大气折射与路径弯曲延迟

电磁波信号在地球大气中的传播受到折射的影响,传播的方向发生了改变,传播的路径变为曲线,长度大于直线距离,相应的传播时间也被延长了,采用一个简化的球对称大气模型计算了光线在不同天顶距下由于路径弯曲而引起的延迟改正.     

高层大气密度的午夜极大值特征分析与建模

利用CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload)、GRACE-A (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-A)、SWARM-C (The Earth''s Magnetic Field and Environment Explorers-C)等3颗极轨卫星的资料, 研究360—480km高层大气密度在低纬度区域的午夜极大值(Midnight Density Maximum, MDM)现象. MDM一般出现在23:00- 02:00 LT (Local Time)之间,峰值位置在低纬度15°以内,谷值位置在中纬度35°-45°附近,整体略偏向南半球,振幅约为平均密度的26%.随着高度增大以及太阳辐射水平的增强,MDM振幅呈减小趋势;冬至和夏至日附近的季节效应会减弱MDM振幅,在春秋分日的振幅最大.用3个主流大气模型DTM2000 (Drag Temperature Model 2000), NRLMSISE00 (US Naval Research Laboratory, Mass Spectrom-eter and Incoherent Scatter radar)和JB2008 (Jacchia- Bowman 2008 model)对MDM进行模拟,JB2008没有刻画出MDM现象;另两个模型低估了MDM效应,在360km和480km两个高度DTM2000模型的振幅仅为观测的46%和53%, NRLMSISE00模型仅为观测的33%和26%;模型没有准确刻画出MDM与高度、辐射水平和季节的关系.联合3颗卫星的资料,研究了-种基于地理纬度的6阶勒让德多项式,同时融合地方时和高度因素的经验函数,在振幅和相位上可以较好地刻画MDM特征,相关系数达到0.923,可为大气密度模型的修正提供借鉴,服务于低轨道航天器高精度轨道预报.     

全国大气水汽含量分布

根据1961～2008年全国210个台站的地面气象要素资料,发现地面水汽压与降水量之间的经验关系,建立了由降水量估算地面水汽压的经验表达式,由此进一步求得天文选址所需考察的大气水汽含量.研究结果表明,不同季节的地面水汽压同降水量之间存在着稳定的函数对应关系,利用各地区的降水量计算出的水汽压,符合当地水汽压的实际测量,所求得的各地区大气水汽含量也均能较好地反映当地长年平均情况.     

高美古观测站大气消光系数测定的初步结果

大气消光系数的测定是天文观测台站一项很重要和基础的工作.介绍了利用新建的2.4 m望远镜在高美古观测站开展的消光系数测定等定标工作的初步结果.利用2009年4～5月对Landolt标准星场的2次测光观测,分别给出了UBVRI 5个波段的消光系数.此外,对该站点大气消光的成分情况进行了探讨.给出的结果与数年前高美古观测站选址时得到的大气消光系数基本一致,并与其它一些知名天文观测台站的消光数据进行了比较.     

区域GPS网实测电离层变化和卫星硬件延迟的可靠性研究

根据高精度卫星导航定位的实际需要,介绍了利用中国GPS区域网双频相位平滑伪距实测数据,准实时监测区域网电离层电子总含量(TEC)变化和GPS卫星硬件延迟(DCB)的方法和结果.着重研究了区域网独立测定DCB的可靠性,利用中国境内的GPS站点分别构造了3个大小不同的区域网,通过实测DCB和垂直电子总含量(VTEC)与CO...     

基于中国部分城市气象条件的对流层延迟分析

随着用户对卫星定位导航精度要求的提高,对流层大气延迟影响将更加明显,需要进行延迟改正.对比分析了对流层大气延迟理论的主要映射函数模型,讨论了我国部分测站NMF(Niell Mapping Function)、VMF1(Vienna Mapping Function 1)和GMF(Global Mapping Function)的静力学映射函数和湿映射函数的分布情况,分别采用上述3种映射函数研究了我国部分城市气象条件下的对流层延迟.从运算结果分布曲线可知,所选测站的VMF1和GMF静力学映射函数曲线呈年周期余弦分布且大致相同,而NMF静力学映射函数值总体大于前两者;VMF1湿映射函数受气候变化影响较大,呈近似余弦函数分布,且VMF1和GMF呈近似夏季最小、冬季最大的分布.10°高度角下,所选测站斜延迟均呈现年周期余弦曲线分布,随着纬度的增加,斜延迟呈减小趋势,且呈夏季最大、冬季最小的分布,最大、最小值差约为2 m.     

