海拉尔盆地西北部火山岩地层划分的锆石U-Pb年代学证据

海拉尔盆地是中国东北地区的中生代断陷盆地,其中的火山岩地层是大兴安岭晚中生代火山岩的重要组成部分。本文对秃1井和红2井8个火山岩岩芯样品进行的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 定年结果表明,所研究的火山岩时代明显分为145~151Ma和117~119Ma两期,分别与海拉尔盆地及大兴安岭地区的塔木兰沟组和上库力组火山岩的形成时间相当。根据本文测年结果,辅以前人近几年对邻区中生代火山岩测年数据的统计,认为海拉尔盆地晚中生代火山作用至少分为三期：117~125Ma、140~151Ma和~160Ma。根据火山岩的岩石学特征及锆石的U-Pb同位素年龄新资料,认为红2井原定为盆地基底布达特群的一套火山岩地层至少有一段实际是晚中生代火山岩。     

阴山东部卓资地区白垩系白女羊盘组火山岩锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

火山岩的绝对年龄是限定(含)火山岩地层形成时代及进行地层对比的关键依据。内蒙古阴山地区分布有大量的晚中生代白女羊盘组火山岩,而位于卓资县大榆树村附近的白女羊盘组火山岩目前尚缺乏年代学报道。为了厘定该火山岩地层的形成年龄,进而对比阴山—晋北—燕山地区的晚中生代火山—沉积地层,笔者等对分布于卓资县大榆树村附近的白女羊盘组双峰式火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb年龄测试。得到该组火山岩剖面下部流纹岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为136.9±0.8 Ma,属于早白垩世。结合前人的研究成果,认为分布在阴山不同地区的白女羊盘组火山岩的形成年龄差异较大,分别是不同旋回火山活动的产物。其中分布在武川和固阳盆地的白女羊盘组与燕辽地区的九佛堂组的形成年龄相当;而分布在乌拉特中旗和卓资县的白女羊盘组与燕山地区的张家口组在形成年龄上可对比。     

松辽盆地南部中生代火山岩: 锆石U-Pb年代学及其对基底性质的制约

为了确定松辽盆地南部中生代火山岩的形成时代, 本文对位于盆地南部7个钻遇中生代火山岩的岩芯样品进行了锆石LA~ICP-MSU-Pb定年.松辽盆地南部中生代含火山岩地层主要包括火石岭组和营城组, 其中火石岭组火山岩由玄武安山岩-粗安岩-粗面英安岩组成, 营城组火山岩由玄武质粗面安山岩-粗面安山岩-流纹岩组成.锆石阴极发光(CL)图像和Th/U比值显示, 所测锆石均具有岩浆成因的特点, 锆石的LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年结果表明, 松辽盆地南部中生代火山岩形成时代介于110b133Ma, 其中火石岭组火山岩形成于129-133Ma, 即早白垩世早期, 营城组火山岩形成于110~119/Via, 即早白垩世晚期.捕获锆石的定年结果显示, 本区基底中存在中晚侏罗世(155~169Ma)、印支期(218~236Ma)、海西期(254/Via、294Ma)、加里东期(413Ma)和前寒武纪(1823/Via和2542Ma)岩浆事件, 这与基底岩石中锆石U—Pb的定年结果相吻合.      

海拉尔盆地中生代火山岩的锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

大兴安岭中段中生代火山岩分布区植被覆盖严重,研究工作较周边地区相对落后,地层间接触关系不明,其填图单位的形成时代和构造背景问题是该地区研究的重点。因此本次针对海拉尔盆地呼伦湖东岸兴安群的满克头鄂博组和玛尼吐组的火山岩样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年。测年结果显示满克头鄂博组的流纹岩的平均年龄为(160±1.3)Ma(MWSD=0.042),属晚侏罗世早期;玛尼吐组的安山岩的平均年龄为(147.6±1.7)Ma(MWSD=0.44),属晚侏罗世晚期。综合前人在该区域的中生代火山岩的测年及地球化学研究结果,表明海拉尔盆地中生代火山岩的形成时代是晚侏罗世—早白垩世,成因应与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合-造山后的伸展构造环境有关。     

