天然水铬污染与其同位素组成的相关性研究

Cr(Ⅵ)作为水体中重要的污染物质,其同位素组成对水体环境变化具有较强的敏感性.铬在氧化还原过程中产生明显的同位素分馏作用,根据水体中铬的同位素组成可指示水环境中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原程度.笔者以黄石某无机盐厂周围污染水体为例,对天然水体中的铬污染及其同位素组成的相关性进行了分析研究.     

矿山环境地表水系的硫同位素研究——以贵州赫章后河为例

为更好地了解矿山环境中元素迁移释放的地球化学过程,本文研究了赫章后河地表水系硫酸根和沉积物中的硫同位素组成。结果发现,水体和沉积物中硫同位素组成差异较大,不同水体中SO42-的浓度与δ34S值之间有较好的相关性,主河道水体和沉积物中的硫主要来自矿业活动的释放。水体中硫同位素组成不仅能反映水体的受污染情况和污染水体的扩散范围,还能反映沉积物中硫化物氧化作用的地球化学过程。     

NOAA为石油泄漏专门开发数据管理工具

<正>2015年4月17日,美国国家海洋与大气管理局(NOAA)发布了其开发的存储有关于墨西哥湾石油泄漏事件研究的大量数据的工具。该工具是事件事后响应、自然资源损害评估科学、修复研究和墨西哥湾未来研究成果的一部分。深水地平线石油泄漏是美国历史上最严重的海洋漏油事件。在这场大规模污染事件发生后,NOAA与联邦政府和其他州政府科学家需要确定泄露的原油量,随即开展了对墨西哥湾自然资源损害的应对工作,并     

利用δ53Cr定量评价Cr(VI)还原程度的实验研究

地下水污染的原位修复是当今国际上净化地下水最具发展前景的新技术,但对铬污染地下水原位修复尚未有科学有效的评价方法。定量评价地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)的被还原程度成为保护与修复铬污染地下水的关键问题。通过室内Cr(Ⅵ)的还原实验,分析Cr(Ⅵ)在还原过程中铬稳定同位素变化规律,研究其分馏机理,探索利用铬同位素定量评价地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)还原程度的可行性。研究结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)在被还原成Cr(Ⅲ)过程中,发生明显的同位素分馏,即反应物中53Cr逐渐富集,同时生成物中52Cr逐渐富集;分馏过程可用瑞利分馏模型描述,分馏系数α为常数0.99842。表明δ53Cr能够定量评价水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原程度,为评价地下水铬污染修复提供了新途径。     

来自于九年后日本海纳霍德卡溢油污染海岸的碳氢化合物降解细菌和石蜡

近十年来，石油类碳氢化合物，尤其是油溢带来的污染引起了广泛的关注。油溢会影响到自然菌落及其受污染菌落点的物理和化学性质。生物降解碳氢化合物是一种主要的除去油类泄漏污染源的方法。1997年1月2日，一艘名为纳霍德卡（Nakhodka）的俄罗斯油轮在日本海发生重油溢漏污染事故。纳霍德卡号油溢事件导致粘稠的流体污染了海岸，影响了周围的生态环境。本文详述了碳氢化合物降解细菌（假单胞菌种）的褪变，确定了九年后来自于纳霍德卡号油溢污染海岸的有机化合物。经过十年的生物修复，纳霍德卡溢油变硬．XRD分析结果中与石墨和方解石有关的0．422，     

利用δ~(53)Cr定量评价Cr(Ⅵ)还原程度的实验研究

地下水污染的"原位修复"是当今国际上净化地下水最具发展前景的新技术,但对铬污染地下水"原位修复"尚未有科学有效的评价方法。定量评价地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)的被还原程度成为保护与修复铬污染地下水的关键问题。通过室内Cr(Ⅵ)的还原实验,分析Cr(Ⅵ)在还原过程中铬稳定同位素变化规律,研究其分馏机理,探索利用铬同位素定量评价地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)还原程度的可行性。研究结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)在被还原成Cr(Ⅲ)过程中,发生明显的同位素分馏,即反应物中53Cr逐渐富集,同时生成物中52Cr逐渐富集;分馏过程可用瑞利分馏模型描述,分馏系数α为常数0.99842。表明δ53Cr能够定量评价水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原程度,为评价地下水铬污染修复提供了新途径。     