太阳选址全国日照条件分析

利用国家气象信息中心气象资料室整编的中国756个基本、基准气象站在1971～2000年间的日照时数和日照百分率年值、月值数据集,研究了全国范围的日照条件,结合1951～2008年间我国云量、水汽要素资料,分析了影响日照的因素.研究结果表明,我国日照时数和日照百分率的分布形势一致,东南少而西北多,从东南向西北递增.在我国东部地区日照时数由南向北逐步递增,西部地区日照条件整体好于东部,符合常规.藏西南狮泉河一带日照条件最优;40°N纬度带附近和藏南地区次之,江南华南、四川盆地以及云贵高原东部地区的日照条件较差;其余地区日照条件居中.日照时数受云量、水汽要素的影响,呈负相关关系.     

甘肃金塔地区大气对太阳射电辐射吸收的测量研究

2008年8月1日,在我国西北的新疆、内蒙、甘肃等地区可以观测到一次日全食的天象,紫金山天文台太阳射电团组在甘肃省金塔用两架太阳射电望远镜对这次日全食进行了观测,并成功地取得了观测资料.为了科学分析观测资料,在日全食的前两天,实测了当地的大气吸收.着重分析这些观测数据,结合太阳射电方法,测得在λ=2.4 cm和λ=8....     

对流层大气折射延迟改正：（Ⅱ）：当前主要研究方向和进展

在文献「１」，综述了对流层大气折射延迟改正的基本概念和研究方法。本文中，介绍了在此领域中的主要研究方向的动态，以及一些最新成果。同时，还评述和分析了这些研究工作的主要特色和将来的发展方向。在本文的第８节，简要地介绍了作者在大气折射研究中的最新进展－大气折射母函数方法。     

关于恒星大气超声对流的注释

1引言尽管有诸多的不满之处,由于其物理上的直观性和应用上的简单性,至今混合长理论仍几乎是唯一一个广泛用于恒星结构、演化和脉动计算的恒星对流理论.混合长理论预言,在红、黄巨星和超巨星大气中,对流是超声速的.我们曾指出,混合长理论隐含了一个假定,对流是亚声速的.对于超声速对流,无论从物理的真实性,还是从混合长公式的数学表述来看,混合长理论都是不正确的.因此超声对流的真实性是存在问题     

Improvement on Atmospheric Hydrostatic Delay Correction at Low Elevation Angles

Observation made at low evelation angles is the trend of development of GPS (Global Positioning System) meteorology, wherein the development of highly accurate atmospheric hydrostatic delay corrections at low elevating angles is the main key technique. The comparison among three methods for calculating the atmospheric hydrostatic delay correction of the radio waves from space to the ground-based receiver is made: (1) the atmospheric hydrostatic delay obtained from the path integration of the sounding balloon data under the assumption of atmospheric spherical symmetry, (2) the atmospheric hydrostatic delay acquired from the reanalyzed data of the NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) under the assumption of atmospheric spherical symmetry and (3) the atmospheric hydrostatic delay got from Niell's atmospheric hydrostatic mapping function. The results of the comparison of them with the atmospheric hydrostatic mapping function obtained from the calculation carried out by taking advantage of the data acquired at 89 sounding balloon stations in China in 2001 show that the accuracy of the method of the path integration of the reanalyzed data of NCEP at low elevating angles (bellow 5°) is about 5 times better than that of the Niell mapping function model.     

LAMOST望远镜的大气色散校正

大气折射与大气色散会影响大视场多目标光纤光谱观测的质量和效率.一个焦距为20m,焦比为F5、位于北纬40.4°的LAMOST望远镜在中天和中天前后0.75小时产生的色散值,用模拟计算得到结果,并用数值计算得到验证.对校正色散可能用的几种色散棱镜进行了计算分析比较,确定了色散棱镜的型式,并分析了色散棱镜的二级光谱以及色散棱镜在望远镜跟踪过程中的残留色散,及色散棱镜的安装误差.     

电磁波折射延迟的弯曲改正

针对中性大气折射延迟改正中压缩截止高度角和提高改正精度的要求,推导了电磁波折射延迟中由天文大气折射引起的路径弯曲改正的计算公式,这是在许多理论模型中给出中性大气折射延迟改正的公式时,都会在主项后边给出的,却又因为它是小量而常被忽略的一项改正.实际上,在不太低的高度角,例如15°,这一项就达到1 cm量级,是不能忽略的.李延兴等人专门对这一改正作了推导,给出了逐步逼近的计算方法和计算值;严毫健也曾给出了直接计算的公式,计算结果却比李延兴等人的小3倍多,这说明对该项改正有必要作进一步的研究,拿出简便可靠的计算公式.     

