最近14 Ma青藏高原东北缘阶段性隆升的地貌证据

对青藏高原东北缘代表性的河流阶地-风成堆积序列进行了沉积学、地貌学和年代学的综合调查研究, 获得了最近14 Ma以来高原东北缘阶段性隆升的新证据和新认识. 湟水流域西宁-互助地区至少发育了11级典型的河流阶地(除第1级阶地T1外, 全部为基座阶地). 测试了阶地上覆风成黄土-红粘土序列的1030块古地磁样品、16块释光样品和4000多个粉末样品, 结合地貌发育和地层结构分析表明, T11, T10, T8, T7, T3, T2和T1分别形成于距今约14, 11.3, 1.55, 1.2, 0.15, 0.07和0.01 Ma. 基于沉积物分析和地貌发育过程的研究证实, 这里的河流阶地以构造抬升驱动为主, 以气候变化对河流阶地发育的影响为辅. 因此, 西宁盆地的阶地序列指示了14 Ma以来高原东北缘的多次阶段性抬升, 其中, 在距今14, 11.3, 1.2和0.15 Ma的构造抬升是明显的. 青藏高原东北缘西宁-互助地区的河流在中新世数百万年时间内(T11到T9)下切不到100 m, 而在更新世1.2 Ma以来(T7以来)下切了432 m, 指示了该地区在晚新生代后期加速隆升的事实. 湟水流域在1.55~1.2 Ma之间有一次大的水系格局调整. 在此之前, 古河流流向是西偏南, 之后流向为东偏南, 这次水系调整与构造活动有关.     

忻定盆地晚更新世晚期的一次构造运动

忻定盆地是山西地堑系北部的一个张性断陷盆地,第四纪构造运动活跃。野外调查表明,盆地内晚更新世晚期经历了一次较强的构造运动,它使得断块山地进一步抬升,中止了末次冰期鼎盛期的一次河流加积过程,位于断裂上升盘的洪积扇扇顶部分也被抬升为洪积台地,山前形成了十几米到几十米的断层陡崖;构造运动还导致断层上升盘河流下切,形成了Ⅱ级阶地。黄土-古土壤时间标尺和多种方式的测年结果表明这次构造运动开始于距今2万年左右     

巴颜喀拉地块东北端第四纪隆升量研究

正青藏高原于新生代在亚洲大陆崛起,成为地球上最雄伟的高原。青藏高原的隆升对于季风气候的形成、过去全球气候变化有着重大的影响,是造成新生代晚期全球气候变冷、北半球冰量变化、亚洲季风形成的根本原因。于是,青藏高原变形的时代、幅度、形式、机制,以及其演化过程和环境效应的研究,成为国际地学界研究的热点和争论的焦点。巴颜喀拉块体属于青藏亚板块东北部的次级块体,北邻秦祁昆块体,南接唐古拉块体,东与扬子块体接触。巴颜喀拉块体东北端(以下简称研究区)地处3个块体交接区,是青藏高     

南迦巴瓦峰第四纪隆升期次划分的热年代学证据

喜马拉雅东构造结南迦巴瓦峰核心区附近一个高程剖面上的8个片麻岩样品裂变径迹中值年龄介于0.71~2.07 Ma之间,平均封闭径迹长度在14.51~15.87 μm之间,标准偏差都小于0.84 μm;其冷却年龄和径迹长度所作"香蕉图"显示出三期快速的抬升期,分别发生在距今0.71 Ma、1.23 Ma、2.05 Ma.结合已有磷灰石裂变径迹冷却年龄等值线图显示出南迦巴瓦峰核心区呈复式背斜状快速隆升,而外围拉萨地体和冈底斯构造单元隆升速率慢的空间分布特征等,分析认为这种差异隆升主要受构造作用主导,气候变化造成的均衡抬升起次要作用.     