基于氢氧同位素的陈家河流域地表水与地下水时空特征研究

2017年,松宜地区陈家河煤矿区发生了酸水污染事件,对当地环境产生了严重影响,生态环境部委托相关单位对该区展开了地下水污染调查工作,试图查明地下水污染程度及污染路径,为后期治理提供水文地质依据。通过分析陈家河流域地表水与地下水氢氧同位素组成特征及分布规律,探讨不同水体之间的补给关系,结果表明：(1)陈家河流域水体δ¹⁸O-δD关系图斜率与斜距均小于全球大气降水线,显示该区域水体主要由大气降水补给。(2)δD与δ¹⁸O上游至下游变负的趋势增大,表明下游地表水受到地下水与矿洞水补给。(3)δD与δ¹⁸O的数值关系表明,在陈家河流域下游可能存在地下水运移的优势通道,例如断层导水带,岩溶通道等。(4)流域范围内水体δ¹⁸O与Cl含量关系反映流域中下游地区地下水在一定程度上受到人类活动的影响。     

硼及其同位素对水体污染物的示踪研究

硼的易溶性和硼化合物的广泛使用 ,以及污水处理过程中除硼的困难 ,最终导致地表地下水体富集硼及有关污染物。海滨地下水受到海水入侵 ,硼含量及 ρ(B) / ρ(Cl)比值发生明显变化。混合、吸附、水岩等作用使得硼同位素发生分馏 ,显著区别于区域背景值。因此 ,结合其它同位素、水化学等信息 ,硼及其同位素作为良好示踪剂为研究水圈中物质的地球化学循环过程提供了新的手段。文中总结了部分天然水体的硼含量和硼同位素组成特征 ,综述了近年来用硼同位素示踪水体的污染物来源、程度和范围等方面新的研究成果。     

基于氢氧同位素方法的城市水体蒸发定量估算

氢氧稳定同位素常用于水体蒸发研究,但传统同位素分析手段会明显制约水量平衡的定量估算。基于国际上新发展的液态水氢氧同位素分析技术,分析了2012年10月和2013年1月上海市区河水的氢氧同位素组成。研究发现,10月份河水蒸发量可达8.6%,1月份蒸发量仅为2.8%;受蒸发量的影响,10月河水δ18O平均值(-6.60‰)高于1月(-6.95‰);而因1月河水的同位素分馏程度高于10月,使δD的平均值(-48.04‰)高于10月(-49.13‰)。河水蒸发线为δD=4.4δ18O–16.5,在一定程度上反映了上海地区少雨季节(11月至翌年4月)流通性相对不畅的水面受蒸发影响的程度。该研究可为定量估算大型水库以及与地表径流交换较弱的湖泊等水体蒸发量和水循环机制研究提供借鉴。     

酸性矿山废水影响下流域地表水中镉稳定同位素的调查研究

本研究采集了广东某矿区流域受矿酸性矿山废水(AMD)影响下的地表水、底泥和土壤样品,分析了样品主要的地球化学参数,并对水样进行了Cd稳定同位素的测试。结果表明,从上游到下游,受AMD污染的主要河流水样和底泥样品中重金属元素Cd的含量随着距离增加而降低,与其他重金属元素和大量元素的含量变化趋势一致,p H随着距离的增加而逐渐升高。其中上游拦泥坝水样表现出最高的Cd含量(304.2μg/L)和最低的p H(p H=3.33);底泥中Cd含量普遍较低,介于0.25与39.85μg/g之间,仅在距离拦泥坝下游较近的2个采样点的中达到最高39.85μg/g和38.62μg/g,表明Cd从上游源头向下游迁移的过程中主要以溶解态的形式向下游迁移,且随着距离的增加而逐渐衰减,受污染水体中Cd含量均超过地表水环境质量标准V类水体,远高于底泥中Cd的含量。流域受污染水体Cd的同位素特征值采用?114/110Cdnancy spex表示,其变化范围为:-0.03‰到0.37‰,平均值为(0.19±0.06)‰,与文献(Lambelet et al.2013)报道淡水河流中Cd的同位素分馏值相接近(0.2±0.1)‰。除去其中1个采样点出现最小((-0.03±0.04)‰)镉同位素值,流域受污染河流水体整体富集重的Cd同位素。因此,Cd稳定同位素有可能作为一种新的方法,示踪受地形和水文条件等因素影响的矿山(山地)流域中Cd的污染源及其在环境中的迁移转化过程。     

The application of gas chromatography fingerprint technique to calculating oil production allocation of single layer in the commingled well

