孔和浅地层剖面测量资料,对比南黄海已有钻孔成果,系统地开展日照近岸海域晚更新世以来地层结构特征识别和沉积环境演化重建。结果表明:日照近岸海域沉积地层中见含有有孔虫化石的第二海相层,形成年代介于34.3~41.4 cal.ka B.P.,对应MIS3的暖湿阶段,该层位可能与古三角洲有关。沉积层从上往下分别为:滨海相细砂混杂泥质沉积层(命名为DU1沉积单元);河流-河口相粉砂质黏土夹粗砂、粉砂层(DU2沉积单元);浅海相粉砂质黏土夹粗砂层(DU3沉积单元);河流-湖泊相粗砂夹黏土层(DU4沉积单元)。晚更新世以来日照东部南黄海海域主要经历了2~3次显著的海侵和海退,各区域因条件不同表现有所差异:日照近岸浅水区主要表现为两次海侵和海退,东部深水区主要表现为三次海侵和海退,由于地势高低和侵蚀破坏等原因,总体表现为从离岸深水区域向近岸浅水区域海相地层厚度逐渐减少的趋势,部分地层出现尖灭消失。     

胶州湾东北角小海湾底质中有孔虫和介形类的研究

目前,我国沿海和陆架区所钻遇的新生代“海相层”,大多为滨海-近岸浅海或海陆过渡相沉积,为了恢复这些地层的沉积环境,必须对现代滨海-近岸浅海或海陆过渡相中的各种沉积环境,如潮上带、潮间带、潮下带、河口、海湾和泻湖等的有孔虫和介形类等生物组合及其生态分布规律进行深入的研究.进而,以“将今论古”的原则,应用于地史时期,尤其是第四系的研究中,恢复其古地理、古环境.近年来,我国不少学者已开始了这方面的工作.本文的目的,在于介绍这一具体环境下有孔虫和介形类的组合面貌及分布特征,积累一点有关资料.相信这对本区第四系的研究将有一定的参考价值.     

全新世以来长江口底栖有孔虫组合及古环境演化

对长江口YD0903孔的底栖有孔虫组合进行了定量统计分析,结合沉积地层学、AMS14C测年、沉积物粒度等,重建了全新世以来研究区的沉积环境演化。主要划分为6个环境演化阶段:11 260~10 150 cal. aBP,以Ammonia beccarii vars. 组合为标志的滨岸环境;10 150~7 730 cal. aBP,以Epistominella naraensis-Ammonia beccarii vars.奈良小上口虫-毕克卷转虫变种组合为标志的滨岸-浅海过渡环境;7 730~3 610 cal. aBP,以Epistominella naraensis奈良小上口虫组合为标志的溶解氧偏低的浅海环境;3 610~2 930 cal. aBP,以Quinqueloculina spp. 组合为标志的温度、盐度相对较高的浅海环境;2 930~2 150 cal. aBP,以Bolivina spp.组合为标志的低氧富营养的前三角洲-浅海环境;2 150~220 cal. aBP,以Protelphidium tuberculatum组合为标志的低温的前三角洲-浅海环境。     

《海洋地质与第四纪地质》第27卷(2007) 总目录

第1期沉积与环境长江河流入海泥沙通量的探讨……………………………………………………………………………………陈中原(1)长江水下三角洲沉积物的重矿物分布及组合……………王昆山,王国庆,蔡善武,窦衍光,石学法,程振波,姜晓黎(7)长江河口岸滩侵蚀演变模式………………………………………………………胡刚,沈焕庭,庄克琳,周良勇,刘健(13)连云港洪门古沙堤沉积特征及其意义……………………………………………………徐军,殷勇,朱大奎,朱小兵(23)冲绳海槽中部A7孔沉积物地球化学记录及其对古环境变化的响应…………………………………………     

全新世以来苏北平原里下河南部地区的沉积记录和环境演化

通过对里下河南部泰州地区PM4剖面样品的微体古生物鉴定及粒度分析,结合AMS14C测年,探讨了该地区全新世以来沉积环境的演化。研究结果表明,全新世以来,该地区的沉积环境经历了湖相、滨海沼泽、海湾、瀉湖、湖相5个阶段。11900~4850cal.aBP：沉积物颜色为灰色-灰黑色,颗粒较细,为极正偏的尖峰态,水动力条件较弱,不含有孔虫和介形虫,为湖相沉积;4850~4250cal.aBP：水动力增强及粗颗粒沉积物增加,含有少量有孔虫,为滨海沼泽;4250~4050cal.aBP：砂质成分急剧增加,含有大量有孔虫,位于黄桥沙坝的北汊道内,为海湾沉积;4050~1850cal.aBP：粒度变细,水动力减弱,含有少量有孔虫及介形虫,为瀉湖沉积;1850~0cal.aBP：粒度变细,分选变好,水动力条件较弱,不含有孔虫,含有少量介形虫,为湖相沉积。     

