南海西北部浮游生物中多孔放射虫的组成与分布

对南海西北部海区1959年全年各月所取得的浮游生物小网样品中的放射虫进行了定量研究,分析了其种类组成和分布,结果表明,所鉴定出的212种多孔放射虫主要为热带大洋暖水种,其中泡沫虫目(Spumellaria)145种,占总种数的68%,罩笼虫目(Nassellaria)67种,占总种数的32%;泡沫虫目无论在种类和数量上均较罩笼虫目占优势.研究海域的主要优势种为海绵球虫(Spongosphaera streptacantha)、钟翼盔虫(Pterocorys campanula)、四房面包虫四房亚种(Om-matartus tetrathalamus tetrathalamus)、三臂星虫(Triastrum aurivillii).该海域放射虫的全年密度分布状况变化很大,1,2月放射虫密度较小,分布范围也较小,3月起数量增多,4,5,6月是全年密度较大的月份,出现许多斑块状密集区,7,8月数量有所减少,其他月份密度也相对较小.放射虫数量变化总的趋势为春末夏初较多,秋季较少,冬季最少.放射虫的丰度和种类多样性在调查海域变化复杂,但基本趋势是从西北和北部向东南部由低逐渐升高;由海南岛周边海域和广东沿海向外海由低逐渐升高;此分布格局主要受海流、温度、盐度、深度和营养盐等环境因子的影响.     

夏季风爆发前后南沙海区上层水体中的现代放射虫

利用在南沙群岛及其邻近海域获取的2002和2004年两个春季航次的28个浮游拖网站位,分析了南海夏季风爆发前后南沙海区上层水体中的现代放射虫分布特征及其年际变化。研究结果显示,南沙海区春季两个航次放射虫属种组成以热带亚热带暖水种为主要优势种,但在主要属种组成及其丰度分布上具有明显的年际差异。上层水体中放射虫丰度以及主要属种相对丰度在夏季风爆发前后的分布变化也非常明显,表明南海上层水体中放射虫对夏季风爆发有响应;在夏季风爆发后放射虫总丰度明显增高,推测夏季风爆发后的海洋环境变化可能更有利于放射虫群的发育繁盛。但对造成放射虫在夏季风爆发前后分布差异特征的直接环境因素或其形成机制还有待深入分析。研究结果还进一步证实了T.octacantha和S.glacialis可以作为热带上升流的指示种。     

南极普里兹湾表层沉积物中放射虫的组合与分布特征

对普里兹湾16个表层沉积物样品中的放射虫动物群进行了全属种鉴定和分析,共检出放射虫2目66属107种,其中罩笼虫目40属71种,泡沫虫目26属36种,前者的属种多样性和个体数量都显著高于后者。研究结果显示:普里兹湾放射虫多样性程度较低,但丰度较高,平均可达3.36万枚/g,呈现出陆架区湾口区冰架前缘的趋势,且湾西部高于东部,可能主要受研究区表层生产力、环流结构、沉积物类型和冷水团分布等海洋环境要素的影响。以Antarctissa strelkovi、Antarctissa denticulata为代表的Antarctissa group是该区最典型的优势种组合,平均百分含量高达42.43%,其分布主要受控于水体温度,其高含量具有指示冷水团分布的潜力,而该组合丰度的分布主要受环流和地形的影响;由Phormacantha hystrix、Plectacantha oikiskos和Rhizoplegmaboreale组成的特征种组合平均百分含量为12.54%,其丰度和含量的分布模式主要表征的是与环流结构有关的水团混合作用的强弱,对水深或离岸距离的指示作用并不明显。     

南海南部1百万年以来的放射虫动物群特征

定量分析了ODP184航次1143站岩心中的117个放射虫样品，得出南海南部1MaB．P．以来地层中的放射虫动物群特征如下：自1MaB．P．以来放射虫的数量分布丰度值呈现由低到高的变化趋势，并具有规律性的旋回特征，体现了1MaB．P．以来该海区放射虫动物群由贫乏向繁盛的逐步演化过程，以及海洋环境的几个阶段性变化。放射虫属种组成呈现明显的热带暖水动物群的组合面貌，优势种的组成与南海中北部海区及其它低纬度大洋相比存在一定差异，体现了该海区独特的放射虫组成特征。此外，指示温度的特征种在1MaB．P．来地层中的分布也显示了热带、亚热带海区放射虫的特殊指示作用。     

菲律宾海及其邻近海域表层沉积物中放射虫的分布对不同区域环境的响应

为了解菲律宾海放射虫的区域分布特色,利用同样的样品处理方法,对菲律宾海及其邻近海域的44个表层沉积样中的放射虫进行对比分析,鉴定统计了500个属种,物种多样性较高.菲律宾海表层沉积物中放射虫的群落结构和丰度变化幅度较大,反映了菲律宾海更为复杂的区域生态环境或沉积环境;南海北部放射虫丰度非常高且罩笼虫目占据较大优势,表明...     

