维生素E醋酸酯对鱼油脂肪酸含量变化的影响

新鲜鱼油中添加05、0、2505、00 mg/kg 4种不同浓度的维生素E醋酸酯,在实验的第6、14、28、36和68天测定鱼油中的脂肪酸含量。结果表明:在500 mg/kg添加量内,维生素E醋酸酯对鱼油中脂肪酸含量没有显著性影响(P>0.05)。在实验期间,EPA(C20:5)、DHA(C22:6)、亚油酸(C18:2)含量明显下降,ARA(C20:4)、亚麻酸(C18:3)先升后降,棕榈酸(C16:1)逐步上升;C14含量逐渐增加,C17则先降后升,C16和C18在实验后期有较大提高。维生素E醋酸酯对鱼油中不饱和脂肪酸效用系数大小依次为:ARA>EPA>DHA>C18:3>0>C16:1>C18:2>C18:1,对ARA抗氧化效用最大,效用系数达到10.193%,C20:5为0.490%,C22:6为0.364%;维生素E醋酸酯对饱和脂肪酸效用系数大小依次为:C14>C17>0>C18>C16。     

Abundance and Distribution of Fatty Acids in Sediments of the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Sediment samples obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were studies by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) for the abundance and distributions of total fatty acids(TFAs). Approximately 34 fatty acids were identified, with the chain-lengths ranging from C12 to C30. The total concentrations of TFAs(∑TFA) ranged from 7.15 to 30.09 μg g-1 dry sediment, and ∑TFA was weakly correlated with bitumen content(R2 = 0.69). The ∑TFA of samples around hydrothermal areas were significantly higher than that of samples away from hydrothermal areas, indicating intense primary production and large biomass in the hydrothermal areas, and suggesting a close relationship between hydrothermal activity and ∑TFA of samples. The characteristics of the TFA composition in the present study are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and lacking in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratios between the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids and ΣTFAs in samples close to the hydrothermal areas, are about 0.8, but for samples far from the hydrothermal areas, they are only about 0.5. Several fatty acids(e.g., a/i C15:0 and C16:1ω7), which are signature biomarkers for sulfur-metabolizing bacteria, show the same distribution trend as ∑TFA of samples, further highlighting the close relationship between fatty acid content and hydrothermal activity and/or hydrothermal communities. The metabolic activities of hydrothermal communities, especially those of microorganisms, are likely the main source of fatty acids in samples.     

富油新绿藻在不同培养期油脂的脂肪酸组成

用改良SE培养基培养富油新绿藻(Neochloris oleoabundans),用缺氮改良SE培养基培养处于稳定期后期的藻细胞3 d,分别收集处于生长期、稳定期、衰亡期和缺氮胁迫状态的藻细胞,用Folch法提取藻细胞油脂,以质量法计算油脂产率,用气相色谱法测定脂肪酸组成。结果表明,富油新绿藻随着培养期延长油脂含量提高,在缺氮胁迫状态下藻细胞油脂质量分数达28.99%;随着细胞油脂含量的增加,油脂脂肪酸组成也发生变化,从生长期到氮缺乏胁迫状态油酸质量分数由24%增至44%,而亚油酸质量分数由26.84%降至19.85%,亚麻酸质量分数由12.74%降至4.75%。富油新绿藻在分批培养后期和氮缺乏而碳源充足的条件下可积累油脂,而在油脂积累阶段油脂的脂肪酸组成亦不同。     

Temperature-Dependent Fatty Acid Composition Change of Phospholipid in Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tissues

