地震前兆观测资料的分形处理方法

本文从自仿射分形的角度探讨地震兆汾观测资料的分形处理方法。在对自仿射分形的分维量测方法进行对比分析的基础上，给出了处理地震前兆观测资料较为适用的分形方法和满足计算需要的样本点数，从对部分水氡和地电阻率资料进行了处理分析中，得到了有益的启示：地震前兆时序观测资料可用分形方法处理分析，分维值可反映观测资料的结构变化特征，其作为一个无量纲量为综合对比分析各类前兆现象，探讨地震前兆场的复杂性特征提供了有效     

GPS观测得到的大地震前兆地壳形变震例

综合介绍2008年汶川大地震以来,GPS观测得到的国内外10多次6—9级,不同构造、不同类型的大地震前兆地壳形变震例:2008年汶川8级大地震、2011年东日本9级巨震、2013年芦山7级,直至2020年6月墨西哥7.4级地震和7月美国阿拉斯加州以南海域7.8级地震等。利用GPS连续观测站区域参考框架水平位移时间序列和水平位移场,特别是水平位移向量时间序列的研究证明,同震水平位移是研究地震前兆形变存在的关键;利用垂直位移和水平位移向量时间序列、同震垂直位移及同震水平位移向量的分解,揭示地震弹性回跳真实方式;提出了符合GPS观测和岩石破裂试验结果的地震压-剪弹性回跳模型;根据已有震例,提出预报不同震级地震的可能性和监测临震前兆形变的GNSS站布设设想。      

Comprehensive Approaches to Earthquake Prediction

There may be various anomalies from fields of multi-discipline before large earthquakes, including seismological anomalies and the anomalous changes in crustal deformation, underground fluids, geochemistry, geomagnetic fields, ground resistivity, etc. Precursors of a single discipline only reflect the process of earthquake preparation from one aspect. Only when various precursors from multi-disciplined fields are put into a unified process of earthquake preparation can the process be understood and identified comprehensively. The comprehensive methods used in earthquake prediction are outlined in this paper. The relationship that the forthcoming main shock bears with the precursory features such as the time-space distribution, the order of the precursors, etc. is analyzed. Research shows that a few of the main shocks can be predicted with the comprehensive methods to some extent.     

The chaotic attractor of the precursory field of the seimogenic system and its fractal dimension

In this paper we outlined the chaotic attractor of the precursory field evolution of the seismogenic system and its fractal dimension of the precursory time and space distribution. We developed the calculative method of reconstruction complex system dynamics from single time series and analysed the descent dimension phenomena of the precursory distribution before large earthquakes. We also showed the time-space synthesis method constructed complex system dynamics by many stations or many methodes in the seismogenic system consists of large area tectonic network. This method can describe the self-organization behavior of the system more accurately and get rid of the uncertainty and randomness caused by single station or single method. As an example, we calculated the chaotic attractor of the precursory field evolution and the fractal dimension of the precursory time and space distribution and its change tendencies before large earthquakes in Beijing-Tianjing area. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 463–469, 1993.     

地下水位地震短临预报前兆标志体系研究

建立地下水位地震短临预报前兆标志体系的主要依据是：从以往的震例中总结、统计出的多种异常特征参量与地震三要素之间的定量关系。判定震级的异常标志有：异常分布范围、异常时空转换、异常数量、异常形态异常时间和异常幅度；判定发震时间的异常标志有：异常开始和转折时间、异常数量、异常形态异常时空转换和异常速率；判定发震地点的异常标志有：异常空间分布图象、异常数量     

地磁前兆异常的动态从属函数

地震前兆涉及到多种地球物理观测方法,且计量单位各不相同,因此,各类前兆异常之间无法进行直接的定量对比,这给地震预报研究带来了困难.应用异常从属函数值（无量纲量）可统一规划不同性质、不同计量单位的地震前兆异常.本文通过研究地磁资料从属函数,发现1995年9月20日山东苍山Ms5.2级地震前有明显的前兆异常.增强了对地震前兆异常的识别能力,文中提出该方法在地磁场研究中应注意的问题.     

