雷云荷电模型研究

为得到自恰且适用性强的雷云激励源以满足主动防雷理论与技术研究的需要,在回顾上世纪以来雷云荷电模型研究成果的基础上,对Wilson的正偶极子模型与Amoruso和Lattarulo的带电圆盘模型进行了详细推导,给出了相应的解析表达式,分析了各种模型的优点与不足.以带电圆盘模型为基础,建立了雷云元线性加权组合的荷电模型,并提出权矩阵反演拟合思想,推导得到了反演表达式.新模型克服了带电圆盘模型荷电结构单一,不能有效模拟雷云中多层电荷结构的缺点.文中给出了一个简单但不失代表性的算例,得到地面处最高背景场强绝对值19 kV·m-1的结果与公认地面场观测数据相吻合,验证了新模型的合理性.     

量子路径积分算法及其在大地电磁反演中的应用

常规非线性反演方法虽然对初始模型的依赖大为减弱,但局部收敛现象和计算速度慢仍然是瓶颈. 本文提出了一种新的反演方法——量子路径积分算法(Quantum Path Integral Algorithm,简称QPIA). 该方法引入量子力学的横向场、传播子等概念,并充分利用量子隧穿效应,大大提高反演的效率,具体是通过对反演目标函数的构建,并以Feynman的传播子来构成模型的接收概率来实现. 在对一维大地电磁模型和实际数据进行试验后,表明该方法比常规反演方法更能够精确、稳定和快速地逼近真实模型.     

量子遗传算法在大地电磁反演中的应用

量子遗传算法（QGA）以量子理论为基础,通过利用量子位编码代替经典遗传算法的二进制位编码,利用量子旋转门定向更新种群来代替传统方法中种群的选择、交叉和变异过程,使得算法具有一定的内在并行运算能力和量子的隧道效应,从而加快了搜索速度,改善了收敛速度,并具有更强的全局寻优能力.本文针对地球物理反演问题的非线性、多极值特点提出一套实现方案,通过理论模型和实测数据试验对比研究,表明量子遗传方法在大地电磁反演中的寻优质量和效果明显优于传统遗传算法.     

钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测RCQPSO-LMO组合算法2.5D反演

利用钻孔进行超前探测地质构造及含水体是地下开挖工程中的常规手段,如何利用这些钻孔进行钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测,从而实现钻孔孔壁外围地质异常体的精细探测,对实现地下工程地质透明化具有重要的指导意义.本文提出钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测2.5D反演的数据解译方法,首先针对随机性反演算法时效性低,易陷入局部最优解,而确定性反演算法依赖初始模型的问题,提出了组合策略的量子粒子群优化算法用来随机搜索最优初始模型.在此基础上,利用Levenberg-Marquarat方法求解Occam反演的目标函数,形成了RCQPSO-LMO组合算法进行2.5D反演,通过对比组合算法和单一算法,验证了组合算法具有更精确的反演结果.其次结合屏蔽条件下扫描探测,对比分析了有无屏蔽的2.5D反演结果,通过设定屏蔽系数对非探测方向信号进行部分压制,可以较好地解决钻孔径向扫描探测中对非探测方向信号部分屏蔽下的反演及成像.最后建立三组理论模型进行组合算法2.5D反演,结果表明：组合算法反演结果与理论模型的一致性较好,对低阻异常体的反演精度较高,验证了组合算法对钻孔孔壁外围低阻异常体具有较高的反演精度和分辨能力.     

基于子空间的二维大地电磁量子遗传反演法研究

量子遗传算法作为一种高效的优化算法,仍存在容易陷入局部极值的缺点.为提高算法的高效性,并探讨将算法应用于大地电磁二维反演的可行性和有效性,本文对算法进行了改进,并通过一维两层D型和四层HK型模型数值试验验证了改进的有效性.然后将改进后的算法引入二维大地电磁反演,在引入滑动子空间思想,同时只考虑最简化反演条件的前提下,对...     