In this study, the changes of the fatty acid composition of phospholipid in different tissues(muscle, heart, brain and spleen) of steelhead trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) were analyzed when the water temperature decreased gradually from 16 to 12℃℃, 8℃, 6℃, 4℃, 2 and 1℃℃. Three fish individuals each tank(average weight 70.32 g ± 9.12 g) were collected and used to analysis at each designed temperatures. At normal temperature(16℃), the fatty acid composition of phospholipid of muscle and heart was similar each other. The highest concentration of saturate fatty acids(SFA) was found in the phospholipid of spleen. The brain phospholipid contained higher oleic acid(18:1 n9) than the phospholipid of other tissues at 16℃. When the environmental temperature decreased, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids in all tissues increased, and accordingly the ratio pf the unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U/S) and unsaturation index(UI) increased, indicating that steelhead trout can compensate temperature-dependent changes in membrane fluidity by remodeling the fatty acid composition of phospholipids. The changes in the fatty acid composition of phospholipid were tissue-specific. At the early stages of the experiment(16 to 8℃℃), the fatty acid composition of phospholipid changed remarkably in muscle, heart, and spleen. When temperature decreased to less than 8℃, an obvious response of phospholipid fatty acid was observed in all tissues. The change of phospholipid composition of steelhead trout tissues may be affected by both cold stress and starvation when the temperature decreased to 2℃, and the change of phospholipid composition of muscle was very obvious.     

不同前处理方法对微拟球藻脂肪酸组成的影响

采用直接甲酯化、乙醚抽提、正己烷提取等3种方法对微拟球藻进行前处理,用索氏法提取油脂,经气相色谱分析,对比前处理方法对微拟球藻油脂提取率及脂肪酸组分的影响。结果表明:乙醚提取藻粉油脂的提取率(微藻的油脂质量分数)为12.70%,正己烷提取藻粉油脂的提取率为11.00%,乙醚提取油脂的提取率大于正己烷的提取率;直接甲酯化后测得微拟球藻脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,PUFAs)质量分数为20.04%,多不饱和脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic Acid,EPA)含量最丰富,占总脂肪酸13.0%;经过乙醚和正己烷提取后的油脂,脂肪酸组成更加简单,PUFAs含量明显增加,乙醚提取油脂EPA含量是直接甲脂化法的2.3倍,正己烷提取所得油脂EPA含量是直接甲脂化法的2.08倍。     

金枪鱼油的精炼工艺对脂肪酸组成的影响

粗鱼油通过精炼可以除去非甘油三酯杂质成分,研究表明黄鳍金枪鱼鱼油精炼的工艺参数为:800 g/L的H3PO4脱胶,添加量为油量的1%(体积分数);300 g/L的NaOH脱酸,添加量为油量的2%(体积分数);活性土脱色,添加量为油量的10%(质量分数);85℃下减压蒸馏脱臭15 min。经过精炼,鱼油呈淡黄色,澄清透明,有淡鱼腥味,理化指标达到鱼油SC/T3502-2000标准的精制鱼油一级要求,精制鱼油中PUFA的总含量(w)达37.06%,DHA和EPA含量(w)分别为25.10%和4.45%。     

Characteristics of Vertical Distributions of Fatty Acids in Surface Sediments of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Fatty acids(FAs) in sediment collected from three different stations in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea were analyzed for their distributions and to determine evidence of harmful algal blooms in the sediment core.Less diverse FAs were found in the Yellow Sea(YS) station,whereas in the two stations of the East China Sea(ECS) the FAs were more diverse.Concentrations of some FA species in the two ECS stations displayed an occasional surge in their vertical profile.The highest concentration of FAs was found in the surface layer of station QT3(43.28 μg g~(-1)).Monounsaturated FAs were more susceptible to degradation compared to their saturated counterparts,and changes of 16:0,18:2 and 20:5 accounted for the most variability in total concentrations of FAs as those species made up most of the quantified FAs.The origins of the major fraction of FAs were attributed to autotrophic sources,and bacterial FAs accounted for only a small fraction of the total FAs in the region.Nutrient availability was a possible regulating factor controlling bacteria abundances in marine sediments in the ECS and the YS.A principal component analysis(PCA) was applied to analyze the FA dataset and to reveal the principal environmental factors that control the composition of FAs in the sediments.PC2,which explains 15% of the variance,was estimated to reflect the diagenetic effects on the FA compositional changes in sediments influenced by bacterial degradation.     

