Simulation and analysis for anthropogenic heat release

Heat balance of urban ecosystem is a key point for the study of urban climate and micro-climate pattern and its change mechanism. Urban heat island effect is becoming increasingly serious,which is mainly caused by the change of the earth's surface cover and the anthropogenic heat release. In this study,the simulation experiment for the anthropogenic heat release was designed according to the heat balance principle. A set of buildings of miniature city were used to constitute the residential area,U grooves were applied to simulate the single building,and the fluorescent lamps in the U groove were regarded as the heat sources of the anthropogenic heat release. The simulation experiment was launched with long-short wave sun photometer,sonic anemothermometer and heat flow gauge in the experiment site. Then the net solar radiation,sensible heat flux and heat flux into the ground were determined. The quantities of the anthropogenic heat release were calculated based on the heat balance principle,and were compared with the theoretical power consumption of the fluorescent lamps. The root mean square error( RMSE) of the simulation for the anthropogenic heat release reaches0. 078 W·m- 2,a comparatively high precision,which showes that the anthropogenic heat release can be accurately determined through the simulation experiments. This study provided a scientific method for the purpose of monitoring the anthropogenic heat release.     

近50年河南省武陟县高温天气的气候特征初探

利用河南省武陟县1961—2010年5—9月日极端最高气温资料,统计分析了武陟县极端最高气温与高温天气的特征,以期能对提高气候预测水平和农业生产有一定帮助。结果表明：武陟县高温天气主要出现在6—7月,高温天气的时间分布具有明显的周期性;年极端最高气温的变化大体上经历了从高到低又到高的过程;持续高温天气主要出现在6月,连续≥3d的高温天气过程出现最多,平均每年出现1．9次;武陟县夏季酷热与极端最高气温高、持续高温天气出现次的年份,集中在20世纪60年代中期以及90年代后期至今的两个时间段内。     

Interannual variability of latent and sensible heat fluxes in the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is significantly influenced by El Nio and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through ENSO-driven atmospheric and oceanic changes.We analyzed measurements made from 1960 to 2004 to investigate the interannual variability of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over the SCS.Both the interannual variations of latent and sensible heat fluxes are closely related to ENSO events.The low-pass mean heat flux anomalies vary in a coherent manner with the low-pass mean Southern Oscillation Index ...     

成都市城市热岛效应分析

城市热岛效应是城市气候最显著的特征之一.基于地理信息系统和不同时次的遥感影像,探讨成都市地表温度、热岛强度、热岛等级的分布特征及其演变.结果表明:成都市热岛效应明显且夜间夏强冬弱,地表温度呈条状分布;日间城市多数区域属于弱热岛以上等级,中心城区偏向强热岛和极强热岛,夜间强热岛面积扩张,冬季热岛等级增加明显;2002～2012年,城市热岛等级增加,强热岛面积扩张,但存在昼夜和季节性差异.     

成都市城市热岛效应分析

城市热岛效应是城市气候最显著的特征之一。基于地理信息系统和不同时次的遥感影像,探讨成都市地表温度、热岛强度、热岛等级的分布特征及其演变。结果表明:成都市热岛效应明显且夜间夏强冬弱,地表温度呈条状分布;日间城市多数区域属于弱热岛以上等级,中心城区偏向强热岛和极强热岛,夜间强热岛面积扩张,冬季热岛等级增加明显;2002~2012年,城市热岛等级增加,强热岛面积扩张,但存在昼夜和季节性差异。     

An improved algorithm of simulation on air-sea turbulent heat fluxes in China seas

With a global GSSTF2 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis database and observation data at the Yong Xing station of Xisha Island in the South China Sea, we simulated the turbulent sensible and latent heat flux at sea surface in Chinese and neighboring seas (hereafter termed as China seas) using a common bulk method with some improved parameters. Comparing the simulated results with the observed and reanalyzed data, the improvement yielded higher accuracy, a smaller mean square deviation within 10 W/m2, and a smaller average relative error at about 25%. In addition, spatial resolution was improved to 0.1°×0.1°. The simulation is able to replay the main features of regional and seasonal variation in turbulent heat fluxes, and also the general pattern of heat flux changes during the summer monsoon outbreak in the South China Sea.     

