西藏色齐拉山地区立体气候特征初步分析

利用西藏色齐拉山地区不同海拔高度的8个自动站和3个实测气象站1年的近地面观测资料,分析了该地区气温、地温、降水量、湿度和风速等气象要素的季节变化特征,探讨了东、西坡局地气候特征差异形成的原因。结果表明:色齐拉山地区1月为最冷月、7月为最暖月;月平均最高气温、最低气温与平均气温的季节变化一致。气温日较差大年较差小。年平均气温直减率东、西坡分别为0.54℃/100m和0.73℃/100m,西坡大于东坡。地气温差冬季西坡大于东坡,夏季东坡大于西坡。年、月平均地温直减率西坡仍大于东坡;东坡除夏季7、8月份外,地温直减率小于气温直减率;西坡除冬季(12月和1月),地温直减率大于气温直减率。降水量东坡比西坡多,海拔2500m以上地区4~10月降水总量随着海拔高度的升高呈增加趋势,增加率为20.9mm/100m。空气相对湿度冬季低夏季高,年变化呈单峰型。东、西坡冬季风速较强夏季相对较弱,初春风速最大。东、西坡气候差异与海拔高度、坡向、下垫面性质有关。      

近45年乌鞘岭及其东、西坡气温变化特征和对比分析

利用1961-2005年河西走廊东部乌鞘岭及其东坡永登和西坡古浪的气温资料,采用统计学的方法对比分析了乌鞘岭及其东坡永登和西坡古浪气温变化特征。结果表明,乌鞘岭、永登、古浪年平均气温呈上升趋势,线性上升率分别为0.27,0.04和0.36℃.(10a)-1,1990年代以来气温上升尤为明显。从平均气温、最高气温、最低气温变化来看,冬季增温大于其它3个季节,冬季低温日数减少的幅度比夏季高温日数增加的幅度更大,因此冬季增温对气温的升高贡献最大。同时发现,乌鞘岭及其东、西坡气温的升高可能是对全球气候变暖的响应,与人类活动和城市热岛效应的关系可能不大。     

四明山区域气温的垂直变化特征分析

为分析气温随海拔高度的分布规律,在四明山区域不同海拔高度代表性地段设置5个气象站,经连续8a对比观测,得出如下结果:1)四明山区域年平均气温随海拔高度增加呈明显下降趋势,直减率为0.51℃/100 m;夏季直减率最大,春季和秋季直减率较大,冬季直减率最小。2)四明山区域平均气温直减率日变化呈单峰型分布,最大直减率出现在下午17时,最小直减率出现在早晨5—6时,直减率变化上升速率较下降速率快。3)四明山区域平均最高气温、平均最低气温均随海拔高度的变化趋势与平均气温相似,但平均最高气温直减率较平均气温大,平均最低气温直减率较平均气温小。4)日平均气温≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃的积温变化趋势相似,均随着海拔的升高变化十分明显,且成二次曲线性下降显著。     

云南地区季降水量和气温的潜在可预报性分析

利用云南地区42年气候资料,使用低频白噪声延伸法和方差分析方法,估计了该地区季节降水量和季节气温的气候噪声方差和潜在可预报性。分析结果表明：（1）云南季降水量的气候噪声方差随着季节降水量的增加而增加,空间上主要是由南往北减小,夏季降水量的气候噪声方差显著大于其他季节,季气温的气候噪声方差则随着季节气温的减小而增加,空间上春、冬季由东往西减小而夏、秋季由南往北增加;冬季气温的气候噪声方差显著大于其他季节;（2）云南季降水量和季气温的潜在可预报性同样具有显著的季节变化和空间变化,云南春季的降水量和气温的潜在可预报性均显著大于其他季节,夏季降水量和气温的潜在可预报性均较其他三个季节小;春、秋季降水量潜在可预报性西部大于东部,夏季北部大于南部,冬季则是南部大于北部,云南季气温除夏季外均是西部大于东部。（3）季风和冷空气活动可能对云南地区的季降水量和气温的潜在可预报性有重要影响。     