南海海域数种海藻总脂质及脂肪酸含量的比较

研究南海海域盛产的四种褐藻(海带、裙带菜、昆布和亨氏马尾藻)、三种红藻(紫菜、沙菜和江蓠)及来自南海三个不同海区(南沙、惠来和南澳)亨氏马尾藻的总脂质及脂肪酸含量干重,并重点比较其多不饱和脂肪酸的含量.结果表明,供试褐藻类海藻总脂质含量ω在1.81%～6.11%之间,红藻类海藻的总脂质含量ω在1.44%～3.96%之间;紫菜中含有7.548mg/g(干重,下同)的亚油酸(C182);海带含丰富C181,达5.592mg/g;花生四烯酸(C204)在裙带菜中含量为1.606mg/g;在供试藻种中,昆布的EPA(C20.5)和DHA(C226)含量最高,测定值为608μg/g和689μg/g.     

EPA对慢性应激诱导的外周巨噬细胞功能及细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸组成变化的影响

利用慢性不可预知轻度应激诱导大鼠抑郁模型,以体质量、糖水偏好和旷场实验作为抑郁样行为评价指标,以腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力、皮质酮激素水平为外周免疫和应激激素指标,测定脑内多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)探讨脑内细胞膜组成的变化。结果表明:与对照组相比,应激组大鼠在体质量、糖水偏好及旷场实验中穿越格数和站立次数均有明显下降,而皮质酮激素和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力均显著增加,脑内n-3 PUFAs、n-3/n-6 PUFAs减少,喂饲EPA可显著改善应激引起的变化。     

Lipid Oxidation and Fatty Acid Composition in Salt-Dried Yellow Croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) During Processing

Lipid oxidation in salt-dried yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) was evaluated during processing with commonly used analytical indices, such as the peroxide value(POV), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) value, and oxidative-relative lipoxygenase(LOX) activity. Additionally, fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both POV and TBARS increased significantly(P 0.05) at the rinsing stage. POV reached its peak value of 3.63 meq O_2 per kg sample at the drying stage, whereas TBARS constantly increased from 0.05 to 0.20 mg MDA per kg sample. Processing of salt-dried yellow croaker had an extremely significant(P 0.01) effect on LOX activity. Twenty-six fatty acids were identified. Combined eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA; C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA; C22:6n3) content varied between(19.20 ±0.37) mg g~(-1) and(23.45 ± 1.05) mg g~(-1). The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid(PUFA/SFA) ratio in yellow croaker was 0.73–1.10, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was approximately 0.13–0.20. The contents of most fatty acids varied significantly(P 0.05) during the different processing stages, and these differences were caused by lipid oxidation. C18:0, C16:1n7, C19:0, and C22:6n3 showed clear changes in principle component one of a principle components analysis. These fatty acids are potential markers for evaluating lipid oxidation in fish muscle because there was a significant correlation between these markers and TBARS and LOX activity(P 0.05) with Pearson's coefficients 0.931.     

Fatty Acid Composition Analyses of the DCMU Resistant Mutants of Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae)

1　Introduction　Nannochloropsissp .areoneofpotentialsourcesofpolyunsaturatedfattyacids ,especiallytheeicosapen taentaenoicacid (EPA ,C2 0∶5 ) ,whichisimportantforbothanimalsandhumans .　Thefattyacidcompositionofthisalgaisaffectedbyvariousenvironmentalfactors ,suchaslightintensity(Sukeniketal.,1989;Sukeniketal.,1990 ) ,imply ingthatafactorinfluencingthephotosyntheticprocessmayaffectcellularfattyacidsynthesisandtheirmetabolism .AselectionprogramofincreasingcellularEPAcontenthasbeencarriedo…     

Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health and Diseases

The pharmaceutical effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFAs) as dietary nutrients on human health and diseases have gained much attention and are investigated for decades. Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid(DPA) are the three major n-3 PUFAs enriched in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, algae, and so on. It has been well known that n-3 PUFAs, especially DHA and EPA, are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that n-3 PUFAs might cure inflammatory diseases through several mechanisms, such as plasma membrane remodeling of lymphocytes, down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alternating adhesion molecule expressions. Several molecular targets of n-3 PUFAs on immune-regulation have also been identified, such as GPR120(FFA4), protein kinase C(PKC), and PPAR-γ. However, it remains inconclusive if dietary n-3 PUFAs function the same both in vitro and in vivo based on cohort studies. This review will focus on the molecular targets and mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of n-3 PUFAs on human health and diseases, such as obesity, tumor, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases.     