1Principle SincetheGCfingerprinttechniquewasfirstused tomonitortheproductionofoilfieldsbyAmericansci entists(KaufmanandAhmed,1990;Kaufmanetal.,1987)inthe1980s,manyresearchershavetentatively appliedthismethodinseveraloilfields(HeWenxiang etal.,1996;2001;WangZhengpingetal.,2000;ChenShijiaetal.,1999)andhaveachievedsatisfac toryresults.Butthereappearsomeobviousdeficien ciesinthecourseofexplorationanddevelopment.Takinganthraceneasinternalstandard,wecalculated theabsoluteconcentrationsoffingerp…     

Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of oil shale,shale oil,and spent shale

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) reveals the presence of free radicals in raw shale, shale oil, and spent shale. Thirty-four samples of raw shale, and the spent shale and shale oil produced in the Fischer assay of these raw shale samples were studied. There is a significant correlation between the gallons per ton oil yield as estimated by Fischer assay and the spin density in the raw oil shale. However, the scatter in the data (due to uncertainties in sample preparation, Fischer assay results, and estimation of spins per gram of sample) limits the analytical utility of this finding. Sample preparation techniques affect the EPR signal.     

3D geomodeling of the Lower Cretaceous oil reservoir, Masila oil field, Yemen

Oil was first discovered in the Masila area of Yemen in the late 1990s, with about 90% of the reserves found in the Lower Qishn Clastic Member of the Qishn Formation. The porosity determinations of the Lower Qishn Clastic are relatively high and the permeability ranges from 103 to 374?md. This paper tries to evaluate the hydrocarbons in the porous zones encountered in the Lower Cretaceous formations, which were penetrated by the eight wells in the study area. The water saturation shows low values, while the hydrocarbon saturation is in a reverse relation, i.e., the hydrocarbon increases where the water saturation decreases. Different cross-plots such as Rho-PHIN, Rho-DTN, and M-N were used in lithological identification for the two studied formations (Saar and Qishn) in the studied wells. Formation evaluation and presentation forms of the obtained petrophysical parameters have frequently proven that the formations have high hydrocarbon saturation in this area and contain many pay zones. On of the main targets of this paper is to build a detailed 3D geological modeling of the Lower Cretaceous Sequence conducted through an integrated study.     

Molecular correlation of free oil,adsorbed oil and inclusion oil of reservoir rocks in the Tazhong Uplift of the Tarim Basin,China

The free, adsorbed and inclusion oils were recovered by sequential extraction from eleven oil and tar containing reservoir rocks in the Tazhong Uplift of Tarim Basin. The results of gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry analyses of these oil components and seven crude oils collected from this region reveal multiple oil charges derived from different source rocks for these oil reservoirs. The initially charged oils show strong predominance of even over odd n-alkanes in the range n-C₁₂ to n-C₂₀ and have ordinary maturities, while the later charged oils do not exhibit any predominance of n-alkanes and have high maturities. The adsorbed and inclusion oils of the reservoir rocks generally have high relative concentrations of gammacerane and C₂₈ steranes, similar to the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks. In contrast, the free oils of these reservoir rocks generally have low relative concentrations of gammacerane and C₂₈ steranes, similar to the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. There are two interpretations of this result: (1) the initially charged oils are derived from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks while the later charged oils are derived from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks; and (2) both the initially and later charged oils are mainly derived from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks but the later charged oils are contaminated by the oil components from the Silurian tar sandstones and the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks.     

Cretaceous petroleum system of the Khasib and Tannuma oil reservoir, East Baghdad oil field, Iraq