德州市浅层地温能资源潜力评价

随着我国社会经济的快速发展,对能源的需求大幅增加,供需矛盾越来越突出,煤炭、石油、天然气等常规能源的大量消耗对环境造成的压力也越来越大。浅层地温能是一种可再生的新型环保能源,逐步受到各级政府及社会各界的重视。通过对德州城区浅层地温能赋存条件的分析,利用试验测试数据对浅层地温能热容量进行了计算,并在适宜性分区在基础上,进行了浅层地温能资源潜力评价。结果表明,德州城区120 m深度内浅层地热容量为8.525×10~(13)k J/℃,相当于291万t标准煤。整个德州城区为地下水换热系统不适宜区,而适宜地埋管换热系统。在地埋管换热系统适宜区内,120 m深度范围内考虑土地利用系数,计算得出夏季换热功率为339.18万k W,冬季换热功率为343.22万k W。夏季可制冷面积4.845×10~7m~2,冬季可供暖面积6.240×10~7m~2。     

流体流量对竖直地埋管深度的影响

《浅层低温能评价规范》对浅层低温能的定义为:地表深度不超过200 m,温度不超过25℃。《地源热泵工程技术规范》也未对利用的钻孔深度做具体要求。根据实际工程经验与计算,常用100~120 m。其影响深度的因素主要有:地层可钻性,如钻孔越深,可钻性差,相对成本提高;管道直径也影响水流阻力,深度较大则驱动水流功耗增大;管道间距的大小对热短路、回填材料热物性参数等产生较大的影响。该文将根据传热基本原理,进行各种影响因素分析,通过建立数值传热模型,求解一定条件下的换热能力,分析各参数之间的关系,以便于工程设计参考,有助于浅层低温能工程推广应用。     

“裸管”地热换热器数值传热模型研究

介绍了一种特殊地热换热器———"裸管"换热器,并详细分析了其孔内外的传热;通过合理划分网格,利用有限容积法建立了钻孔内外的数值模型,利用该模型对裸管式地热换热器进行了校核计算。在此基础上,对湖北十堰某工地的实际钻孔进行了现场测试,测试结果和数值计算结果误差在5%以内,证明该数值模型是可行可靠的;此外,由于套管式地热换热器布置形式和裸管的相似性,本文的数值模型对套管地热换热器也是适用的。     

山东省黄河北松散地层现场热响应试验数据分析及应用

现场热响应试验是获取岩土体热物性参数的主要方法之一,可为地源热泵工程中地埋管换热器类型及长度的选择、浅层地热能评价和开发利用提供基础数据。该文系统介绍了现场热响应试验的目的、技术方法、数据处理方法,并以位于山东省茌平地区的现场热响应试验为例,介绍了试验现场的实验过程、试验数据分析及应用。确定了在钻孔间距4～5m时单位延米换热量最佳,并以2号孔为例,采用非稳态数值模型计算了冬季延米换热量为-29.4W/m、夏季延米换热量为41.3W/m。     

山东聊城西部地热田地热地质特征

山东省聊城西部地热田位于临清拗陷内的莘县凹陷的南部,面积约为1 280 km2。地热类型属低温层控砂岩孔隙型,盖层为第四系和新近纪黄骅群明化镇组。常被利用的地热有新近纪黄骅群馆陶组和古近纪济阳群东营组2个热储层,其中馆陶组热储层中地热水矿化度为5 000 mg/L左右,可利用地热资源量为2.5490×1018J,热水资源静储量为126.06×109m3;东营组热储层中地热水矿化度较高,为6 566.73~9 125.38 mg/L,可利用地热资源量为3.6600×1018J,热水资源静储量为94.339×109m3。该地热田中地热水主要为大气降水在深循环过程中被地温加热而成。     

