渤中坳陷超压-构造活动联控型流体流动与油气快速成藏

渤中坳陷是东营组沉积期及其之后渤海湾盆地沉降-沉积速率最高的地区, 亦是晚期断裂活动最强烈的地区.较高的沉降-沉积速率产生了重要的成藏物质效应: (1) 持续的较快速沉降-沉积使东营组发育较深湖-深湖相泥岩并成熟, 从而使渤中坳陷发育沙河街组和东营组2套有效源岩; (2) 较高的沉降-沉积速率引起的压实不均衡及伴生的源岩快速生烃引起较强的超压, 超压对有机质热演化的抑制作用使沙河街组源岩生、排烃滞后, 从而使沙河街组和东营组在晚期同时保持在较有利的生、排油阶段, 这是渤中坳陷油气资源丰富和油气晚期快速成藏的物质基础.较强的超压和强烈的断裂活动决定了超压-构造活动联控型流体流动, 进而决定了油气幕式快速成藏过程和油气分布: 油气主要富集于新近系, 新构造运动控制油气分布      

库车油气系统油气成藏期与成藏史

根据圈闭形成时间法、生烃史法、油藏地球化学方法、包裹体测温法、露点压力法、油气水界面追溯法等多种方法对库车油气系统油气成藏期综合分析认为，该油气系统具有多期成藏、多阶连续的成藏特点。其主要成藏期有3期:即晚第三纪康村早中期（17 #10 Ma）、康村晚期-库车早中期（10 #3 Ma）、库车晚期-第四纪西域期（3 #1 Ma）。前2 期为轮台凸起油气藏形成的主要时期，形成三叠系湖相油藏以及侏罗系中低成熟煤成凝析油气藏。库车晚期-西域期是库车坳陷气藏的主要形成时期，主要形成高-过成熟气藏以及少量次生油藏，最近发现的克拉2 大气田以及克拉3 、大北1 、依南2 、吐孜1 等气藏均属该时期成藏。     

博格达南、北缘成盆过程演化及其对油气形成影响

以博格达地史演化为主线,探讨博格达构造域成盆—成烃—成藏的演化过程。研究认为,博格达构造域时空演化具有明显的分期性、分段性,其演化历程大体经历三个阶段:①泥盆纪—早二叠世西博格达为陆内裂谷阶段,东博格达经历泥盆纪—石炭纪裂谷演化阶段后于石炭纪末期裂谷回返形成褶隆;②晚二叠世—侏罗纪西博格达为裂谷后坳陷阶段,东博格达褶隆进一步隆升形成界山雏形,南缘进入弱压陷—挠曲沉降阶段;③侏罗纪末期—第四纪西博格达裂谷开始回返隆升成山,北缘形成阜康前陆,东博格达界山雏形再度隆起,南缘形成前陆。成盆—成烃—成藏演化史表明,西博格达经历裂谷后期坳陷阶段湖相烃源岩发育（P2）,后期（T-J）深埋,晚期（J末-Q）裂谷回返隆升造山致使油气破坏阶段,造山前期远源运聚成藏较为有利;东博格达南缘经历多期压陷-挠曲沉降,发育湖-沼相多套泥质、煤系烃源岩（P2-J2）互层,前侏罗纪构造格局控制上二叠统油气系统远源运聚成藏,侏罗纪末期以来造山运动所形成的构造格局控制中、下侏罗统油气系统源内（或近源）垂向运聚成藏。     

Distribution Characteristics of Effective Source Rocks and Their Control on Hydrocarbon Accumulation: A Case Study from the Dongying Sag, Eastern China