Effects of Sodium Nitrate and Sodium Acetate Concentrations on the Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Brachiomonas submarina

1　Introduction　Microalgae ,asthefirstlinkofmarinefoodchain ,canbeusedfortheaccumulationofpolyunsaturatedfattyacids (PUFAs) ,whichhavebeenshowntobeofmajorimportancenotonlyinthe preventionofhu man’sheartandcirculatorydiseases (DyerbergandJorgensen ,1982 ;Marcus ,1985 )butalsoinaquacul tureasincipientfeed (Sakamotoetal.,1998) .How ever ,thePUFA productivitiesbymicroalgaearelowincomparisonwithbacteriaandfungi.TherearetwopossiblewaysinpromotingthePUFA productionofmicroalgae.Oneistoobtaint…     

FATTY ACIDS PROFILE IN A HIGH CELL DENSITY CULTURE OF ARACHIDONIC ACID-RICH PARIETOCHLORIS INCISA （TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA） EXPOSED TO HIGH PFD

The changes in arachidonic acid (AA) and fatty acids profiles along the growth curve ofParietochloris incisa, a coccoid snow green alga, were studied in a 2.8 cm light-path flat photobiorcactor, exposed to strong photon flux density [PFD, 2400 μEmol/(m²·s)]. Sixteen fatty acids were identified by gas chromatography showing that AA was the dominant fatty acid (33%–41%) followed by linoleic acid (17%–21%). AA content was closely investigated with respect to total fatty acids (TFA), ash free dry weight (AFDW) of cell mass as well as total culture content. These parameters were influenced significantly in a similar manner by culture growth phase, i.e., slightly decreasing in the lag period, gradually increasing in the logarithmic phase, becoming maximal at the early stationary phase, starting to decrease at the late stationary phase, sharply dropping at the decline phase. The increase in AA per culture volume during the logarithmic phase was not only associated with the increase in AFDW but also connected with a corresponding increase in AA/TFA, TFA/AFDW as well as AA/AFDW. The sharp decrease in AA content of the culture during the decline phase was mainly due to the decrease in AA/TFA, TFA/AFDW and AA/AFDW, although AFDW declined only a small extent. Maximal AA concentration, obtained at the early stationary phase, was 900 mg/L culture volume, and the average daily net increase of AA during 9 days logarithmic growth was 1.7 g/(m²·day). Therefore, harvesting prior to the decline phase in a batch culture, or at steady state in continuous culture mode seems best for high AA production. The latter possibility was also further confirmed by continuous culture with 5 gradients of harvesting rate. Contribution No. 4138 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Project 39970575 supported by NSFC and A/2786-2 supported by International Foundation for Sciences (IFS).     

Fatty Acid Composition of Euphausia superba,Thysanoessa macrura and Euphausia crystallorophias Collected from Prydz Bay,Antarctica

The information of trophic relationship is important for studying the Southern Ocean ecosystems.In this study,three dominant krill species,Euphausia superba,Thysanoessa macrura and Euphausia crystallorophias,were collected from Prydz Bay,Antarctica,during austral summer of 2009/2010.The composition of fatty acids in these species was studied.E.superba and T.macrura showed a similar fatty acid composition which was dominated by C14:0,C16:0,EPA(eicosapentenoic acid) and DHA(decosahexenoic acid) while E.crystallorophias showed higher contents of C18:1(n-9),C18:1(n-7),DHA and EPA than the former two.Higher fatty acid ratios of C18:1(n-9)/18:1(n-7),PUFA(polyunsaturated fatty acid)/SFA(saturated fatty acid),and 18PUFA/16 PUFA indicated that E.crystallorophias should be classified as a typical omnivore with a higher trophic position compared with E.superba and T.macrura.     

