三种海洋硅藻胞外多聚物形态、微细结构及组成的初步研究

利用光镜和扫描电镜对厦门近海三种常见附着硅藻——爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种(Achnanthes javanica var．subconstricta)、咖啡形双眉藻(Amphora coffeaeformis)和多枝舟形藻(Nav-icula ramosissima)胞外多聚物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPSs)的形态和微细结构进行了研究,并初步分析了其化学组成。结果表明,A．javanica var．subconstricta的胞外多聚物为透明的长柄,分为领、柄及垫状物三部分,电镜显示其徽细结构为由许多纤维组成的双层实心管;Amphora coffeaeformis分泌的EPS为由串连的小节组成的实心管状结构,许多管交织成厚的胶质块;Navicula ramosissima的EPSs则为透明的薄膜并形成胶质膜。三种硅藻胞外多聚物的水溶性和水不溶性的主要成分均为多糖类,达总量的70％以上,蛋白质含量次之．不含脂类物质,但不同藻类EPS的组成差异较大。此外,还探讨了EPSs的功能及其分泌机理。     

氧含量及附着面积对海洋底栖硅藻生长和胞外多聚物的影响

胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substance, EPS)是海洋底栖硅藻在水下表面附着时分泌的物质,环境因素对胞外多聚物的组成和分泌行为有直接影响,本文重点探讨了氧含量和附着面积对胞外多聚物的影响。采用热溶剂浸提法提取硅藻胞外多聚物,利用苯酚-硫酸法定量其中的多糖成分,利用考马斯亮蓝G-250法定量蛋白质成分,通过血球计数板法和紫外分光光度法计算细胞数量。结果表明,在氧含量高、可附着面积大的条件下,硅藻的生长繁殖速率快,且单个细胞的胞外多聚物分泌量大。氧含量对胞外多聚物主要成分中的水溶性多糖含量影响大,而对其余成分含量影响小。可附着面积对硅藻附着和生长的影响比氧含量影响小。     

球等鞭金藻与4种海洋微藻间的化感作用

利用交叉培养的方法,研究了球等鞭金藻与纤细角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻等4种海洋微藻间的化感作用。并利用高效液相色谱分析了这4种海洋微藻的胞外滤液萃取物。结果表明,(1)球等鞭金藻胞外滤液浓度大于40%时,显著抑制三角褐指藻、新月菱形藻和牟氏角毛藻的生长,而对纤细角毛藻的生长则有明显的促进效果,但当胞外滤液浓度大于80%时则对纤细角毛藻的生长也表现出抑制作用。纤细角毛藻、新月菱形藻、牟氏角毛藻的滤液浓度大于40%时,对球等鞭金藻表现出显著抑制作用,三角褐指藻胞外滤液浓度大于80%时才能抑制球等鞭金藻的生长。(2)4种海洋微藻胞外滤液的萃取物能明显抑制球等鞭金藻的生长。(3)纤细角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻的胞外滤液分别包含8种、5种、6种和7种物质,同时结果还表明4种海洋微藻产生的抑制球等鞭金藻生长的化感物质并不相同。     

营养盐水平对四种海洋浮游硅藻胞外多糖产量的影响

4种海洋浮游硅藻(牟勒氏角毛藻、海链藻、三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻)培养在改进的f／2培养基中，研究了不同氮、磷和硅营养水平对它们胞外多糖产量的影响．结果表明，硅藻胞外多糖的生产和释放具有种间特异性，角毛藻和海链藻胞外多糖的生产和释放主要在静止期，而三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻在指数生长期前期和静止期都能生产和分泌较高的胞外多糖；培养液中低浓度磷减少了4种硅藻在静止期胞外多糖的产量，但增加了角毛藻在生长期前期胞外多糖的产量；氮浓度的降低增加了三角褐指藻在指数生长前期胞外多糖的产量，但减少了其他3种藻类胞外多糖的产量；硅浓度的降低对4种硅藻胞外多糖的产量影响不大，在一定程度上还促进了静止期胞外多糖的生产．本研究表明，营养盐水平对硅藻胞外多糖生产的影响因种类和细胞所处生长期不同而存在着很大的差异．     