小波变换在前兆观测资料分析中的应用

由于数字化前兆具有高精度特点，因此，如何分离数字化前兆中的高频与低频信息，以及如何识别地震前兆的趋势异常与短期异常，是数字化前兆资料分析应用中的一个重要问题。本文给出了小波变换应用于正常的数字化前兆资料高频与低频信息的分离方法，并实际应用于地震前兆观测资料的处理，结合实例给出了地震前兆的趋势异常与短期异常的识别思路，从而为数字化前兆的趋势异常与短期异常的识别提供了一种新的有效方法。     

中国大陆强震前兆时空分布的大尺度特征初探

依据对中国大陆一些强震(M_s≥7.0)震例前兆异常的分析,初步阐述了中国大陆强震前兆时空分布的大尺度特征:①强震的前兆场及震后的影响场是广阔的;②有些前兆异常的时间较长,可能与几个强震有关,持续十几年。     

常熟地震（Ms5.1）的前兆分布及其力学联系

本文分析讨论了１９９０年２月１０日常熟ＭＳ５．１地震前地电阻率、短水准、地应力、地倾斜、地下水等前兆异常现象的力学联系；建立了北西向压扭性断裂前兆分区模型，反映在不同区域里各种前兆均有其一定的表现特征，说明以力学联系为纽带，前兆异常时间与空间分布的咱应性是地震中期预测的一项重要指标，同时表明综合分析识别异常的必要性。     

Regression analysis of reported earthquake precursors. I. Presentation of data

Around 700 reported precursors of about 350 earthquakes, including the negative observations, have been compiled in 11 categories with 31 subdivisions. The data base is subjected to an initial sorting and screening by imposing three restrictions on the ranges of main shock magnitude (M≥4.0), precursory time (t≤20 years), and the epicentral distance of observation points (X _m≤4.10^0.3M ). Of the 31 subcategories of precursory phenomena, 18 with 9 data points or more are independently studied by regressing their precursory times against magnitude. The preliminary results tend to classify the precursors into three groups:

1. The precursors which show weak or no correlation between time and the magnitude of the eventual main shock. Examples of this group are foreshocks and precursory tilt.
2. The precursors which show clear scaling with magnitude. These include seismic velocity ratio (V _p/V_s), travel time delay, duration of seismic quiescence, and, to some degree, the variation ofb-value, and anomalous seismicity.
3. The precursors which display clustering of precursory times around a mean value, which differs for different precursors from a few hours to a few years. Examples include the conductivity rate, geoelectric current and potential, strain, water well level, geochemical anomalies, change of focal mechanism, and the enhancement of seismicity reported only for larger earthquakes. Some of the precursors in this category, such as leveling changes and the occurrence of microseismicity, show bimodal patterns of precursory times and may partially be coseismic.

In addition, each category with a sufficient number of reported estimates of distance and signal amplitude is subjected to multiple linear regression. The usefulness of these regressions at this stage appears to be limited to specifying which of the parameters shows a more significant correlation. Standard deviations of residuals of precursory time against magnitude are generally reduced when observation distance enters as a second independent variable. The effect is more pronounced for water well level and conductivity rate changes. While a substantial portion of the data seem to suffer from personal bias, hence should be regarded as noise, the observations of a number of strain sensitive phenomena such as strain, water well level, and conductivity rate changes, appear to be internally more consistent. For instance, their precursory times suggest a scaling relationship with the strain energy surface density associated with the main shock. The scaling is not identical for all three phenomena so that they may constitute the imminent, short- and intermediate-term manifestation of the same process, i.e. strain loading, respectively.     

Two categories of earthquake precursors,physical and tectonic,and their roles in intermediate-term earthquake prediction

I suggest that earthquake precursors can be divided into two major categories, physical and tectonic. I define physical precursor to be a direct or indirect indication of initiation or progression of an irreversible rupture-generating physical process within the preparation zone of a forthcoming earthquake. Tectonic precursor is defined as a manifestation of tectonic movement which takes place outside the preparation zone of an impending earthquake as a link in a chain of particular local tectonism in each individual area preceding the earthquake.Most intermediate-term, short-term and immediate precursors of various disciplines within the source regions of main shocks are considered physical ones. Some precursory crustal deformations around the source regions are, however, possibly tectonic precursors, because they may be caused by episodic plate motions or resultant block movements in the neighboring regions of the fault segments that will break. A possible example of this phenomena is the anomalous crustal uplift in the Izu Peninsula, Japan, before the 1978 Izu-Oshima earthquake ofM _s 6.8. Some precursory changes in seismicity patterns in wide areas surrounding source regions also seem to be tectonic precursors, because they were probably caused by the particular tectonic setting of each region. A typical example is a so-called doughnut pattern before the 1923 Kanto, Japan, earthquake ofM _s 8.2.Although most studies on earthquake precursors so far seem to regard implicitly all precursory phenomena observed as physical ones, the two categories should be distinguished carefully when statistical analysis or physical modeling is carried out based on reported precursory phenomena. In active plate boundary zones, where a practical strategy for earthquake prediction may well be different from that in intraplate regions, tectonic precursors can be powerful additional tools for intermediate-term earthquake prediction.     

Information characteristics of ground fluid precursors of strong continental earthquakes

IntroductionGroundfluid,includingwatef,gasandoilandsoforthexistsintheinterspaceinrock.Itisdirectlyrelatedtotheearthquakepreparationandoccurrenceprocessandgeologicallystructuralactivity.Thestudyinwhichtheanomalousvariationofgroundfluidistakenaseventpr...     