小江断裂带宜良盆地西缘断裂晚第四纪活动的地质地貌证据

据历史资料记载,云南宜良地区曾于公元1500年发生过一次M7地震,该地震发生在小江断裂带上,但对其具体发震断层及其地表破裂分布的确定,仍存有较大分歧。在高分辨率遥感影像解译基础上,沿宜良盆地西缘断裂进行了翔实的地质地貌调查,获得了该断裂晚第四纪活动的一些地质地貌证据。店房探槽和打挂村探槽组开挖结果揭示:宜良盆地西缘断裂断错了全新世地层,最新一次活动断错了(2 460±30)a BP的地层。结合断错地貌和地震破坏记录的分析,其最新事件可能对应于1500年宜良地震。     

青藏高原北缘酒西盆地13 Ma以来沉积演化与构造隆升

13 MaBP以来从祁连山剥蚀的物质广泛沉积于酒西盆地南缘, 可划分出5个沉积相组合, 其沉积演化分为4个阶段. 酒西盆地的沉积与高原隆升响应关系揭示出高原自13 MaBP以来先后经历了: 稳定期(>8.26 Ma)、持续逐步较快速隆升期(8.26~<4.96 Ma)和急剧强烈阶段性隆升期(>3.66~0 Ma). 青藏高原的隆升是一个多阶段、不等速和非均变的复杂过程. 关键词     

青藏高原东缘新生代隆升剥露与断裂活动的低温热年代学约束

青藏高原东缘作为高原生长的东边界,其新生代以来隆升剥露与扩展模式备受关注.高原内部平缓的地貌和边界构造带不显著的缩短变形被认为是下地壳流作用的重要证据.然而近年来,越来越多的低温热年代学研究结果表明,中-晚新生代以来跨不同断裂带存在显著的差异性隆升剥露,指示了断裂体系在青藏高原东缘构造变形与演化中的重要作用.本文系统收集区域内现有不同封闭温度体系的低温热年代学数据,综合分析结果表明青藏高原东缘隆升剥露及生长扩展与整个高原抬升具有准同步性.最为广泛和显著的剥露主要发生在~30 Ma以来,且高原东缘的最大侵蚀量区受控于断裂活动,快速侵蚀带的空间分布与鲜水河断裂带相一致.在区域尺度上,现有数据所揭示的剥露事件启动、持续时间及速率的显著差异性揭示了断层活动对青藏高原东缘地表剥露过程的控制作用.本文提出青藏高原向东扩展是多阶段、非均匀过程,新生代以来不同断裂带在青藏高原向东扩展过程中起到了至关重要的作用,不支持"下地壳流假说"强调的"东缘上地壳变形不显著"的认识.     

青藏高原东缘新生代隆升剥露与断裂活动的低温热年代学约束

青藏高原东缘作为高原生长的东边界,其新生代以来隆升剥露与扩展模式备受关注.高原内部平缓的地貌和边界构造带不显著的缩短变形被认为是下地壳流作用的重要证据.然而近年来,越来越多的低温热年代学研究结果表明,中-晚新生代以来跨不同断裂带存在显著的差异性隆升剥露,指示了断裂体系在青藏高原东缘构造变形与演化中的重要作用.本文系统收集区域内现有不同封闭温度体系的低温热年代学数据,综合分析结果表明青藏高原东缘隆升剥露及生长扩展与整个高原抬升具有准同步性.最为广泛和显著的剥露主要发生在~30 Ma以来,且高原东缘的最大侵蚀量区受控于断裂活动,快速侵蚀带的空间分布与鲜水河断裂带相一致.在区域尺度上,现有数据所揭示的剥露事件启动、持续时间及速率的显著差异性揭示了断层活动对青藏高原东缘地表剥露过程的控制作用.本文提出青藏高原向东扩展是多阶段、非均匀过程,新生代以来不同断裂带在青藏高原向东扩展过程中起到了至关重要的作用,不支持"下地壳流假说"强调的"东缘上地壳变形不显著"的认识.     

和静逆断裂-褶皱带的第四纪构造地貌与侧向扩展

位于天山南麓焉耆盆地北缘的和静逆断裂-褶皱带是天山地区的一个最新的变形带.通过对褶皱带西段夏尔木登背斜、哈尔莫顿背斜区遥感卫星影像(ETM+)和分辨率为25m的数字高程模型(DEM)数据解译分析,并结合野外考察,对两个背斜的地形横剖面、纵剖面,水系发育特征,两翼11个小型汇水盆地的水系密度、面积高度曲线和积分值分析表明...     