梵净山对局地气候的影响分析

利用梵净山周围6个基本气象站1971--2010年气温、降水、相对湿度和梵净山自然风景区部分区域自动气象站2005--2010年气温、降水等气候平均资料,就梵净山脉对局地气候的影响进行初步分析研究,结果表明：梵净山东、西坡气候差异与海拔高度、坡向有关,高大的山脉造成它的东西两侧丘陵地的气温和降水的差别较大,形成不同的气候类型,东南坡多雨,冬温低而夏季炎热,西北坡少雨,冬温高而夏季炎热;梵净山的降水随高度增加,其最大降水量对应高度在1700m左右;气温随地势增高而降低,年平均气温的垂直递减率为0．50—0．56℃／100m;梵净山脉对东北方入侵贵州的冷空气的阻挡作用,可使梵净山东西两侧温差达4℃以上,西侧降温具有明显的滞后效应,滞后时间达8h以上。     

藏东南色季拉山气温和降水垂直梯度变化

色季拉山气温和降水垂直梯度变化规律的研究能更好的了解色季拉山动植物分布随高度变化的生理生态特点,也为未来此区域流域水文模拟提供可靠的数据支持.根据色季拉山11个气象站2013-2018年逐日的平均气温和降水量(4-10月)数据,分析了色季拉山及其西坡和东坡的气温和降水量与海拔的关系.结果表明:(1)色季拉山、西坡和东坡...     

青藏铁路沿线地面气温和地温的年际变化趋势及与地形的关系

利用青藏铁路沿线常规气象观测站自建站至2002年月平均地面气温和地表温度，通过插补建立了1960-2002年青藏铁路沿线各站各季及年平均温度资料完整的序列。分析表明，青藏铁路沿线温度近40年来的变化是明显的，升温最显著的是冬季、秋季，升温率分别达到0．41℃／10a和0．40℃／10a，春季升温率只有0．23℃／10a。年平均气温和地温的升温率分别为0．33℃／10a和0．37℃／10a，地温的升高比气温要快。升温率与海拔高度呈负相关，其相关系数为-0．807。升温率随海拔高度的升高而减小。盆地升温率比高山大。铁路沿线地温与气温变化间的相关系数达0．767。在相对冷期，气温的波动幅度大于地温；在相对暖期，地温的升高明显比气温快。     

西南地区东部大官山温湿梯度变化特征分析

采用西南地区巫溪大官山同一坡面10个不同海拔高度梯度观测站2019~2020年逐小时温湿观测资料,分析了气温、气温直减率、日较差和相对湿度的梯度变化特征。结果表明:观测期间,气温随海拔升高而降低,海拔2000 m以上区域秋、冬季常出现逆温或同温现象;年平均气温递减率为0.57℃/100 m,最大值出现在3月和9月,分别为0.63℃/100 m和0.62℃/100 m,2月最低为0.49℃/100 m;日较差总体随海拔升高而减小,但在海拔1065~1222 m,出现了日较差随海拔升高而快速下降的突变区;年、春季在海拔1222~2180 m,秋季在海拔1222~2550 m,出现了日较差相对稳定层,其它季节不太明显。在海拔1670 m以下区域,年相对湿度为78.5%,夏季最大（85.3%）,秋季次之（82%）,冬季再次（74.3%）,春季最低（72.3%）;随着海拔升高云雾出现频率增大,年和各季相对湿度均随之增大;海拔1670~1930 m为突变区间,相对湿度迅速增加,在海拔1930~2550 m,年、春、夏、秋季处于云中的时间较多,相对湿度变化不大;冬季由于云层低,海拔较高的区域常处于云的上方,相对湿度随海拔升高反而有所减小。      

福建黄岗山东南坡气温的垂直变化

利用HOBOOnset自动温度记录仪于 2 0 0 1年 11月～ 2 0 0 2年 11月对福建黄岗山东南坡 7个地点的气温 ,间隔15min进行了连续观测。结果显示 :黄岗山年平均气温直减率为 0 .4 3℃ / 10 0m ;不同月份的直减率有差异 ,一般来说 ,冬季小 ,夏季大 ,其中 12月最小 (0 .2 6℃ / 10 0m) ,9月最大 (0 .5 6℃ / 10 0m)。平均最高气温沿海拔高度变化并非呈线性关系 ,表现为中海拔 (16 0 0m )数值最低 ,而平均最低气温沿海拔高度呈明显线性关系 ,直减率为0 .5 4℃ / 10 0m。最高温度沿海拔高度变化不明显。月平均的日较差沿着海拔高度变化呈“U”字形 ,中海拔月平均日较差值最低。日平均气温≥ 0℃ ,≥ 5℃和≥ 10℃的积温沿海拔高度呈线性关系 ,直减率几乎相同。≥ 10℃积温从低海拔至高海拔相差约 2 0 0 0℃ ,海拔每升高 10 0m稳定初日至终日 ,积温日期间隔平均减少 7d左右。     