海底水合物OBS数据全波形反演数值例子

海底地震仪(OBS)广泛应用于海底天然气水合物的调查研究中.通过走时反演获得含水合物沉积层的速度结构是利用OBS数据研究水合物的常用方法.受限于射线理论的高频假设,走时反演结果的分辨率较低.全波形反演方法能够提供高分辨的速度结构.理论上,低频、大偏移距的OBS数据非常适合于全波形反演.但OBS观测方式存在接收点较为稀疏以及接收点位置不确定的问题,OBS的稀疏性以及位置误差可能会影响反演的可靠性以及稳定性.利用南海北部陆坡水合物勘探区的信息建立了数值模型,根据实际的OBS观测参数模拟地震数据,利用频率域全波形反演方法对模拟数据进行全波形反演.结果表明:(1)利用稀疏的OBS数据(OBS间距200 m)进行全波形反演,可以获得稳定的反演结果;(2)全波形反演的结果分辨率较高,能够显示出含水合物沉积层的速度异常;(3)OBS的位置误差对全波形反演的结果影响较大,在我们的数值例子中,当位置误差为12.5 m时,反演结果与真实模型接近,而当位置误差达到25 m时,反演结果中出现较多的高频假象.     

陆地可控源电磁法三维勘探的激电效应影响研究

可控源电磁法(CSEM)的正演模拟与反演解释中常忽略激电介质的影响.本文基于电磁三维正反演开源平台ModEM,分别开展了陆地CSEM三维正反演以及考虑激电介质的陆地CSEM三维正演研究,并与一维模型解析解对比验证了三维计算的准确性.数值模拟结果显示,模型含激电效应与不含激电效应的电场E_x频率响应差异明显,激电效应会导致电场E_x幅值减小、相位增加,且对E_x的影响程度与激电异常体的频谱特性及观测的收发距均相关.合成数据的陆地CSEM反演结果显示,数据中含激电效应会使得反演出的异常体在深度、规模和电阻率值上都与真实异常体存在较大偏差,忽略观测数据中的激电效应会明显影响观测的准确性.本文研究表明当陆地CSEM三维观测资料中包含激电效应时,有必要考虑其影响.     

MODIS陆地气溶胶遥感反演--利用TERRA和AQUA双星MODIS数据协同反演算法

利用卫星数据遥感陆地气溶胶一直是国际上研究的难点与热点.利用新一代传感器MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)数据,DDV(Dark Dense Vegetation)算法反演陆地气溶胶的分布以及性质已经取得了较好的效果.然而,该算法只适用于诸如水体、浓密植被等较低地表反射率区域,大大限制了该算法的实际应用范围,尤其是无法应用于城市等亮地表区域气溶胶的遥感反演.文中提出了基于利用TERRA和AQUA双星MODIS数据的协同反演模型算法(SYNTAM-Synergy of Terra and Aqua MODIS),用以反演陆地气溶胶的光学厚度等信息.该算法实现了地表反射率与气溶胶光学厚度的同时反演,可应用于各种地表反射率类型,包括城市等亮地表区域.通过与国际AERONET的地面观测数据对比做初步的反演验证,结果表明,该算法具有较高的精度,进一步的验证工作还在继续.     

圆锥型场源瞬变电磁数据AWPSO算法优化反演

瞬变电磁圆锥型场源装置有效的减小了线圈间的电感,提高了小装置探测地下浅层的分辨率,但常规反演方法需给定初始模型且反演精度不高.针对瞬变电磁法反演计算问题,通过对粒子群优化算法(PSO)和神经网络算法(BP)分析研究,改进了一种基于神经网络算法Sigmoid函数的自适应加权粒子群优化(AWPSO)算法.采用标准测试函数对算法进行试算,建立多个理论层状地质模型对该算法进行理论验证,最后在地质资料已知地区开展现场实验.计算结果表明,新提出的算法具有更高的全局搜索寻优能力和收敛速度快、计算精度高,且不需要给定初始模型;实验结果显示实测数据反演结果与高密度电法探测结果吻合,证明该算法能够对瞬变电磁探测数据进行反演计算且精度较高,可以在同类型的浅层探测任务中提供参考.     