The exploration conducted in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China has demonstrated that the abundant petroleum resources have close affinities to the hydrocarbon kitchen with rich organic matter. A number of oil-generating associations with various characteristics of organic geochemistry and assemblages of multiple reservoir facies are developed due to the multi-center sedimentation, multi-source supply and multi-cycle evolution of filling, which have resulted in the formation of multiple oil and gas accumulation zones of various layers and trap styles. Among them the Paleogene Shahejie Formation is the most important hydrocarbon accumulation combination in the Dongying sag. Heretofore, its proved reserve has reached nearly 1.8×109t, which accounts for more than 90% of the total proved reserves of the Dongying sag. Based on previous studies, more than 600 source rock samples and 186 crude oil samples of the Shahejie Formation, collected from 30 oilfields, have been treated with organic geochemical testing     

焉耆盆地与柴达木盆地侏罗系成烃及成藏时期的比较

焉耆盆地和柴达木盆地都发育侏罗系烃源岩,形成侏罗系油气系统。由于中 新生代两者构造运动强度的不同,导致两者油气形成时期、油气运移成藏时期以及油气分布层系不同。根据烃源岩热模拟结果和储层包裹体特征的研究,证明焉耆盆地侏罗系油气系统生烃时期主要发生在中 晚侏罗世,油气成藏时期主要发生在中 晚燕山期,为早期一期成藏;柴达木北缘则分别在早侏罗世晚期 晚侏罗世早期和早第三纪末 晚第三纪早期发生了 2次生油过程,因此存在 2期油气成藏,但以晚期为主。两盆地分别是中国西北侏罗系油气系统早期成藏和晚期成藏的典型代表。     

中国近海含油气盆地新构造运动与油气成藏

自中新世末(大约5.2Ma) 至今是中国近海新生代盆地裂后热沉降最活跃的时期, 并伴随着裂后构造再活动.这一期构造运动, 即本文所定义的新构造运动, 调整和控制了各含油气盆地的油气最终成藏和油气田的定型分布.阐述了新构造运动的概念、识别依据、成因机制以及对油气藏形成的控制.在中国近海, 新构造运动的主要表现包括中新统末、上新统与第四系之间及层系内部的不整合、中新世和第四纪沉降、沉积中心的迁移、非常发育的晚期断裂活动及活跃的天然地震等.不同盆地新构造运动的强度、发育机制不同, 其对油气成藏与分布的控制亦不同.以渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷、莺歌海盆地和东海盆地西湖坳陷为例, 系统地论述了中国近海新构造运动对油气藏形成的控制和影响.渤海新构造运动控制了渤中坳陷及其周围油气晚期成藏, 莺歌海盆地底辟活动控制了天然气晚期成藏, 东海西湖坳陷新构造运动部分破坏了油气藏      

新(晚期)构造运动的物质、能量效应与油气成藏

受板块构造背景和深部过程的控制,不同盆地的新(晚期)构造运动具有不同的表现型式,包括伸展和转换-伸展背景下的快速沉降和断裂活化、挤压背景下的强烈隆升和构造掀斜等。新(晚期)构造运动对油气成藏具有强烈的物质效应(对油气成藏要素构成的改造)和能量效应(对成藏动力学环境和过程的影响)。新(晚期)构造运动对油气成藏和分布的影响取决于新(晚期)构造运动期源岩的生排烃状态、新(晚期)构造运动的动力学性质、沉降-抬升的速率、幅度和区域变化及断裂活动程度。建造期(盆地保持沉降、充填状态;源岩处于生、排烃阶段;超压的产生过程仍在进行,超压释放后可得到动态补给)的构造运动可以导致幕式快速成藏,所形成的油气藏属于阶段性充注的原生油气藏,改造期(盆地沉降、充填停止,处于抬升、剥蚀和构造变形状态;源岩生、排烃作用已终止;超压的产生过程已经终止,超压释放后不能得到补给)断裂活化型构造运动可导致已聚集油气的突发性穿层运移和跨层聚集,形成非连续充注的次生油气藏;改造期无断裂活化型构造运动特别是构造掀斜运动可以导致已聚集油气的层内调整,形成有成因联系的调整型油气藏系列。新(晚期)构造运动对油气成藏既可以具有建设性作用、也可以产生调整、改造作用甚至破坏作用。     