南海南部活体浮游有孔虫分布特征及其影响因素初探

通过对2002年5月采自南海南部海区11个站位20个垂直分层浮游拖网样品的浮游有孔虫组成和分布特征的初步分析,发现该区表层水体中浮游有孔虫分布广泛,共鉴定属种20种,以热带暖水种占绝对优势,广适应性冷水种有零星出现。深水种Globorotalia menardii在南海南部50 m水层中广泛出现,但壳体相对较小,壳壁较薄。该区0—50m水层活体浮游有孔虫丰度范围为(6 138—64 174)枚.1 000 m-3海水,大致呈西高东低的分布趋势,在西南部浅水区和西北部上升流区丰度最高,与表层水体的营养水平密切相关。将水样浮游有孔虫分布数据与该海区23个站位表层沉积样数据进行对比分析,发现遗壳浮游有孔虫与活体的分布关系密切,虽然在种属丰度以及分布范围等方面有明显差异,但两者具有相似的优势种组合。主要差异在于水体中浮游有孔虫优势种相对丰度差异较大,易溶种Hastigerina pelagica含量较高,而遗壳中浮游有孔虫各种属分布趋向于均匀化。此外,陆源物质的释稀作用对沉积物中的有孔虫丰度分布有明显的控制作用。     

南海南部上层水体浮游有孔虫的组成与分布特征

通过分析2012年4月在南海南部获取的浮游生物拖网样品,对水体中浮游有孔虫的区域分布特征及其影响因素进行了初步探讨。南海南部上层水体中共鉴定出现代浮游有孔虫19种,其中优势种为Globigerinoides sacculifer、Globigerinoides ruber、Globigerinella calida、Globigerinella siphonifera、Globorotalia menardii、Orbulina universa、Neogloboquadrina dutertrei。浮游有孔虫种属组成整体上呈现为热带-亚热带群落特征,浮游有孔虫生物丰度与西太平洋北赤道流区域的生物丰度相当。南海南部春季上层水体中浮游有孔虫整体表现为西高东低的区域分布特征,在垂直分布上浮游有孔虫集中分布在上部0～50m水层中,50m以深水体中浮游有孔虫生物丰度迅速降低。认为浮游有孔虫的分布受到温度、水体层化、初级生产力等多方面环境因子的综合作用。个别深水种(如Globorotalia menardii)出现了主要分布在0～50m水深的特殊现象。     

冲绳海槽北部表层沉积物中放射虫的分布与环境

对冲绳海槽北部80个表层沉积样品中放射虫进行的定量研究表明，其丰度和分异度西北部低，东南部高，由西北向东南递增；从西北陆架到东南海槽放射虫分布可分为陆架低值区，海槽边缘中值区和中央高值区，放射虫的组成以泡沫虫目占绝对优势，总体面貌为热带大洋暖水动物群，沉积物中放射虫的分布与现代表层海水温度，盐度的分布和变化趋势一致，但与营养盐和实级生产力的分布呈负相关关系；同时，放射虫的分布又与研究区的海流和水团有密切关系，其中黑潮对其有控制性影响，沉积物类型极大地影响着放射虫的分布，放射虫的丰度和分异度明显地随粒度的增大和陆源物质含量的增加而减小，此外，放射虫的分岂有此理也显示了与沉积物中火山物质含量的密切相关性。     

冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物中的放射虫

1992年7月“向阳红16号”海洋调查船利用大洋50型抓斗在冲绳海槽中部（25°30’－30°N,125°－129°E）区域内获取表层沉积物样品88个。表层沉积物中的放射虫定量分析结果表明;愈近海槽放射虫的数量及属、种丰度值愈高,西侧槽坡离开槽区越远,放射虫数量及属种越渐少。而东侧槽被放射虫数量则表现了高、低值成点状分布的格局。表层沉积物中两大类放射虫的百分含量分别为泡沫虫约占87％,罩笼虫约占13％。另外根据分析结果,把本区分为3个小的沉积区：陆坡上部沉积区;陆被下部沉积区;海槽底部沉积区。     

2012年夏季南海西北部网采浮游植物群落结构

根据2012年8—9月在南海西北部海区的采样调查,对网采浮游植物的群落结构进行了研究。本次调查共检出浮游植物206种(包括变种及变形),隶属于4门55属,其中硅藻门40属114种,占总种数的55.3%;甲藻门10属86种,占总种数的41.7%。浮游植物平均细胞丰度为66.67×10⁴cells·m^-3,硅藻平均细胞丰度为65.79×10⁴cells·m^-3,甲藻平均细胞丰度为0.88×10⁴cells·m^-3。优势种为伏氏海线藻 Thalassionema franenfeldii、翼根管藻 Rhizosolenia alata和菱形海线藻 Halassionema nizschioides。调查海区的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H′)平均值为2.67,高值区位于西沙群岛和调查区东部。对比分析浮游植物细胞丰度与环境因子可知,浮游植物细胞丰度高和种类多的区域,其水体营养盐含量也高,说明营养物质与该区浮游植物细胞丰度分布和群落结构密切相关。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.