山东聊城西部地热田地热地质特征

山东省聊城西部地热田位于临清拗陷内的莘县凹陷的南部,面积约为1280km^2。地热类型属低温层控砂岩孔隙型,盖层为第四系和新近纪黄骅群明化镇组。常被利用的地热有新近纪黄骅群馆陶组和古近纪济阳群东营组2个热储层,其中馆陶组热储层中地热水矿化度为5000mg／L左右,可利用地热资源量为2．5490×10^18J,热水资源静储量为126．06×10^9m^3;东营组热储层中地热水矿化度较高,为6566．73—9125．38mg／L,可利用地热资源量为3．6600×10^18J,热水资源静储量为94．339×10^9m^3。该地热田中地热水主要为大气降水在深循环过程中被地温加热而成。     

聊城莘县地区地热资源赋存条件及评价

聊城莘县地区地热资源丰富,地热资源主要赋存于新生代新近纪和古近纪碎屑沉积岩中,为估算评价该地区地热资源,分别开展了地热地质调查、地球物理勘探、地热地质钻探、抽水试验、回灌试验、动态监测、水样采集分析等多项工作,基本查清了莘县地区地热资源的赋存条件,确定馆陶组热储和东营组热储为本次工作的主要研究对象,并对其进行了地热资源...     

SEASONAL HEAT BUDGET IN THE TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN IN A GLOBAL GCM Ⅱ. IN FIVE SUBREGIONS

The general features of the seasonal suuface heat budget in the tropical western Pacific Ocean,20°S-20°N, western boundary-160°E, were documented by Qu (1995) using a high-resolution generalcirculation model (GCM, Semtner & Chervin,1992) ard existing observations.Close inspection of thesmaller areas, with the whole region further partitioned into six parts, showed different mechanisms balancethe seasonal surface heat budget in different parts of the region The results of study on five subregionsare detailed in this article. In the equatorial (3°S - 3°N) aed North Equatorial Countercurrent(3°N-9°N) region, the surface the flux the does not change significantly throughout the year, so the surface heat content is determined largely by vertical motion near the equator and roughly helf due to horizontal and halfdue to vertical circulation in the region of the North Equatorial Countercurrent(NECC). In the othersubregions (9°N-20°N, 20°S -11°S aed 11°S -3°S ), however, in addition to ocean dynamics     

Seasonal heat budget in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean in a global GCM II. In five subregions

The general features of the seasonal surface heat budget in the tropical western Pacific Ocean, 20° S–20°N, western boundary −160°E, were documented by Qu (1995) using a high-resolution general circulation model (GCM, Semtner & Chervin, 1992) and existing observations. Close inspection of the smaller areas, with the whole region further partitioned into six parts, showed different mechanisms balance the seasonal surface heat budget in different parts of the region. The results of study on five subregions are detailed in this article. In the equatorial (3°S–3°N) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (3°N–9°N) region, the surface heat flux does not change significantly throughout the year, so the surface heat content is determined largely by vertical motion near the equator and roughly half due to horizontal and half due to vertical circulation in the region of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). In the other subrigions (9°N–20°N, 20°S–11°S and 11°S–3°S), however, in addition to ocean dynamics, surface heat flux can also play a major role in the seasonal variation of sea surface temperature (SST). The remotely forced baroclinic waves and their effect on the surface heat storage in the model are also investigated. Comparison with observations indicates that the model wave activities are reasonably realistic. Contribution No. 2396 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This study was supported by the Australian CSIRO Division of Oceanography and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49176255)     

波纹开缝翅片管换热器传热与流动性的数值模拟

提出一种波纹开缝翅片管换热器,对其传热与流动特性进行三维数值模拟,选择Re范围在1 000到5 000时与平板开缝翅片的模拟相比较。结果表明,在Re小于2 752时,平板开缝比波纹开缝的换热效果好,而Re大于2 752时,波纹开缝比平板开缝换热效果更好,并且波纹开缝翅片管换热器的流动阻力小于平板开缝,因此,Re大于2 752时波纹开缝比平板开缝综合效果更好。     