河北霸县凹陷兴隆宫地区沙三段岩性油气藏成藏条件与圈闭模式

裂谷型凹陷深层的油气勘探前景一直为众多学者所关注。兴隆宫地区紧临霸县生油洼槽,其沙三段埋深较大,勘探程度较低,少量探井证实这一些地区的沙三段具良好的油气成藏前景。应用石油地质学中的油气成藏理论,系统论述该区有利的岩性油气藏成藏条件与圈闭模式:沙三段圈闭接近沙四段、沙三段及沙一段的油源,具有优越的油气源条件;沙三段大型三角洲前缘与浊积扇等储层条件较好;沙三段同沉积构造与坡折带利于岩性油气藏形成;膏泥岩、盐岩及泥岩提供盖层与保存条件。而该区沙三段岩性油气藏成藏的圈闭模式可分为3个区带:陡坡带主要发育构造—岩性圈闭、小型三角洲前缘砂岩岩性圈闭;缓坡带以大型三角洲前缘砂岩岩性圈闭、地层超覆、地层不整合圈闭为主;而洼槽带以坡折附近的尖灭砂体圈闭为主。陡坡坡折之下发育扇三角洲前缘与浊积扇圈闭;缓坡坡折之下发育与低位三角洲、浊积扇及滩坝砂体有关的岩性圈闭。通过研究可以确定东部文安缓坡坡折带以下地区是目前岩性油气藏的最有利勘探区带。     

柴达木盆地西部英东地区油气成藏过程

柴达木盆地西部英东地区多期构造运动导致油气分布复杂,勘探难度大.采用油气地球化学、流体包裹体、定量荧光以及傅里叶红外光谱等方法系统分析英东地区油气成藏演化过程.研究表明:(1)英东地区新近系储层发育黄色和蓝色荧光两类油包裹体和天然气包裹体,黄色荧光和蓝色荧光油气包裹体对应两期油气充注时间分别为12 Ma和5 Ma.(2)现今油藏原油具有同源-低熟的特点,黄色荧光油包裹体成熟度较低与现今油藏原油特征相似, 是现今油藏的主要贡献者.(3)蓝色荧光油包裹体的成熟度较高,蓝色荧光油包裹体和气烃包裹体是早期低熟原油沿后期构造产生的断层疏导体系向上调整运移至浅层分馏和脱气的产物.通过以上分析明确了英东油藏经历了下油砂组(N₂1)沉积末期(12 Ma)的低熟原油充注和上油砂组(N₂2)沉积末期(5 Ma)至今油气调整与改造的成藏过程, 与喜山期主要构造活动期有很好的对应关系,反映构造活动对油气成藏具有重要控制作用.      

Effects of fault activities on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the Zhu I Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

Faults can act as either conduits or barriers for hydrocarbon migration, because they have complicated anisotropic flow properties owing to their complicated three-dimensional structures. This study focuses on the Zhu I Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), China. In this area, hydrocarbon migration and accumulation occurred over a relatively short period of time and were contemporaneous with fault activation, so the characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulations can be used to deduce the effect of active faults on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. This study addresses the effect of fault activity on flow properties during hydrocarbon migration through a quantitative and comparative analysis of fault activity vs hydrocarbon accumulation. The fault slip rate and shale smear factor parameters were used to characterise faulting and elucidate its effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Active faults are generally excellent vertical conduits with strong fault activation resulting in vertical migration of most hydrocarbons and little preservation; traps near faults with fault slip rates greater than 20 m/Ma rarely contain commercial oil and gas accumulations. Faulting can form shale smear, which, if continuous, can act as a barrier to hydrocarbon migration. An active fault can allow hydrocarbon transport from deeper formations and to be trapped by continuous shale smear in shallower strata. Most of the oil and gas in the Zhu I Depression have accumulated near faults with a moderate fault slip rate (<20 m/Ma) and development of continuous shale smear (SSF<4–6).     