不同卫星轨道高度对地壳磁场反演的影响研究

利用最新的波茨坦地磁场球谐模型(Potsdam Magnetic Model of the Earth,POMME)进行仿真实验,分别模拟出不同卫星轨道高度下的磁测数据.根据仿真的观测数据反演地壳磁场的高斯球谐系数,对反演结果进行对比和分析,总结出卫星轨道高度对反演结果的影响.针对CHAMP卫星实测数据进行地壳磁场反演...     

随机性与电环境特征对地闪击地点影响的数值模拟

本文利用已有的随机放电参数化方案,结合四次探空资料,进行了12.5 m的高分辨率二维雷暴云数值模拟实验,得到了各种雷暴云电荷结构下的地闪个例,并就地闪击地点与空间电荷、电位分布之间的相互关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)由空间电荷唯一确定的电位分布决定了先导的传播最大趋势,而闪电传播的随机性所带来的地闪击地点的不确定范围被限制在3 km之内,利用动态聚类法迭代得出的三个击地点位置之间的差为1 km左右.(2)负地闪的初始点与击地点的位置差主要分布在0~6 km范围内,且93%的负地闪分布在0~4 km范围内,正地闪的分布相对较广,0~3 km范围内占48%,3~6 km范围内占34%,6~10 km范围内占18%.(3)正、负地闪主要产生于离地面最近的一对电荷堆之间,其起始高度越高,初始点与击地点位置差分布越广;另外,产生于三级性雷暴云电荷结构下的正地闪,其起始于上部的主正电荷堆与中部主负电荷堆之间,由于下行正先导会绕过底部的次正电荷堆,因此其击地点与初始点的距离基本在6 km以上.     

Study of charge structure and radiation characteristic of intracloud discharge in thunderstorms of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The comprehensive observations on lightning discharges were conducted in Naqu area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer of 2002. The electric structures of thunderstorms and the characteristics of lightning discharges at initial stage were analyzed by using the observation data. The results show that most of intracloud (IC) lightning flashes were polarities inverted in thunderstorms with tripole electric charge structure and occurred between negative charge region located in the middle of the thunderstorm and positive charge region located at the bottom of the thunderstorm. The radiation characteristics of discharge processes in cloud with longer lasting time involved in Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning flashes were similar to that of IC discharges.A lot of radiation pulses were produced in these discharge processes. Because the IC discharges took place at the bottom of thundercloud and were near the ground, they may produce more serious damage to equipment on the ground therefore should not be neglected in lightning protection.     

Study of charge structure and radiation characteristic of intracloud discharge in thunderstorms of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The comprehensive observations on lightning discharges were conducted in Naqu area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer of 2002. The electric structures of thunderstorms and the characteristics of lightning discharges at initial stage were analyzed by using the observation data. The results show that most of intracloud (IC) lightning flashes were polarities inverted in thunderstorms with tripole electric charge structure and occurred between negative charge region located in the middle of the thunderstorm and positive charge region located at the bottom of the thunderstorm. The radiation characteristics of discharge processes in cloud with longer lasting time involved in Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning flashes were similar to that of IC discharges. A lot of radiation pulses were produced in these discharge processes. Because the IC discharges took place at the bottom of thundercloud and were near the ground, they may produce more serious damage to equipment on the ground therefore should not be neglected in lightning protection.     

量子退火反演的原理和实现

现有的非线性反演方法,大都存在着求解的局部收敛性和计算速度慢的问题. 在与模拟退火方法进行比较的基础上,本文研究了基于量子跃迁过程中量子隧道效应的量子退火反演算法. 数值试验结果表明,量子退火方法应用于地球物理反问题的求解是成功的,它适合于非线性、多极值的地球物理反演问题,与模拟退火反演相比,量子退火反演在退火收敛速度和避免陷入局部极小等方面有着一定的优势,该方法也适用于其他领域非线性最优化问题的求解,具有较强的普适性.     