盐度和pH对底栖硅藻胞外多聚物的影响

研究了盐度和pH值对底栖硅藻新月筒柱藻(Cylindrotheca closterium(Ehr.)Reimannet Lewin)增殖、蛋白质含量和胞外多聚物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明新月筒柱藻最适生长的盐度和pH值分别是15和8,属半咸水性生活.高盐度(>15)和低pH值(相似文献   

海洋微藻胞外产物研究进展

海洋微藻是海洋生态系统中的最主要初级生产者 ,具有种类多、数量大、繁殖快等特点 ,在海洋生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中起着极其重要的作用。Ｆｏｇｇ１９６６年和Ｈｅｌｌｅｂｕｓｔ１９７４年研究发现，海洋微藻在生长过程中会不断向周围环境中释放多种代谢产物，如碳水化合物、氨基酸、酶、脂类、维生素、有机磷酸、毒素、挥发性物质以及抑制和促进因子等。这些产物统称为胞外产物 (Ｅｘｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ,ＥＣＰ)。胞外多聚物 (Ｅｘｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｃｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅ ,ＥＰＳ)是胞…     

球等鞭金藻胞外滤液对自身藻细胞生长的影响

以4个不同生长阶段的球等鞭金藻的胞外滤液为研究对象,将其直接或添加营养盐后用于球等鞭金藻的培养,通过监测培养过程中藻细胞的密度、培养液中硝酸态氮和可溶性磷等指标的变化,探讨球等鞭金藻胞外滤液对自身藻细胞生长的影响;并采用紫外光谱和高效液相色谱对胞外滤液的乙酸乙酯粗提物进行初步分析。结果表明,随着4组胞外滤液老化程度的增加,藻细胞的生长受到越来越强烈的抑制作用,即便是补充了足够的营养盐,也无法消除胞外滤液对藻细胞生长的抑制作用;并且,胞外滤液对藻细胞吸收硝酸态氮和可溶性磷也有一定的抑制作用。因此,推测是球等鞭金藻在生长过程中产生某种抑制物,该抑制物在进入稳定期时逐渐释放到培养液中,至细胞衰亡期时含量达到最大。紫外光谱和高效液相色谱分析表明,抑制物的特征吸收为235nm,且抑制物的粗提物中包含5个主要化学成份。     

胞外滤液对球等鞭金藻生长速率和胞内生化成分含量的影响

以4个不同生长阶段的球等鞭金藻的胞外滤液为研究对象,研究其对球等鞭金藻藻生长速率和胞内生化成分含量的影响。结果表明,随着胞外滤液老化程度的逐渐增加,藻细胞的生长速率及胞内物质的含量受到越来越强烈的影响,表现为生长速率呈现负值,胞内生化成分的含量降低。即便是补充了足够的营养盐,也无法消除胞外滤液的抑制作用。实验证明,球等鞭金藻在生长过程中产生的抑制物在影响其生长的同时,对胞内物质也有一定的抑制作用。     

米氏凯伦藻胞内多聚磷酸盐对环境磷变化的响应研究

米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)赤潮常发生在磷限制海域,且能长时间维持,可能具有独特的胞内磷储库利用能力和机制,但相关认识很少.因此,论文通过研究不同磷浓度对米氏凯伦藻的生长和生理特征的影响,重点分析了胞内多聚磷酸盐(polyP)对环境不同磷含量的响应变化,初步阐明胞内磷储库对米氏凯伦藻生长和维持的作用...     

模拟电厂温排水温升和游离余氯对亚心形扁藻生长影响的研究

以亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)为受试藻种,模拟温升和游离余氯条件,研究浮游植物对核电厂温排水的生态响应。结果表明,春秋季温升对其生长影响较小,而在夏季,其生长受到显著抑制。亚心形扁藻对游离余氯非常敏感,0.1 mg/L游离余氯既能抑制其生长,抑制作用随着游离余氯浓度的升高而增强。温升会加剧游离余氯的抑制作用,4℃温升和0.1 mg/L游离余氯联合作用对亚心形扁藻的抑制效果明显增加。由于温升和游离余氯的联合作用,即使在离排口较远的水域,仍然会导致亚心形扁藻数量减少。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.