东北地区中生代岩石圈减薄时间上限的厘定:来自松辽盆地营城组火山岩年代学约束

松辽盆地是我国东北地区一个大型的晚中生代含油气沉积盆地。在盆地发育早期阶段受强烈伸展作用影响形成了大规模的断陷和大量的火山活动。本文以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷区火山岩的年代学研究为切入点,通过对徐家围子断陷升深更2井和徐深9-2井营城组(K_1y)火山岩的岩芯样品进行SHRIMP U-Pb定年,获得了营城组火山岩年龄为114～112 Ma,并认为该年龄结果代表了松辽盆地区域晚中生代岩浆作用的上限时间。通过对松辽盆地及邻区的火山年代学的对比发现:中国东北地区晚中生代曾发生过多期的岩浆事件,时间分别为:166～150 Ma;140～130 Ma;130～120 Ma;114～109 Ma。松辽盆地内早白垩世营城组火山岩年龄与我国东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆作用时间一致,指示了东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆事件年龄。松辽盆地营城组火山岩年龄的厘定将为本区中生代岩石圈减薄的上限时间提供进一步可靠的年代学约束。     

东北地区中生代岩石圈减薄时间上限的厘定： 来自松辽盆地营城组火山岩年代学约束

松辽盆地是我国东北地区一个大型的晚中生代含油气沉积盆地。在盆地发育早期阶段受强烈伸展作用影响形成了大规模的断陷和大量的火山活动。本文以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷区火山岩的年代学研究为切入点,通过对徐家围子断陷升深更2井和徐深9 2井营城组（K1y）火山岩的岩芯样品进行SHRIMP U Pb定年,获得了营城组火山岩年龄为114～112Ma,并认为该年龄结果代表了松辽盆地区域晚中生代岩浆作用的上限时间。通过对松辽盆地及邻区的火山年代学的对比发现：中国东北地区晚中生代曾发生过多期的岩浆事件,时间分别为： 166～150 Ma; 140～130 Ma; 130～120 Ma; 114～109 Ma。松辽盆地内早白垩世营城组火山岩年龄与我国东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆作用时间一致,指示了东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆事件年龄。松辽盆地营城组火山岩年龄的厘定将为本区中生代岩石圈减薄的上限时间提供进一步可靠的年代学约束。     

吉林省长白高岭石矿床地质特征

长白高岭石矿床发现于1981年。为高岭石、地开石、明矾石、叶腊石共生的中低温热液蚀变型矿床,矿石质量较好,并具一定规模。一、地质概况矿区位于鸭绿江断陷北侧长白中生代火山岩盆地中。盆地南侧出露有古生代地层。盆地中主要为侏罗系中统长白组中性火山岩及上统四道沟组酸性火山岩。新生代第三纪的橄榄玄武岩以角度不整合覆盖于老地层之上。     

松辽盆地北部早白垩世火山事件与地球动力学

作为中国东部的一个大型的中生代一新生代含油气沉积盆地,松辽盆地具有下部断陷、上部坳陷的双层结构,其中断陷构造层以发育大量的火山岩为特征,坳陷构造层则为沉积层序[1,2].盆地内部火山岩对研究盆地形成构造环境和盆地发展演化的动力学特征具有十分重要的意义.前人对松辽盆地火山岩的研究多集中在盆地周缘露头区和盆地南部地区[3～8].     

松辽盆地火山岩的同位素年代、地球化学特征及意义

沉积盆地内部的火山岩是研究盆地形成的构造环境以及探讨盆地发展演化的动力学特征的重要线索。松辽盆地具有二元结构特征，断陷构造层发育大量的火山岩。但是，前人尚未对比进行深入系统的研究。根据采自钻井岩芯的火山岩样品，通过同位素测年（K／Ar)和地球化学分析等结果，讨论了松辽盆地晚中生代火山岩的岩石学、岩石化学和地球化学特征，探讨了盆地发育早期的构造环境及其地球动力学背景。指出松辽盆地在其形成早期（即断陷期）是一个发育陆缘岩浆弧构造背景上的走滑拉张盆地，火山岩岩浆源区具有多成分、复合性的演化特点。     

松辽盆地外围油气新区中生代地层研究新进展

通过对松辽盆地外围西部中生代重点盆地的调查分析,重新划分了龙江盆地的中生代地层,特别是重新解释了甘河组的含义;解体了突泉盆地的付家洼子组,将其分别划归为付家洼子组、满克头鄂博组、玛尼吐组;重新划分了扎鲁特盆地的火山岩地层,根据同位素年龄测试结果,将一部分划归古生界大石寨组的火山岩地质体分别划归中生界塔木兰沟组、玛尼吐组;建立了松辽盆地外围西部中生代重点盆地,包括龙江盆地、突泉盆地、扎鲁特盆地和乌兰盖盆地中生代地层的对比关系.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.