内蒙古萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾全新世早-中期湖相沉积的地球化学古气候响应

通过对毛乌素沙漠南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面沉积物粒度、有机碳含量(TOC)、碳酸盐含量、无机碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成等分析测试,在已有的大量年代测定数据基础上,重建了该地区末次冰期晚期到中全新世期间的古环境。分析表明,11 000~9 950 aBP滴哨沟湾地区气候干凉,萨拉乌苏河受陕北高原降水和当地冰溶地下水补给;9 950~9 100 aBP为全新世初温度、降雨增加时期,有效湿度较高,滴哨沟湾湖泊开始形成;9 100~5 850 aBP气温继续上升,降雨增加,但相对湿度减小,该时期是滴哨沟湾湖泊发育最大时期,湖泊水体滞留时间较长;5 850~5 100 aBP气温和降水开始下降,湖泊收缩;5 100~4 700 aBP期间温度和降水继续下降,湖泊环境逐渐转变为沼泽环境;4 700~4 500 aBP期间滴哨沟湾沙漠化,形成了古流动沙丘沙沉积,干旱化加强;而在4 500~4 380 aBP时又一次短暂的温湿气候,在沙丘表层钙板隔水层之上形成了短暂的小规模积水;自4 380 aBP之后,滴哨沟湾地区沙漠化,干旱状况持续到现在。     

晚更新世末期中国陆架沙漠化及其衍生沉积的研究

根据中美联合调查的浅地层剖面仪记录,经室内分析结果表明,晚更新世末期,影响渤、黄、东海环境变化的动力因素是古季风活动;古季风活动的结果,使陆架部分地区发生沙漠化,并产生一系列衍生沉积;内陆架区的辽东浅滩、苏北浅滩、台湾浅滩有可能都为埋藏沙漠体;位于渤海海峡中的庙岛列岛,以及蓬莱西部的黄土沉积,为渤海中部沙漠化的衍生沉积;位于南京附近的黄土沉积,为苏北浅滩的衍生沉积;山东半岛和华北平原为继承性的干旱化环境;陆架区各类沉积物间具有一定的亲缘关系。     

黄河三角洲北部全新世地层及古环境演变

根据2007年在黄河三角洲北部布设的一口31m浅钻和9个探槽的沉积学观测、微体古生物鉴定等资料,通过对黄河三角洲北部ZK3孔的地层分析,将其全新世地层自上而下划分为现代黄河三角洲沉积、浅海沉积、潮坪沉积和河流沉积4层,将现代黄河三角洲沉积进一步划分为4个亚层,并解释了古环境演变。结合黄河频繁改道的详细历史记录,运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析的方法对现代黄河三角洲沉积部分进行了精确的年代划分,其他层位也进行了年代推测,并与黄河三角洲北部其他钻孔进行了对比分析。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia

Three years of temperature data along two transects extending to 90 m depth, at Palau, Micronesia, show twice-a-day thermocline vertical displacements of commonly 50–100 m, and on one occasion 270 m. The internal wave occurred at a number of frequencies. There were a number of spectral peaks at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, as well as intermediate and sub-inertial frequencies, less so at the inertial frequency. At Palau the waves generally did not travel around the island because there was no coherence between internal waves on either side of the island. The internal waves at a site 30 km offshore were out-of-phase with those on the island slopes, suggesting that the waves were generated on the island slope and then radiated away. Palau Island was thus a source of internal wave energy for the surrounding ocean. A numerical model suggests that the tidal and low-frequency currents flowing around the island form internal waves with maximum wave amplitude on the island slope and that these waves radiate away from the island. The model also suggests that the headland at the southern tip of Palau prevents the internal waves to rotate around the island. The large temperature fluctuations (commonly daily fluctuations ≈10 °C, peaking at 20 °C) appear responsible for generating a thermal stress responsible for a biologically depauperate biological community on the island slopes at depths between 60 and 120 m depth.     

4-溴苯甲酸-2,3,4,5,6-五溴苯酯的合成(英文)

以苯酚和4—溴苯甲酸为原料,合成一种尚未见文献记载的新化合物——4—溴苯甲酸—2,3,4,5,6—五溴苯酯,用无水三氯化铝催化苯酚的全溴化。此产物可望在阻燃剂方面得到应用。     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.