Changes of Protein and Lipid Contents,Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Compositions in Eggs and Yolk-Sac Larvae of American Shad(Alosa sapidissima)

To investigate the changes of the biochemical composition of American shad(Alosa sapidissima) eggs and larvae at embryonic and early larval stages, samples were collected at different development stages from artificial fertilization to the end of yolk absorption including 2 h, 12 h and 30 h after fertilization and newly hatched larvae including 1 and 3 days after hatching. The composition of lipid, fatty acids, protein and amino acids were analyzed. The content of total protein exhibited a decreasing trend during embryogenesis and larval development, and a significant reduction was detected after hatching(P 0.05). The total lipid content remained relative stable. A significant reduction was detected in almost all amino acids after hatching except for glycine(P 0.05), while a significant decrease was found in the content of cysteine, proline, tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine during the yolk-sac phase(P 0.05). On the other hand, all the groups of fatty acids remained stable during the period of embryogenesis. But after hatching, a significant decrease was found in the content of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-6, SFA and ratio of EPA/ARA(P 0.05), while a significant increase was found in the content of C18:3n-3, C20:4n-6, C22:6n-3 and ratio of n-3/n-6(P 0.05). In conclusion, the combined data suggested that American shad utilizes the protein content as preferential energy substrates during embryonic and early larval developments with some specificity in the consumption of different amino acids.     

Novel Lipase from Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) Viscera: Purification,Characterization,and Application in the Concentrating of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Lipases have been widely applied in a variety of industrial fields,such as food,pharmaceuticals,biofuels,and biotechnology.Recent years have witnessed a great interest in modifying lipids for the production of triacylglycerols enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).Here,a novel salt-tolerant,organic solvent-stable,and bile salt-activated lipase was purified from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) viscera,which was named as golden pompano lipase (GPL).GPL had a specific activity o...     

凤鲚、湖鲚和刀鲚卵巢氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物元素分析

对长江下游凤鲚、湖鲚和刀鲚卵巢氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素组成及含量进行了测定分析。结果表明:三种鲚属鱼类卵巢鲜样中总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量差异不显著;必需氨基酸含量(w)为5.36%～6.32%,占总氨基酸含量为:0.43%、0.41%和0.43%,均以亮氨酸含量最高而色氨酸最低,赖氨酸含量(w)为0.96%～1.04%;饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸差异较显著,脂肪酸组成均以油酸含量最高,EPA和DHA总量(w)为8.00%～11.81%;矿物质含量大多也存在显著差异,常量元素含量最高的为钾(16970～22220mg/kg),微量元素则为锌(262.0～277.0mg/kg);不同水域生长环境对鲚属鱼类卵巢氨基酸含量影响不显著,而对脂肪酸和矿物质含量影响较显著。     

Lipid and Fatty Acid Compositions of Cod (Gadus morhua),Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

This study was conducted to compare lipid and fatty acid composition of cod, haddock and halibut.Three groups of cod (276 g±61 g), haddock (538 g±83 g) and halibut (3704 g±221 g) were maintained with commercial feeds mainly based on fish meal and marine fish oil for 12 weeks prior to sampling.The fatty acid compositions of muscle and liver were determined by GC/FID after derivatization of extracted lipids into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).Lipids were also fractionated into neutral and polar lipids using Waters silica Sep-Pak.The phospholipid fraction was further separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and the FAME profile was obtained.Results of the present study showed that cod and haddock were lean fish and their total muscle lipid contents were 0.8% and 0.7%, respectively, with phospholipid constituting 83.6% and 87.5% of the total muscle lipid, respectively.Halibut was a medium-fat fish and its muscle lipid content was 8%, with 84% of the total muscle lipid being neutral lipid.Total liver lipid contents of cod, haddock and halibut were 36.9%, 67.2% and 30.7%, respectively, of which the neutral lipids accounted for the major fraction (88.1%-97.1%).Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant in cod and haddock muscle neutral lipid.Monounsaturated fatty acid level was the highest in halibut muscle neutral lipid.Fatty acid compositions of phospholipid were relatively constant.In summary, the liver of cod and haddock as lean fish was the main lipid reserve organ, and structural phospholipid is the major lipid form in flesh.However, as a medium-fat fish, halibut stored lipid in both their liver and muscle.