山体隆升历史与地貌演化过程的数值模拟约束——以青藏高原东北缘河西走廊中段的周边年轻上升山地为例

地貌演化数值模型是分析构造-气候相互作用,再现地表形态演化过程的重要工具.本文利用地貌演化数值模型模拟了青藏高原东北缘河西走廊中段周边山体的演化过程.河西走廊气候干旱,外动力过程相似,但走廊中段南北两侧各山体间的形态特征存在明显差异(北侧山地:金塔南山东段、金塔南山西段、合黎山;南侧山地:榆木山).首先,各山体内选取典型区域分析了真实地形的特征指标(准周期性谷间距、地形高差与出水口数量);其次利用Landlab平台构建了典型区域的地貌演化数值模型,并通过数值实验正演了各山体地形的演化过程;最后将真实地形与不同时间节点的模拟地形进行比对,以准周期性谷间距等地形特征指标为判识标准,推断了河西走廊中段山体开始强烈隆升的年代和抬升速率.模拟结果与区域已发表的地质地貌证据在年轻上升山地(未达到稳定状态的幼年期地形)地区呈现较好的一致性,表明地貌演化数值模型结合地形特征指标是约束年轻上升山地强烈隆升年代和速率的可靠工具.本文提出的全新研究思路与方法有望在年轻上升山地推广并成为构造地貌学研究的常用手段.     

天山北麓活动背斜区河流阶地与古地震事件

利用航空遥感照片和Google earth卫星影像,对天山北麓独山子活动背斜区奎屯河两侧的河流地貌进行解释,结合野外调查发现,奎屯河流经独山子背斜段发育7级基座阶地,阶地基座为上新统独山子组泥岩,其上部为2.5 ～ 15m厚的砂砾石层和砂质黏土.在开挖或剥离的各级阶地堆积物剖面中采集细粒堆积物样品,实验室中采用细粒石英...     

天祝盆地边缘断层的全新世活动及盆地的演化与形成

根据作者１／５０，０００活断层地质填图的资料，讨论了天祝盆地内断层的全新世活动及盆地的形成与演化历史。结果表明，天祝盆地内断层的全新世活动强烈，上窑洞沟深槽揭示３９８０±５０ａＢ．Ｐ．曾发生过一次古地震事件，天祝盆地是一个典型的拉分盆地，其形成及演化与断裂活动密切相关．     

民乐盆地及其周围地区小震震源参数的研究

本文利用中国和法国合作建立的张掖数字化地震台网记录的小震资料,测定了民乐、肃南、张掖和临泽4个地区的小震震源参数。用P波测定的上述4个地区的应力降为6.1—9.5bar,用S波测定的应力降为26—60bar。在肃南5.7级地震发生前一个月左右,出现应力降减小的现象,这可能是一种前兆信息。本文还对用两种波测定的应力降的差异进行了初步讨论。     

THRUST OF THE SOUTHERN LONGMENSHAN FAULT IN THE LATE QUATERNARY REVEALED BY RIVER LANDFORMS

The Longmenshan fault zone is divided into three sections from south to north in the geometric structure. The middle and northern segments are mainly composed of three thrust faults, where the deformation of foreland is weak. The geometric structure of the southern segment is more complex, which is composed of six fault branches, where the foreland tectonic deformation is very strong. The Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake occurred in the middle of the Longmenshan in 2008, activating the bifurcation of two branches, the Yingxiu-Beichuan and the Guixian-Jiangyou faults. In 2013, the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake occurred in the southern Longmenshan, whose seismogenic structure was considered to be a blind fault. After the Lushan earthquake, the seismic hazard in the southern Longmenshan has been widely concerned. At present, the studies on active tectonics in the southern Longmenshan are limited to the Dachuan-Shuangshi and the Yanjing-Wulong faults. The Qingyi River, which flows across the southern Longmenshan, facilitates to study fault slip by the deformation of river terraces. Based on satellite imagery and high-resolution DEM analysis, we measured the fluvial terraces along the Qingyi river in detail. During the measurement, the Sichuan network GPS system (SCGNSS)was employed to achieve a precision of centimeter grade. Besides, the optical luminescence dating (OSL)method was employed to date the terraces' ages. And the late Quaternary activities of the six branch faults in the southern Longmen Shan were further analyzed. The Gengda-Longdong, Yanjing-Wulong and the Xiao Guanzi faults (west branch of the Dachuan-Shuangshi fault)all show thrust slip and displaced the terrace T₂. Their average vertical slip rates in the late Quaternary are 0.21-0.30mm/a, 0.12-0.21mm/a and 0.10-0.12mm/a, respectively. Since the Late Quaternary, vertical slip of the east branch of the Dachuan-Shuangshi fault was not obvious, and the arc-like Jintang tectonic belt was not active. Crustal shortening rate of the southern Longmenshan thrust fault zone in the late Quaternary is 0.48-0.77mm/a, which equals about half of the middle segment of the Longmenshan. Based on the previous study on the tectonic deformation of the foreland, we consider that the foreland fold belt in the southern Longmenshan area has absorbed more than half of the crustal shortening. The three major branch faults in the southern Longmenshan are active in the late Quaternary, which have risk of major earthquakes.     