Gas chromatography, palynomorph constituents, and maturation are analyzed for oil samples of the Campanian Khasib and Tannuma Formations in the wells of East Baghdad oil field for biomarker studies, while palynomorph constituents and their maturation, Rock Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis are carried on for the Upper Jurassic and the Cretaceous Formations of core samples from the same wells for dating and evaluation of the source rocks. The gas chromatography of these oils have shown biomarkers of abundant ranges of n-alkanes of less than C₂₂(C₁₇–C₂₁) with C₁₉ and C₁₈ peaks to suggest mainly liquid oil constituents of paraffinic hydrocarbons from marine algal source of restricted palaeoenvironments in the reservoir as well as low nonaromatic $ {\hbox{C}}_{15}^{+} $ peaks to indicate their slight degradation and water washing. Oil biomarkers of $ \Pr ./{\hbox{Ph}}{.} = {0}{.85,}{{\hbox{C}}_{31}}/{{\hbox{C}}_{30}} < 1.0 $ , location is in the triangle of C₂₇–C₂₉ sterane, C28/C29 of 0.6 sterane, oleanane of 0.01, and CPI = 1.0, could indicate anoxic marine environment with carbonate deposition of Upper Jurassic–Early Cretaceous source. The recorded palynomorph constituents in this oil and associated water are four miospore, seven dinoflagellates, and one Tasmanite species that could confirm affinity to the Upper most Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Chia Gara and Ratawi Formations. The recorded palynomorphs from the reservoir oil (Khasib and Tannuma Formations) are of light brown color of $ {\hbox{TAI}} = 2.8 - 3.0 $ and comparable to the mature palynomorphs that belong to Chia Gara and Lower part of Ratawi Formations. Chia Gara Formation had generated and expelled high quantity of oil hydrocarbons according their TOC weight percent of 0.5–8.5 with ${S_2} = 2.5 - 18.5\,{\hbox{mg}}\,{\hbox{Hc/g}}\;{\hbox{rock}} $ , high hydrogen index of the range 150–450 mg Hc/g Rock, good petroleum potential of 4.5–23.5 mg Hc/g rock, mature ( $ {\hbox{TAI}} = 2.8 - 3.0 $ and $ {\hbox{T}}\max = 428 - 443{\hbox{C}} $ ), kerogen type II, and palynofacies parameters of up to 100 amorphous organic matters with algae deposited in dysoxic–anoxic to suboxic–anoxic basin, while the palynomorphs of the rocks of Khasib Formation are of amber yellow color of TAI = 2.0 with low TOC and hence not generated hydrocarbons. But, this last formation could be considered as oil reservoir only according their high porosity (15–23%) and permeability (20–45 mD) carbonate rocks with structural anticline closure trending NW-SE. That oil have generated and expelled during two phases; the first is during Early Palaeogene that accumulated in traps of the Cretaceous structural deformation, while the second is during Late Neogene’s.     

长春岭油田C107区块扶余油层密井网曲流河储层构型分析

以长春岭油田C107区块扶余油层为例,综合应用岩心、录井、动态及测试等资料,按层次分析的思路对曲流河储层进行了构型分析。在井上单河道砂体识别的基础上,采用相控对比方法进行了单河道砂体的井间对比。基于现代沉积,提出了"S"型、同向式、背向式和切割式4类点坝砂体的组合模式,结合点坝砂体厚度特征以及与其紧邻废弃河道分布特征,在研究区识别出8个点坝砂体,单个点坝砂体面积在0.02～0.16km2。综合录井、岩心和测井等资料,在单井侧积层识别的基础上,结合对子井分析法,计算出侧积层的倾角为5°左右,侧积体的宽度为25～70m,建立了点坝砂体内部构型定量模式。应用曲流河构型分析成果,指导了热采动态分析。     

高效液相色谱-紫外光谱法建立3,5-二硝基苯甲酸工业品的色谱指纹图谱

建立了3，5-二硝基苯甲酸工业品的高效液相色谱-紫外光谱的指纹图谱。首先，在Kromasil C18色谱柱上，以水-甲醇-0．10％高氯酸水溶液（体积比为25：45：30）为流动相，流动相流速1．0mL／min，检测波长254nm，对3，5-二硝基苯甲酸及其相关杂质进行了分离分析。在此基础上，通过运行大量样品，筛选共有组分，绘制具有共同特性的指纹图谱。根据待测样品色谱峰的保留时间、紫外光谱及其色谱峰面积，与色谱指纹图谱进行分析对比，建立了控制3，5-二硝基苯甲酸产品质量的新方法。该方法在产品含量测定方面结果准确、可靠，在产品质量控制方面直观、方便。阐述了“整体性”和“明确性”是精细化工中间体指纹图谱的基本属性和发展方向。     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长9油藏油水分布关系分析

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区长9油藏油水分布关系复杂,试油产水率较高。单井油水分布关系以油水共存型为主。文章从长9层地层水性质、油藏压力与流体单元、砂体连通性、残余油饱和度、油藏保存条件等方面分析了油水分布的控制因素。研究认为该区油藏存在多个流体单元,同一流体单元内连通砂体上倾方向含油,下倾方向含水,不同流体单元具有相对独立的油水界面,且长9油藏成藏过程中油气充注程度相对较低,这些因素导致油藏油水分布关系复杂。