东营凹陷油气成藏体系的划分及定量评价

油气成藏体系作为油气评价单元的一种全新的研究思路, 与勘探目标结合更加紧密, 油气成藏门限从定量的角度阐述油气藏的形成及分布规律, 尤其对于高勘探程度的地区而言, 剩余资源的预测更为准确.在对东营凹陷油气成藏体系划分的基础上, 利用油气成藏门限理论对各成藏体系进行了定量评价.结果表明: 东营凹陷所划分的8个成藏体系都进入了成藏门限和资源门限, 凹陷总剩余资源量为17.03×108 t; 其中, 成藏体系Ⅷ、Ⅰ的剩余资源最大, 分别为4.41×108 t、3.10×108 t; 而成藏体系Ⅵ、Ⅴ最小, 分别为0.90×108 t、0.22×108 t; 其余成藏体系介于其间.可知, 成藏体系Ⅷ、Ⅰ为最有利勘探潜力区.      

Evidence of a full West Antarctic Ice Sheet back to the early Oligocene: insight from double dating of detrital apatites in Ross Sea sediments.

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is the most unstable component of the Antarctic cryosphere. Its fluctuations are well documented since the Pliocene, but its behaviour over the last 35 Ma is more controversial, particularly during periods of past high global pCO₂ values similar to those predicted in future global climate scenarios. Here, we present new U–Pb dating of detrital apatite grains (previously dated by the fission‐track method) from Cape Roberts Project Oligocene to Pliocene marine sediments in the Ross Sea. Two past ice‐flow patterns were identified: one formed by outlet glaciers sourcing short‐travelled apatites and one, northerly directed, bringing far‐travelled apatite grains. The latter provides the first robust physical evidence for the presence and repeated expansion of an Oligocene West Antarctic Ice Sheet.     

Multiple overpressure systems and their relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation in the Qikou Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin,China

Pressure measurements using drill stem tests and estimates from log data calculation indicate that three vertically stacked regional pressure compartments exist in the Qikou Depression of Bohai Bay Basin, N. China. The compartments comprise hydrostatic, upper weak, and lower overpressure systems. Laterally, overpressure (pressure coefficient > 1.2) occurs in the deeper areas and weakens gradually from the centre to the margin of the depression. The accumulation of oil and gas exhibits the interesting characteristics of oil‐bearing layers above gas‐bearing layers in the Qikou Depression. The pattern can be accounted for by the evolution of overpressure system, the maturity process of the source rock and the main fault activity. In the late Dongying Formation (Ed, 30 Ma), the lower overpressure system began to form shape, and the hydrocarbon sources generated a large volume of oil. However, because there was no migration pathway, the oil only accumulated in the original strata. In the late Guantao Formation (Ng, 12 Ma), the gas was generated, the upper overpressure system formed gradually, and the activity of the main fault gradually increased. Then, the overpressure pushed the early gathered oil to flow from the lower overpressure system into the upper overpressure system. Afterwards, the activity of the main fault decreased again and remains weak until now. Thus, later generated natural gas cannot keep migrating along the main fault and can only accumulate in the lower overpressure system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Redefinition and Formation Age of the Tanjianshan Group in Xitieshan Region,Qinghai

The Tanjianshan Group, which was previously divided into a, b, c and d formations, has been controversial for a long time. It mainly distributes in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin and is an important early Paleozoic greenschist facies metamorphic volcanic sedimentary rock formation. Detailed field investigation and zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating of the key strata suggest that the original lower part of a Formation(a-1) versus the original middle upper of d Formation(d-3 and d-4), the original upper part of a Formation(a-2) and b Formation versus the original lower part of d Formation(d-1 and d-2) of Tanjianshan Group are contemporaneous heterotopic facies volcanicclasolite deposit, respectively. The former formations formed during the middle-late Ordovician(463–458 Ma), while the latter ones formed in the late Ordovician(about 445 Ma). The original c formation of Tanjianshan Group, which formed after 430 Ma, is similar to the Maoniushan Formation of Kunlun Mountains and north Qaidam Basin. According to the rules of stratigraphic division and naming, new stratum formations of Tanjianshan Group are re-built and divided into Duancenggou(O1-2td), Zhongjiangou(O2-3tz) and Xitieshan(O3tx) formations. The original c Formation is separated from Tanjianshan Group and is renamed as the Wuminggou Formation(S3-D1w), which shows a discordant contact with underlying Tanjianshan Group and overlying Amunike Formation(D3a). The zircon U-Pb age frequency spectrogram of Tanjianshan Group indicates three prominent peaks of 430 Ma, 460 Ma and 908 Ma, which is consistent with the metamorphic and magmatic crystallization ages obtained from para- and orthogneisses in north Qaidam HP-UHP metamorphic belt, implying that strong Caledonian and Jinningian tectonic and magmatic events have ever happened in North Qaidam.     