龙泉山背斜的地壳缩短与隆升——来自河流阶地变形的证据

位于龙门山逆冲推覆构造带东侧的龙泉山背斜,构成了四川前陆盆地的前陆隆起。通过室内航空相片对凯江跨背斜段的地貌面的解译,结合野外考察可知凯江发育3级阶地,其中T₁、T₂为堆积阶地,T₃为基座阶地。在野外用差分GPS测量了阶地的空间坐标信息,同时采集了各级阶地堆积物的测年样本,并经实验分析约束了阶地的形成年龄。另外,对石油地震剖面解译揭示出龙泉山背斜北段地壳缩短和隆升主要是通过褶皱膝折带迁移机制进行的,滑脱层的深度约6km。利用面积守恒准则计算出龙泉山背斜晚更新世以来的地壳缩短速率约为(1.36±0.41)mm/a、隆升速率为(0.64±0.19)mm/a。通过滑脱层的推覆抬升机制形成的龙泉山背斜,给青藏高原东缘变形模式中的逆断层推覆地壳缩短造山增加了证据。     

滇西北通甸-巍山断裂中段的晚第四纪滑动速率

通甸-巍山断裂属于红河断裂带的分支断裂,目前对该断裂中段的晚第四纪活动特征研究较少。野外地质地貌调查和年代学研究结果表明,通甸-巍山断裂中段是以右旋走滑运动为主,兼有张性正断的全新世活动断裂,其最新活动时代距今约2.2ka。晚更新世中晚期以来断裂中段平均水平滑动速率为1.25mm/a,全新世晚期以来垂直运动趋于增强。该研究不仅为该断裂的地震危险性评价工作提供了基础资料,而且有助于理解川滇菱形块体西南边界构造变形的空间分配特点     

TERRACE DEFORMATION AND SLIP RATES OF THE DONGBIELIEKE FAULT IN WESTERN JUNGGAR BASIN SINCE THE LATE QUATERNARY

Strike-slip fault plays an important role in the process of tectonic deformation since Cenozoic in Asia. The role of strike-slip fault in the process of mountain building and continental deformation has always been an important issue of universal concern to the earth science community. Junggar Basin is located in the hinterland of Central Asia, bordering on the north the Altay region and the Baikal rift system, which are prone to devastating earthquakes, the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Tibet Plateau on the south, and the rigid blocks, such as Erdos, the South China, the North China Plain and Amur, on the east. Affected by the effect of the Indian-Eurasian collision on the south of the basin and at the same time, driven by the southward push of the Mongolian-Siberian plate, the active structures in the periphery of the basin show a relatively strong activity. The main deformation patterns are represented by the large-scale NNW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults dominated by right-lateral shearing, the NNE-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults dominated by left-lateral shearing, and the thrust-nappe structure systems distributed in piedmont of Tianshan in the south of the basin. There are three near-parallel-distributed left-lateral strike-slip faults in the west edge of the basin, from the east to the west, they are:the Daerbute Fault, the Toli Fault and the Dongbielieke Fault. This paper focuses on the Dongbielieke Fault in the western Junggar region. The Dongbielieke Fault is a Holocene active fault, located at the key position of the western Junggar orogenic belt. The total length of the fault is 120km, striking NE. Since the late Quaternary, the continuous activity of the Dongbielieke Fault has caused obvious left-lateral displacement at all geomorphologic units along the fault, and a linear continuous straight steep scarp was formed on the eastern side of the Tacheng Basin. According to the strike and the movement of fault, the fault can be divided into three segments, namely, the north, middle and south segment. In order to obtain a more accurate magnitude of the left-lateral strike-slip displacement and the accumulative left-lateral strike-slip displacement of different geomorphic surfaces, we chose the Ahebiedou River in the southern segment and used the UAV to take three-dimensional photographs to obtain the digital elevation model(the accuracy is 10cm). And on this basis, the amount of left-lateral strike-slip displacement of various geological masses and geomorphic surfaces(lines)since their formation is obtained. The maximum left-lateral displacement of the terrace T₅ is(30.7±2.1)m and the minimum left-lateral displacement is(20.1±1.3)m; the left-lateral displacement of the terrace T₄ is(12±0.9)m, and the left-lateral displacement of the terrace T₂ is(8.7±0.6)m. OSL dating samples from the surface of different level terraces(T₅, T₄, T₂ and T₁)are collected, processed and measured, and the ages of the terraces of various levels are obtained. By measuring the amount of left-lateral displacements since the Late Quaternary of the Dongbielieke Fault and combining the dating results of the various geomorphic surfaces, the displacements and slip rates of the fault on each level of the terraces since the formation of the T₅ terrace are calculated. Using the maximum displacement of(30.7±2.1)m of the T₅ terrace and the age of the geomorphic surface on the west bank of the river, we obtained the slip rate of(0.7±0.11)mm/a; similarly, using the minimum displacement of(20.1±1.3)m and the age of the geomorphic surface of the east bank, we obtained the slip rate of(0.46±0.07)mm/a. T₅ terrace is developed on both banks of the river and on both walls of the fault. After the terraces are offset by faulting, the terraces on foot wall in the left bank of the river are far away from the river, and the erosion basically stops. After that, the river mainly cuts the terraces on the east bank. Therefore, the west bank retains a more accurate displacement of the geomorphic surface(Gold et al., 2009), so the left-lateral slip rate of the T₅ terrace is taken as(0.7±0.11)mm/a. The left-lateral slip rate calculated for T₄ and T₂ terraces is similar, with an average value of(0.91±0.18)mm/a. In the evolution process of river terraces, the lateral erosion of high-level terrace is much larger than that of low-level terrace, so the slip rate of T₄ and T₂ terraces is closer to the true value. The left-lateral slip rate of the Dongbielieke Fault since the late Quaternary is(0.91±0.18)m/a. Compared with the GPS slip rate in the western Junggar area, it is considered that the NE-trending strike-slip motion in this area is dominated by the Dongbielieke Fault, which absorbs a large amount of residual deformation while maintaining a relatively high left-lateral slip rate.     