库尔勒气象站迁站前后气象要素特征及成因分析

利用2016-2018年库尔勒气象站迁站前后基本气象要素的观测资料进行对比分析,结果显示：(1)平均气温、平均最低气温年、月值均是新站低于旧站,年值分别低2.1℃和4.1℃,年平均最高气温持平；春季气温差值变化相对较小,夏、秋、冬季气温差值变化相对偏大。(2)各月相对湿度新站大于旧站,各季相对湿度差值夏季最大,年平均相对湿度新站比旧站高11%。(3)平均气压新站高于旧站,年平均气压差值为3.2pha。各季差值冬季最大,(4)平均风速新站比旧站偏大0.1m/s,春季、夏季风速大于其他季节；最大风速新站比旧站偏大1.3-6.2m/s；主导风向由ENE转为E。(5)年平均气温、最低气温、平均湿度和年平均气压,迁站前后资料有显著差异,年平均最高气温、平均风速无显著差异。(6)测站周围环境、海拔高度、下垫面、地形等因素是造成新旧站气象要素差异的主要原因。     

中国地区云对太阳短波辐射吸收的研究

根据两种不同的方法（即直接法和斜率法）,对中国大陆地区有关云的异常吸收问题进行了初步的探讨,研究表明:我国大陆地区云辐射强迫比小于1.2;云对短波辐射的吸收西部要比东部小,但季节变化较东部略大;在青藏高原地区,文中得到的云辐射强迫比约为1.13。     

春夏季节转换中西太平洋副热带高压东移与大尺度环流和温度场变化关系

分析了由春向夏的季节转换过程中西太平洋副热带高压与大尺度环流和温度场之间的变化关系.结果表明:4月份,西太平洋副热带高压开始表现出向东移动特征,6月份它与向西移动的北美副高在东太平洋120～160 (W区域合并.这一期间,沿15～20 (N之间的纬圈环流同时表现出向东移动特征,该纬圈环流的上升支位于南海-西太平洋暖池一带,下沉支主要位于东太平洋180 (～120 (W区域.伴随上述变化,位于北半球太平洋的局地Hadley环流在纬向随时间表现出东强西弱变化特点.西太平洋副高向东移动与15～20 (N之间的纬圈环流和130 (W东太平洋局地Hadley环流在15～25 (N上空交汇、下沉密切相关.在由春向夏季节转换中,大气和海表温度关于赤道季节转换速率沿纬向表现出东慢西快差异,上述变化为西太平洋副热带高压的向东移动提供了有利的气候背景.     

Winter precipitation isotope slopes of the contiguous USA and their relationship to the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern

This study compares the synoptic-dynamic relationship between two phases of the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern and winter precipitation isotopes at 73 sites across the contiguous USA. We use the spatial pattern of isotope slope—the rate of changes in precipitation isotope ratios with distance—to identify features in the seasonal precipitation isotope fields related to climatic patterns, PNA positive and PNA negative. Our results show relationships between zones of high isotope slopes and the spatial position of the polar jet stream and juxtaposition of air masses associated with the PNA pattern. During a positive PNA winter, zones of high isotope slope in the eastern USA shift southward. This change is coincident with a southward displacement of the polar jet stream in this region, which leads to a greater frequency of polar air masses and ¹⁸O-depleted isotope values of precipitation in the region. In the western USA, zones of high slope shift eastward during the positive PNA winter, associated with more frequent penetration of tropical air masses that bring ¹⁸O-enriched precipitation to the region. Differences in δ¹⁸O/temperature relationships between the PNA-positive and -negative winters and contrasting δ¹⁸O/temperature behaviors in the eastern and western USA provide support for the role of variation in moisture source and transport as a control on the isotopic patterns. These findings highlight the importance of synoptic climate driven by PNA pattern in determining the spatial patterns of precipitation isotopes and provide constraints on paleo-water isotope interpretation and modern isotope hydrological processes.     