由含断层岩石非均匀性产生的地震前兆的数值模拟研究

使用新开发岩石破裂过程分析软件(RFPA2D)，通过一系列模型实验，研究岩石中预制断层面几何特征和力学非均匀性对地震前兆产生的影响。模型使用5个具有不同均质度的岩石样本进行数值模拟研究。数值模拟结果表明，不同均质度岩石破坏在地壳中会产生不同的地震前兆现象。在一些区域，可以观测到明显的前兆，而在另一些地区却很难观测到明显的前兆现象。模拟结果与实验观测和自然界实际观测结果由很好的一致性。     

现行无量纲地震前兆信息分析方法的研究

研究了现行无量纲地震前兆信息的提取和表示方法：归一化、相对变化量、比值、从属函数、相关系数和斜率等方法。详细地讨论了无量震前兆参数的地震前兆特性及其年变化、日变化、随机变化和趋势性变化的形态特征。     

地震前兆检验的地球动力学问题对地震预测问题争论的评述(之三)

地震前兆的效能检验问题既是地震预测研究中的一个基本问题，也是近年来围绕地震预测问题的一个争论焦点。传统的地震预测研究中关于地震前兆机理的一个基本假定，即地震前兆来自地震孕育过程中应力场的某种变化，与传统的地震前兆检验方案，即针对“异常”信息统计与地震之间的“对应”情况，并进行统计显著性检验，存在一个内在的逻辑矛盾。地震前兆的检验不是一个简单的统计问题，而是一个地球动力学问题，不考虑地球动力学的地震前兆检验是没有意义的，由此得到的检验结果则可能对相关研究造成误导。     

模糊分维及其在地震研究中的某些应用

在模糊集理论与分形理论的基础上,引进了模糊分维的概念;给出了模湖容量维D₀与模糊关联维D₂的定义与确定方法;讨论了模糊分维与常用的分维（清晰分维）的关系.给出了模糊分维在地震研究中的应用结果: 1.根据模糊容量维D₀随时间的上升趋势变化,可以划分出大地震活动的高潮期;由模糊容量维D₀与模糊关联维D₂随时间变化的曲线,可以分析识别大地震前的中长期前兆异常. 2.根据模糊容量维D₀随空间和时间的变化,可以划分出未来大震所在的地区,并可发现大震前数年D₀呈现增大或减小的趋势. 3.根据前兆数据的模糊时间分维D₀随时间的变化,可以发现大地震的短期前兆异常.     

中短期强震危险地点的跟踪预测

系统研究强震前活动及各种前兆空间上的演化特性，提出确定危险区，危险地段，危险地点的基本原则，顾及地质背景及前兆的时序特点，提出用累积危险度跟踪预测强震危险地点的方法，并在对唐山地震及大同地震的验证中收到预期的效果，累积危险度的高值葬，是未来强震发生的地点。     

一种评估地震前兆可信度的方法

本文提出了一种可以对地震前兆的可信度进行评估的方法. 通过对前兆信息的抽取、各类非地震干扰的识别、前兆与地震事件在时间和空间的相关性分析以及前兆的随机检验等一系列手段来评估前兆信息的真伪,提高地震前兆信息的显著性和可信度. 该方法及思路也可为其他非地震前兆的可信度评估所借鉴. 作为一个具体的例子,本文利用日本气象厅的地震目录以及能定量描述地震活动的时、空、强信息演化特征的RTL(Region_Time_Length)方法对2000年10月6日在日本鸟取县西部发生的73级地震前周围地区近26年的地震活动进行了系统的研究,得到了可能的地震活动前兆信息,并采用本文提出的方法对该前兆进行了评估,证实了上述前兆的显著性和可信性.     

小波分析在GPS位移时间序列特征中的应用

使用福建GPS台网2004年3月—2008年10月的连续观测资料,对各基准地震站原始数据进行处理,得到位移时间序列,进行初步分析。在此基础上,采用小波分析方法提取时间序列的时频特征,从而得到非线性变化信息,为GPS在大地震前获取前兆资料提供探索方向,进而通过对位移时间序列异常变化与区域地壳运动关系的研究,探讨两者间的内在联系。     

模糊数学方法在分析日本东海地区地震前兆中的应用

本文把模糊模式识别的直接方法用于检测日本东海地区地震活动性、体积应变、地下水位、地下水氡含量、地倾斜和潮位中的前兆变化。此方法可消除诸如降雨和气温变化等干扰,使我们能更清晰地识别出地震前兆。此外,还把模糊相似方法和模糊聚类方法应用于识别地震空区及检验地震活动随时间变化的相似性。上述方法在日本其他地区同样有效,即将编入日本气象研究所板内地震预报计划中的计算机系统内。