Potential of Common Well Casing Materials to Influence Aqueous Metal Concentrations

Static leaching and sorption laboratory studies were performed to assess the potential of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and two types of stainless steel (SS 304 and SS 316) well casing materials to influence metal concentrations in ground water solutions with low dissolved oxygen. Overall, PTFE was inert, whereas one or both stainless steels significantly altered the solution concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe, and Ni. PVC was generally more reactive than PTFE, but did not significantly alter the solution metal concentrations as often, or as greatly, as either of the stainless casings.     

Radionuclide Sorption on Well Construction Materials

Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the extent to which trace concentrations of radioactive materials would sorb on well construction materials and to assess the rapidity with which sorption would occur. The radionuclides employed in these studies were tritium, Cs-137, and Co-57, Solutions with trace concentrations of these radionuclides were contracted with casings of PVC, fiberglass-epoxy, stainless steel, carbon steel, and steel rods coated wtih expoy. The PVC showed no interaction with the tritium or Cs-137 during contact times of two hours to these weeks; however, it did sorb Co-57. The fiberglass-epoxy also interacted only with the cobalt. The stainless steel sorbed cesium and cobalt. The carbon steel (or the ferric hydroxide forming on its surface) also sorbed both cesium and cobalt. The epoxy-coated steel rods did not interact measurably with day of the radio-nuclides so long as the coating was intact. The sorption reactions generally were apparent after a few days of contact: in the case of carbon steel, they were detectable in a few hours.     

Comparison of Fiberglass and Other Polymeric Well Casings Part II. Sorption and Leaching of Trace-Level Organics

This paper contains the results of a laboratory study that was designed to compare sorption of low (mg/L) concentrations of 11 organic solutes by six polymeric materials (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS], fluorinated ethylene propylene [FEP], fiberglass-reinforced epoxy [FRE] and fiberglass-reinforced plastic [FRP], polyvinyl chloride [PVC], and poly-tetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]).
During this six-week study, ABS sorbed analytes much more rapidly and to a greater extent than did the other materials, and PVC and FRE sorbed analytes more slowly and to a lesser extent than the other materials tested.
As the study progressed, an increasing number of spurious peaks were found in the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms of some of our samples, indicating that leaching of some consituents had occurred. By the end of the study, there were 11 additional peaks in the ABS samples, five in the FRP samples, and one in the FRE samples. Analysis by purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of those samples and of well water samples that were exposed to the casings for 500 hours revealed the identity of some of the leached constituents; acrylonitrile and styrene (components of ABS), chloroform and ethylbenzene (an intermediate in the production of styrene) from the ABS pipe, and toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and ethylbenzene from the FRP casing.     

Comparison of Fiberglass and Other Polymeric Well Casings, Part III. Sorption and Leaching of Trace-Level Metals

This series of experiments was initiated to determine the overall suitability of three alternative polymeric well casing materials (fluorinated ethylene propylene [FEP], fiberglass-reinforced epoxy [FRE], and fiberglass-reinforced plastic [FRP]) for use in ground water monitoring wells and to compare these materials with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) well casings. This paper focuses on sorption and leaching of metals.
Generally, the fiberglass materials leached more metal contaminants than PVC, FEP, and PTFE. However, with one exception (Pb leaching from FRP), leached concentrations were below maximum allowable limits set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for drinking water. With respect to sorption, none of the polymers sorbed the anions tested, but all of them sorbed one or more of the cations tested. FEP and PTFE were much less sorptive than the other materials.     

Effect of Well Disinfection on Arsenic in Ground Water

Domestic water wells are routinely subjected to in situ chemical disinfection treatments to control nuisance or pathogenic bacteria. Most treatments are chlorine based and presumably cause strongly oxidizing conditions in the wellbore. Water resource managers in Wisconsin were concerned that such treatments might facilitate release of arsenic from sulfide minerals disseminated within a confined sandstone aquifer. To test this hypothesis, a well was subjected to four disinfection treatments over 9 months time. The first treatment consisted of routine pumping of the well without chemical disinfection; three subsequent treatments included chlorine disinfection and pumping. Pretreatment arsenic concentrations in well water ranged from 7.4 to 18 μg/L. Elevated arsenic concentrations up to 57 μg/L in the chemical treatment solutions purged from the well are attributed to the disintegration or dissolution of biofilms or scale. Following each of the four treatments, arsenic concentrations decreased to less than 10 μg/L during a period of pumping. Arsenic concentrations generally returned to pretreatment levels under stagnant, nonpumping conditions imposed following each treatment. Populations of iron-oxidizing, heterotrophic, and sulfate-reducing bacteria decreased following chemical treatments but were never fully eradicated from the well. Strongly oxidizing conditions were induced by the chlorine-based disinfections, but the treatments did not result in sustained increases in well water arsenic. Results suggest that disruption of biofilm and mineral deposits in the well and the water distribution system in tandem with chlorine disinfection can improve water quality in this setting.     

昌黎井水位、水氡趋势动态特征分析

分析了昌黎井2004年洗井前后水位、水氡的趋势动态特征,认为洗井是造成水位和水氡两者趋势变化不同步的主要原因之一.经过观测环境调查,判定2009年以来水位趋势下降并打破年变规律与附近温泉井抽水有关.     