秦巴谷地夏季降水的时空特征分析

利用安康和汉中地区21个测站1963—2012年逐日降水和气温资料以及统计诊断方法,分析了秦巴谷地年均气温和降水以及季节降水的时空变化特征,结果表明:秦巴谷地的年均气温呈明显线性增暖趋势,而年降水量的线性变化趋势不明显;在降水量较为集中的春夏秋3季中,春秋季降水量呈减小的趋势,而夏季的降水量却呈增多的趋势,尤其是近10年来降水量增多趋势明显。利用REOF方法将秦巴谷地夏季降水量分解为3个主要空间模态,即西部、东部和中部型,其中西部型和东部型是秦巴谷地夏季降水分布最敏感的区域类型。对秦巴山区2010年7月17—18日一次典型强降水天气过程的分析表明,西部型和东部型可能是秦巴地区的主要典型降雨型,对于秦巴地区降水规律认识和天气预报及防灾减灾有着重要意义。     

Summertime atmospheric teleconnection pattern associated with a warming over the eastern Tibetan Plateau

By using a surface air temperature index (SATI) averaged over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), investigation is conducted on the short-term climate variation associated with the interannual air warming (or cooling) over the TP in each summer month. Evidence suggests that the SATI is associated with a consistent teleconnection pattern extending from the TP to central-western Asia and southeastern Europe. Associated rainfall changes include, for a warming case, a drought in northern India in May and June, and a stronger mei-yu front in June. The latter is due to an intensified upper-level northeasterly in eastern China and a wetter and warmer condition over the eastern TP. In the East Asian regions, the time-space distributions of the correlation patterns between SATI and rainfall are more complex and exhibit large differences from month to month. Some studies have revealed a close relationship between the anomalous heating over the TP and the rainfall anomaly along the Yangtze River valley appearing in the summer on a seasonal mean time-scale, whereas in the present study, this relationship only appears in June and the signal's significance becomes weaker after the long-term trend in the data was excluded. Close correlations between SATI and the convection activity and SST also occur in the western Pacific in July and August: A zonally-elongated warm tone in the SST in the northwestern Pacific seems to be a passive response of the associated circulation related to a warm SATI. The SATI-associated teleconnection pattern provides a scenario consistently linking the broad summer rainfall anomalies in Europe, central-western Asia, India, and East Asia.     

On the seasonal sea surface temperature variations in the tropical Pacific

Summary In this paper, we investigated physical processes that control the seasonal variations of sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific, using an intermediate ocean model. It is found that the westward propagation of sea surface temperature along the equator is attributed to dynamic response of the ocean to the wind (that consists of 3-dimensional temperature advection), whereas the northward propagation of sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific results from the thermodynamic response of the ocean to the surface heat flux, primarily shortwave radiation that includes the effect of low-level stratus clouds. The remote response of the eastern Pacific sea surface temperature to seasonally varying wind in the western Pacific is of secondary importance, compared to the local wind forcing. The results suggest that the mechanism that controls the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature is different from that associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation.With 9 Figures     

Present and future surface climate in the western USA as simulated by 15 global climate models

We analyze results of 15 global climate simulations contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Focusing on the western USA, we consider both present climate simulations and predicted responses to increasing atmospheric CO₂. The models vary in their ability to predict the present climate. In the western USA, a few models produce a seasonal cycle for spatially averaged temperature and/or precipitation in good agreement with observational data. Other models tend to over-predict precipitation in the winter or exaggerate the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of temperature. The models also differ in their ability to reproduce the spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation in the USA. Considering the monthly mean precipitation responses to doubled atmospheric CO₂, averaged over the western USA, we find some models predict increases while others predict decreases. The predicted temperature response, on the other hand, is invariably positive over this region; however, for each month, the range of values given by the different models is large compared to the mean model response. We look for possible relationships between the models temperature and precipitation responses to doubled CO₂ concentration and their ability to simulate some aspects of the present climate. We find that these relationships are weak, at best. The precipitation response over the western USA in DJF and the precipitation response over the mid- and tropical latitudes seem to be correlated with the RMS error in simulated present-day precipitation, also calculated over the mid- and tropical latitudes. However, considering only the responses of the models with the smallest RMS errors does not provide a different estimate of the precipitation response to a doubled CO₂ concentration, because even among the most accurate models, the range of model responses is so large. For temperature, we find that models that have smaller RMS errors in present-climate temperature in the north eastern Pacific region predict a higher temperature response in the western USA than the models with larger errors. A similar relation exists between the temperature response over Europe in DJF and the RMS error calculated over the Northern Atlantic.