A parameterization scheme for upward lightning in the cloud model and a discussion of the initial favorable environmental characteristics in the cloud

The upward lightning (UL) initiated from the top of tall buildings (at least above 100 m) is a type of atmospheric discharge. Currently, we understand the nature of the UL from ground observations, but the corresponding theoretical research is lacking. Based on an existing bidirectional leader stochastic model, a stochastic parameterization scheme for the UL has been built and embedded in an existing two-dimensional thundercloud charge/discharge model. The ULs simulated from the experiments with two-dimensional high resolution agree generally with the observation results. By analyzing the charge structure of thunderstorm clouds, we determined the in-cloud environmental characteristics that favor the initiation of conventional cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes and analyzed the differences and similarities of some characteristics of the positive and the negative UL. Simulation results indicate that the positive ULs are typically other-lightning-triggered ULs (OLTUL) and are usually a discharge phenomenon between the ground and the lower positive charge region appearing below the main middle negative charge region. The effect of the previous in-cloud lightning (IC) process of space electrical field provides favorable conditions for the initiation of a positive UL. Its entire discharge process is limited, and the branches of the leader are fewer in number as its discharge is not sufficient. A negative UL is generally a discharge phenomenon of the dipole charge structure between the ground and the main negative charge region. The lower temperature stratification and the sinking of the hydrometeors typically initiate a negative UL. Negative ULs develop strongly and have more branches. The OLTUL is initiated mainly during the development stage of a thunderstorm, while the self-triggered UL (STUL) is initiated mainly during the dissipation stage of a thunderstorm.     

Low-frequency E-field Detection Array(LFEDA)—Construction and preliminary results

In recent years, locating total lightning at the VLF/LF band has become one of the most important directions in lightning detection. The Low-frequency E-field Detection Array(LFEDA) consisting of nine fast antennas was developed by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences in Guangzhou between 2014 and 2015. This paper documents the composition of the LFEDA and a lightning-locating algorithm that applies to the low-frequency electric field radiated by lightning pulse discharge events(LPDEs). Theoretical simulation and objective assessment of the accuracy and detection efficiency of LFEDA have been done using Monte Carlo simulation and artificial triggered lightning experiment, respectively. The former results show that having a station in the network with a comparatively long baseline improves both the horizontal location accuracy in the direction perpendicular to the baseline and the vertical location accuracy along the baseline. The latter results show that detection efficiencies for triggered lightning flashes and return strokes are 100% and 95%, respectively. The average planar location error for return strokes of triggered lightning flashes is 102 m. By locating LPDEs in thunderstorms, we find that LPDEs are consistent with convective regions as indicated by strong reflectivity columns, and present a reasonable distribution in the vertical direction.In addition, the LFEDA can reveal an image of lightning development through mapping the channels of lightning. Based on three-dimensional locations, the vertical propagation speed of the preliminary breakdown and the changing trend of the leader's speed in an intra-cloud and a cloud-to-ground flash are investigated. The research results show that the LFEDA has the capability for three-dimensional location of lightning, which provides a new technique for researching lightning development characteristics and thunderstorm electricity.     

青藏高原那曲地区雷电特征初步分析

通过对2002年夏季青藏高原那曲地区雷暴过程及闪电观测资料的初步分析,发现该地区雷暴电荷结构具有多样性和复杂性,地闪明显偏少. 对高原地闪的一些基本特征参量的统计分析表明,无论正地闪还是负地闪梯级先导前都具有持续时间较长的云内放电过程,地闪以单次回击为主. 与中低纬度地区相比,高原地闪中正地闪比例明显要高,为33髎;负地闪为67髎;正、负地闪回击后常常伴随短时间的连续电流.