Dynamic Study of Common Well Screen Materials

Experiments simulating the dynamics of compliance sampling via a monitoring well were performed to assess the effects of common well screen materials (rigid polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, stainless steel 304. and stainless steel 316) on several metals and tri- chloroethylene (TCE) in ground water. This was achieved by using a continuous flow-through chamber system capable of exposing monitoring well screens to ground water for periods ranging from 0.25 to 8 hours. The findings of this study are more representative than static laboratory experiments for assessing the potential effects well casing materials have on ground water samples. Under dynamic flow conditions stainless steel 304 and 316 screens were found to influence solution concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Fe, while ground water TCE concentrations were not affected by any of the materials tested.     

昌黎井水位动态分析

收集归纳了昌黎井1983年至2009年的水位资料,通过分析水位变化动态及年变动态规律特征,利用不同时段的降雨资料与该井水位年变幅及水位升降幅度进行相关分析,得出水位变化趋势与降水量之间的对应关系,并与近几年的地震活动情况相比较,得出水位与降水量不匹配的年份地震活动水平较强的结论。     

维尼迪科夫调和分析对大甸子井水位潮汐因子和相位的气象影响研究

利用维尼迪柯夫潮汐调和分析方法计算内蒙古大甸子井水位原始资料和剔除气压、降雨资料后的潮汐因子和相位。结果显示,两种情况下得到的潮汐因子和相位具有较好的一致性,说明采用维尼迪柯夫潮汐调和分析方法得到的结果基本不受降水、气压等因素的影响。这对于缺少气压和降水等辅助观测的水位观测资料,使用原始资料进行维尼迪科夫潮汐调和分析,可获取比较可靠的潮汐因子和相位参数。     

地下水超采区井水位非前兆异常分析

根据地下水过量开采的现状,结合每一个观测井所处的地质环境以及井区的水文地质条件、观测系统等因素,对超采地下水造成井水位非前兆异常特征的普遍性与个性进行研究。结果表明,这类非前兆异常与含水层状态密切相关,变化幅度大,空间上不集中,时间上不丛集,一般为单个变化,个性特征较明显。     

Bacterial Production Stimulated Across the Zone of Influence of a Ground Water Circulation Well in a BTEX-Contaminated Aquifer

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) hydrocarbons are typically the most abundant carbon source for bacteria in gasoline-contaminated ground water. In situ bioremediation strategies often involve stimulating bacterial heterotrophic production in an attempt to increase carbon demand of the assemblage. This may, in turn, stimulate biodegradation of contaminant hydrocarbons. In this study, ground water circulation wells (GCWs) were used as an in situ treatment for a fuel-contaminated aquifer to stimulate bacterial production, purportedly by increasing oxygen transfer to the subsurface, circulating limiting nutrients, enhancing bioavailability of hydrocarbons, or by removing metabolically inhibitory volatile organics. Bacterial production, as measured by rates of bacterial protein synthesis, was stimulated across the zone of influence (ZOI) of a series of GCWs. Productivity increased from ∼10² to >10⁵ ng C/L hour across the ZOI, suggesting that treatment stimulated overall biodegradation of carbon sources present in the ground water. However, even if BTEX carbon met all bacterial carbon demand, biodegradation would account for <4.3% of the total estimated BTEX removed from the ground water. Although bacterial productivity measurements alone cannot prove the effectiveness of in situ bioremediation, they can estimate the maximum amount of contaminant that may be biodegraded by a treatment system.     

赵各庄井水温动态主要干扰因素研究

赵各庄井由浅层冷水和深部热水混合,周边村庄和农用抽水井对其有干扰。受地下水开采影响,2002—2011年6月,水位、水温呈下降趋势,且3月中下旬出现水位下降,水温上升,可用冷热水混合机理进行解释,即浅层冷水被开采,井水位下降,井区流入井筒内的冷水比例变小,水温上升。该井还受降雨的影响,每年6月中下旬,水位上升,水温变化多样,推测与降雨强度及其分布有关。2002—2004,2008—2010及2014年,降雨量少,水位上升小,水温变化平稳;2005—2007及2011—2013年,降雨量大且分布集中,水位快速、大幅回升,水温快速下降后缓升至平稳。对水温动态的分析中应重视对干扰因素的研究,正确识别干扰,积累相似干扰,总结受干扰影响的形态特征,为排除干扰、提取正常动态规律提供了新的方法。     

皖14井水温响应机理浅析

通过巢湖皖14井高精度水温观测环境及数字化改造以来的观测资料,分析不同深度(-160m、-195m)处水温变化特征。以2012年4月11日印尼8.6级地震为例,巢湖皖14井水温同震响应所获得的数据为分析基础,利用Ansys中的热分析模型进行数值模拟,研究了同震响应过程中井孔系统水温度变化与热量传递间的关系及机理。模拟结果显示:水温数值模拟曲线与实际测量数据曲线一致,该井水温同震响应表现为下降特征,主要是热对流所致。     

地下水超采区承压井水位变化机理探讨

通过研究河北平原区地下水超采区第四系第三承压含水层水位的变化机理,依据上覆地层的荷载效应、非稳定流抽水中弱透水层的释水和越流过程,阐明地下水超采区内地下水位大幅下降的内在规律,为科学合理地提取地震前兆信息提供科学依据。