STUDY ON FLUXES OF MOMENTUM AND SENSIBLE HEAT,THE DRAG COEFFICIENT C_D AND ROUGHNESS Z_O

In this paper,fluxes of momentum and sensible heat are discussed with the data callected by tetheredballoon sounding system over the Philippine Sea during the cruise of the R/V SCIENCE 1 from Septem-ber through October in 1987.These fluxes were calculated using the semiempirical flux-profile relationshipsof Monin-Obkhov similarity theory with observed data.The friction velocity U.was determined by theobserved data's least-square fit with the similarity formulae under stable,neutral and unstable conditions.The roughness Z_0 was determined by Z_0=a_1(U./g),then substituted into the similarity formulae to com-pute U.again.The final values of U.and Z_0 could be determined through this iteration.The fluxtemperature θ.was calculated from the temperature profile with Z_0 determined above.Finally the fluxes'of momentum and sensible heat,and the drag coefficient C_D were obtained by computation with U.,θ.and the wind speed(U_(10))at 10 meters above the sea surface.     

Interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon and its relationship with latent heat flux in the Pacific Ocean

We analyzed interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon and its relationship with latent heat flux in the Pacific Ocean, using NCEP wind field and OAFlux heat flux datasets. Results indicate that South China Sea monsoon intensity had an obvious interdecadal variation with a decreasing trend. Variability of the monsoon was significantly correlated with latent heat flux in the Kuroshio area and tropical Pacific Ocean. Variability of latent heat flux in the Kuroshio area had an interdecadal increasing trend, while that in the tropical Pacific Ocean had an interdecadal decreasing trend. Latent heat flux variability in these two sea areas was used to establish a latent heat flux index, which had positive correlation with variability of the South China Sea monsoon. When the latent heat flux was 18 months ahead of the South China Sea monsoon, the correlation coefficient maximized at 0.58 (N=612), with a 99.9% significance level of 0.15. Thus, it is suggested that latent heat flux variability in the two areas contributes greatly to interdecadal variability of the South China Sea monsoon.     

长江三角洲地区高温热浪人群健康风险评价

在全球极端气象、气候事件频发的背景下,获取高分辨的灾害风险信息对于区域防灾减灾决策具有重要的参考价值。而在当前的灾害风险评估中,基于行政单元的人口和社会经济等承灾体信息与栅格水平上的致灾因子普遍存在空间不匹配的现象。本文通过融合多源遥感数据和人口、社会经济统计数据,在利用人居指数对高温人口暴露进行空间化的基础上,获取了250 m分辨率的长江三角洲地区高温热浪人群健康风险空间格局。结果表明,风险等级较高的地区集中在上海、常州、杭州、宁波、无锡、嘉兴、泰州等城市的中心城区,主要是较高的人口暴露度和城市高温共同作用的结果;而大城市近郊以及各规模较小的城区的风险等级次之;相对欠发达地区虽然人口暴露程度较低,但较高的高温危险性和社会经济脆弱性指数使得这些地区的高温人群健康风险也不容忽视。识别高风险地区的风险主导因子对于提高人群高温适应能力以及减轻高温健康风险具有重要意义。     

庆云县地热回灌存在问题浅析

如何实现地热资源合理开发、高效利用,实现地热资源采灌均衡可持续开发利用模式已成为地热资源开发利用地区重点研究内容。该文根据庆云县某典型小区(以下简称小区A)一个采暖季的开采、回灌监测数据,总结了水温、开采量、回灌量、水位及回灌率变化情况。通过数据分析及调查可知,庆云县回灌工程普遍存在地热尾水温度偏高、热利用效率偏低、地热尾水直接回灌引起管道腐蚀影响供暖效果等问题。针对地板辐射和暖气片采暖两种模式提出了换热技术和增加热泵机组的改进措施建议,既可提高热利用效率,又可保证供暖效果避免设备腐蚀,对庆云县地热供暖工程的升级改造具有一定的指导意义。