断陷湖盆缓坡带高位三角洲体系与油气成藏组合特征分析——以二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷为例

二连盆地由为数众多的早白垩世小型断陷湖盆组成,其缓坡带普遍发育的高位三角洲体系与特定的构造背景配置可形成多种类型的成藏组合,发育多个有利的油气成藏区带,构成立体含油、叠加连片的态势。以二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷为例,以层序地层分析为基础,在缓坡带的湖泊层序高位体系域识别出了扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲等两种粗碎屑三角洲体系。根据...     

歧口凹陷沙河街组成岩史分析和成岩阶段预测

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷超压对有机质热演化、有机酸生成和水岩反应具有明显的抑制作用。在化学动力学模型中加入超压因子增加反应活化能,即可用于超压条件下有机质热演化和成岩作用的模拟。歧口凹陷深层(>3500m)主要为沙河街组(始新—渐新世)。在沙河街组沉积末期沙河街组三段(沙三段)就进入晚成岩阶段A₁期,烃源岩开始生烃,生、储、盖层发育史与圈闭发育史匹配良好,油气藏开始形成。在东营组沉积时期(渐新世)—新近纪,沙河街组大部分地层处于晚成岩阶段A₁—A₂期,是其主要成藏期。现今沙河街组一段、二段和三段的上部仍处于晚成岩阶段A₁—A₂期,有利于油气藏的形成。然而,沙三段的下部在歧口凹陷的北部地区已进入晚成岩阶段BC期,镜质组反射率Ro≥1.3%,烃源岩处于高过成熟阶段,储层物性较差,不利于成藏,但在南部地区的沙三段下部还处于晚成岩阶段A₁-A₂期,生、储、盖层发育,是油气聚集的有利地区。     

叠合盆地油气富集/贫化机理的思考

对四川盆地和准噶尔盆地2个油气藏的成藏机理和成藏模式进行了解剖,以此为基础,探讨了叠合盆地油气成藏与分布的控制因素。从油气成藏的角度,叠合盆地的主要特征是多生烃凹陷与多层位源岩、多元(干酪根、储层和源岩沥青、已聚集油气)、多期生烃、输导体系和能量场的时空差异性和复杂的聚集后过程。多期构造控制下的成藏过程的叠加方式控制油气的富集和贫化,多灶、多源汇聚性叠加和同源多期继承性、强化性叠加是叠合盆地油气富集的重要机制,而多灶、多源离散性叠加、同源多期调整改造性叠加可导致油气的贫化。     

南沙海域礼乐盆地油气资源潜力

礼乐盆地是南沙海域热点研究区域.为揭示该盆地油气资源潜力,依据礼乐盆地地震剖面、钻井及拖网资料,对礼乐盆地的油气成藏控制因素进行综合分析,进而探讨该盆地的油气成藏潜力.中生代和古新世－早渐新世沉积是主要烃源岩;晚渐新世礁体以及中生代风化碎屑岩是主要储层;识别出晚渐新世-早中新世礁体和中生代晚期风化剥蚀而形成的断块构造是最主要的圈闭类型.长期活动断层沟通底部中生代地层和浅层礁体,是主要的油气垂向运移输导体,控制了礼乐盆地油气的空间分布.晚中新世的菲律宾弧碰撞运动类似南海北部东沙运动,有利于排烃和油气运移,之后构造活动减弱,有利于稳定成藏.礼乐盆地具备油气成藏的6大要素条件,盆地中、东部断裂发育区是盆地油气运聚成藏的优势前景区域.      