阿尔金北缘断裂雁丹图、长草沟河流阶地与构造抬升

宽谷及宽谷阶地的形成与流域内的构造抬升活动密切相关。文中在考察阿尔金北缘断裂东段雁丹图与长草沟宽谷的基础上 ,结合古气候资料 ,探讨了晚更新世晚期以来两地河流阶地所反映的构造抬升。雁丹图自约 16 1kaBP以来发育了 3级堆积阶地 (T1,T2 与T3) ,并出露埋藏主要宽谷。 3级阶地面年龄分别约为 16 1ka ,12 8ka ,6 2ka ,反映了 3次构造抬升的存在 ,代表了 3次构造抬升发生的时间。雁丹图自约 16 1kaBP以来的构造抬升速率约为 4 8～ 4 5mm/a ;12 8～ 6 2kaBP间的抬升速率约 6 4mm/a ;6 2kaBP以来为 3 1mm/a。长草沟在 7kaBP以来有 4级阶地发育 (T3,T2 ,T′1与T1) ,均为堆积阶地 ,并出露埋藏宽谷。其中T3与T2 出露埋藏主要宽谷 ,T′1与T1出露埋藏次要宽谷。T3,T2与T′13级阶地的阶地面年龄分别约为 7ka ,3ka,2 5ka。 4级阶地反映 2次构造抬升 ,一次在约 7kaBP ,一次在 3kaBP左右。自 7 0kaBP以来长草沟的抬升速率约为 5 9mm/a ,在 7～ 3     

祁连山西段酒西盆地区阶地构造变形的研究

对祁连山西段酒西盆地晚第四纪阶地的研究表明,该区早第四纪以挤压褶皱、逆冲为特征的构造变形在晚更新世期间乃至全新世仍继承性地进行着,表现为横穿褶皱和逆断裂带的河流及冲沟阶地面的形成、阶地类型的转变、阶地级数的增多和阶地面被断错或发生拱曲变形．其中祁连山北缘大断裂晚更新世晚期以来的垂直运动速率约为１．９２～２．００ｍｍ／ａ．老君庙背斜逆断裂带在晚更新世初以来的垂直运动速率约为１．１５～２．５６ｍｍ／ａ．白杨河背斜逆断裂带晚更新世初以来的垂直运动速率约为０．３２～０．５８ｍｍ／ａ．