Path Bending Correction for Refraction Delay of Electromagnetic Waves

Focusing on lowering the cut-off elevation in the neutral atmosphere refraction delay correction and on raising the accuracy of the correction, we derive the formulae for calculating the correction for the bending of the light path caused by atmospheric refraction. This is the sort of correction that is given after the principal term in theoretical models of neutral atmospheric refraction delay correction, but is often neglected because it is a small quantity. However, in practice, for a not too low elevation like 15°, this term reaches 1 cm order of magnitude and can not be neglected. Li Yan-xing et al. specially gave a derivation of this correction and a computational method by successive approximation and some calculated values. Yan Hao-jian also proposed a formula of direct calculation but his calculated result was more than 3 times smaller than that of Li Yan-xing, which shows that further study of this correction is called for. Here we give a simple, convenient and reliable formula for calculating the correction.     

Evaluation of the Precision of Three Tropospheric Delay Correction Models

Using the annual GPS observational tropospheric zenith delay data and meteorological data obtained at 36 globally distributed IGS stations in 2003, we have estimated the accuracy and range of application of two often-used models of tropospheric delay correction (the Hopfield and Saastamoinen models), and of a more recent model (the EGNOS model). We point out some defects in the Hopfield model and show that the EGNOS model can be used as the correction model of the tropospheric zenith delay for the GNSS real-time positioning and navigation.     

提高中性大气折射延迟改正精度的可能途径

针对空间大地测量技术对中性大气折射延迟改正精度的要求,阐述了折射延迟改正值应随测站和随方位而异的必要性．指出,在尚不能直接测定天文大气折射值的情况下,现有的各种改正模型对大气分布模型的依赖性,不能达到预期的精度和降低观测的截止角．根据云南天文台低纬子午环的特殊结构,和测定大气折射的实践,提出了提高折射延迟改正精度的新方法,即：利用各观测站不同方位从天顶附近直到低地平高度角的天文大气折射实测数据,求解得到折射率差和映射函数的参数,从而建立随测站和随方位而异的大气折射延迟改正模型．这一新方法的实施,将能在不需采用大气分布模型的情况下,把天顶延迟的改正精度提高到1 mm以内,低地平高度角的折射延迟改正精度提高到厘米级,并且把截止高度角压缩到5°以内．     

A Possible Means of Improving the Accuracy of Refraction Delay Correction of Neutral Atmosphere

The space geodetic technology requires an accurate model of correction of refraction delay by the neutral atmosphere that varies from one observing station to another, and from one azimuth to the next. It is pointed out that under the present condition the astronomical refraction can not yet be directly determined, any correction model because of its high dependence on the assumed atmospheric distribution, is incapable of achieving the required accuracy or of improving the cut-off altitude. In this paper, based on the special properties of the lower latitude meridian circle at Yunnan Observatory and our experience of determining atmospheric refraction therewith, a new method is proposed for improving the accuracy of refraction delay correction. Namely, the measured data of astronomical refraction of an observing station from near zenith to low altitudes in different azimuths are used to evaluate the refractivities and the parameters of the mapping functions, thereby establishing a model of atmospheric refraction delay correction that varies with the observing station and the azimuth. Since it is unnecessary for the new method to adopt any atmospheric distribution model, application of this new method will improve correction accuracy of refraction delay to better than 1mm at zenith and to centimeters at low altitudes, and improve the cut-off altitude to below 5 degrees.     

三种对流层延迟改正模型精度评估

利用36个全球分布的IGS站2003全年GPS实测的对流层天顶延迟数据和气象数据,对目前国内外常用的两个对流层延迟改正模型;Hopfield模型、Saastamoinen模型和最近几年发展起来的EGNOS模型的改正精度和适用范围进行评估,指出Hopfield模型在应用中存在的缺陷,EGNOS模型可用作GNSS实时定位和导航的对流层天顶延迟的改正模型.     

Measurements of Atmospheric Extinction at a Ground Level Observatory

In order to determine the atmospheric extinction at Physics Department Astronomical Observatory of the University of Extremadura, located at Badajoz (Spain), several stars were observed during some clear nights of atmospheric stability in the period 1998–2000, at optical wavelengths corresponding to the filters of the Kron-Cousins and Strömgren photometric systems. The determination of the extinction coefficients was made by assuming the Bouguer's law, which was shown to be a good approximation for this study. The results exhibited temporal variations and can be considered to be associated with clean atmospheres at locations of low altitude.