Tectono–Thermal Evolution, Hydrocarbon Filling and Accumulation Phases of the Hari Sag, in the Yingen–Ejinaqi Basin, Inner Mongolia, Northern China

This work restored the erosion thickness of the top surface of each Cretaceous formations penetrated by the typical well in the Hari sag, and simulated the subsidence burial history of this well with software BasinMod. It is firstly pointed out that the tectonic subsidence evolution of the Hari sag since the Cretaceous can be divided into four phases: initial subsidence phase, rapid subsidence phase,uplift and erosion phase, and stable slow subsidence phase. A detailed reconstruction of the tectonothermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation histories of typical well was undertaken using the EASY R_0% model, which is constrained by vitrinite reflectance(R_0) and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions. In the rapid subsidence phase, the peak period of hydrocarbon generation was reached at c.a.105.59 Ma with the increasing thermal evolution degree. A concomitant rapid increase in paleotemperatures occurred and reached a maximum geothermal gradient of about 43-45℃/km. The main hydrocarbon generation period ensued around 105.59-80.00 Ma and the greatest buried depth of the Hari sag was reached at c.a. 80.00 Ma, when the maximum paleo-temperature was over 180℃.Subsequently, the sag entered an uplift and erosion phase followed by a stable slow subsidence phase during which the temperature gradient, thermal evolution, and hydrocarbon generation decreased gradually. The hydrocarbon accumulation period was discussed based on homogenization temperatures of inclusions and it is believed that two periods of rapid hydrocarbon accumulation events occurred during the Cretaceous rapid subsidence phase. The first accumulation period observed in the Bayingebi Formation(K_1 b) occurred primarily around 105.59-103.50 Ma with temperatures of 125-150℃. The second accumulation period observed in the Suhongtu Formation(K_1 s) occurred primarily around84.00-80.00 Ma with temperatures of 120-130℃. The second is the major accumulation period, and the accumulation mainly occurred in the Late Cretaceous. The hydrocarbon accumulation process was comprehensively controlled by tectono-thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation history. During the rapid subsidence phase, the paleo temperature and geothermal gradient increased rapidly and resulted in increasing thermal evolution extending into the peak period of hydrocarbon generation,which is the key reason for hydrocarbon filling and accumulation.     

缅甸安达曼海弧后坳陷天然气成藏要素及成藏模式

缅甸安达曼海已成为中国石油企业的重要海外探区之一。受印度板块向欧亚板块和西缅甸微地块多期斜向俯冲的影响,该区先后经历了被动陆缘、过渡型陆缘及主动陆缘的演化阶段,盆地属性与油气成藏特征极为复杂。通过系统梳理安达曼海弧后坳陷的烃源岩、储盖层、圈闭、输导体系与油气生-运-聚匹配史等成藏要素,总结出该区油气成藏主控因素。结果表明：本区发育渐新统-下中新统、中中新统与上新统3套泥质烃源岩,前二者为成熟烃源岩,后者为生物气源岩;岛弧带上碳酸盐岩礁体与斜坡带上砂体的储集条件良好;斜坡带继承性古隆起之上的断背斜圈闭容积大;高角度张性断裂与连通性砂体分别构成以垂向、侧向为主的输导体系。结合油气成因、运移方式与圈闭类型的主要特征,建立了2种成藏模式：①中央凹陷带浅层生物气或混源气垂向运移断块圈闭成藏模式;②东部斜坡带、西部斜坡和岛弧带热解气侧向运移断背斜-岩性圈闭成藏模式。西部斜坡及岛弧带上的碳酸盐岩礁体和东部斜坡带继承性古隆起之上的大型断背斜是有利勘探目标。