Changing Connectivities of Chinese Cities in the World City Network,2010–2016

Against the backdrop of the sizable economic growth of China in recent years, this paper uses the most recent data gathering of the Globalization and World Cities(Ga WC) research network to update and supplement earlier research on the shifting global connectivity of Chinese cities. The update consists of an evaluation of the connectivity of Chinese cities in 2016, the supplement of an analysis of the changing position of Chinese cities in the world city network between 2010 and 2016. To this end, we build on a specification of the world city network as an ‘interlocking network' in which producer services firms play the crucial role in city network formation. Information about the presence of leading producer services firms in cities in 2010 and 2016 is used as the input to a bipartite network projection algorithm in order to measure cities' network connectivity. The first set of results discusses the geographies of urban connectivity in the world city network in 2016. The second set of results discusses standardized measures of change to reveal the major dimensions of the transformations between 2010 and 2016. We find that, with the exception of Hong Kong, Macau and Kaohsiung of Taiwan, all Chinese cities record connectivity gains. This wholesale rise in connectivity is nonetheless geographically uneven, with above all Beijing, Chengdu/Chongqing and Changsha/Wuhan becoming more connected. We conclude that the wholesale rise of Chinese cities in the world city network and their changing trajectories in the post-crisis era are embedded in shifting external and internal political economies.     

An empirical study on Chinese city network pattern based on producer services

Globalization and informatization have accelerated city networking process over the world, which makes research on city network a hot topic in the fields of urban geography and economic geography. With Chinese economic structure adjustment and city economic growth, producer services have begun to play an increasingly important role in city-region networking. This paper employs the methodology of world city network to analyze and explain the spatial development characteristics of China’s urban network system based on the data of nationwide producer services enterprise network. The research result indicated that the distribution of producer services network has a positive effect on the development of Chinese city networks. City network connectivity is closely related to the significance of city in producer services development, and the former will gradually decline with the drop of the latter. Accordingly, the 64 cities can be divided into the national central cities, regional central cities, sub-regional central cities and local central cities in accordance with their position and role in the nationwide producer services network. It is concluded that high-grade cities with quality producer services dominate the pattern of Chinese city networks and there emerges three spatial agglomerations of producer services enterprises in Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta, Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Economical Region. Moreover, the distribution of different producer services industry varies from city to city, which also affects the characteristics of network development.     

网络地理信息服务中用户空间访问聚集行为研究

研究网络地理信息服务用户的访问行为,有利于了解用户地理信息兴趣、实现按需服务.本文基于全空间信息系统建模的理论,构建用户-访问城市关系网络,研究用户访问的空间聚集性.顾及到关系网络中行为关系强度的表达需要同时考虑用户访问行为、城市关联关系和城市结构,仅用单一的用户访问行为数据会存在偏差,本文提出了基于矩阵分解的数据融合...     

City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China: Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers

City networks have been a critical topic in the fields of urban geography and regional economics. Numerous studies have explored city networks, focusing mainly on infrastructure and industrial networks. Unlike traditional urban network of which the major measuring indexes are population sizes and entity industries, online commodity service networks could reflect well the influencing of emerging economies, especially the Internet economy, on city networks. This study analyzes and reveals structural features of China’s city networks through online commodity services, providing the internet economic approach on city networks. Results indicate that the core cities of online commodity service networks are mainly concentrated in eastern coastal areas. In addition, spatial polarization and layer structure of network connections are obvious, descending from the centers in eastern China to peripheral cities in central and western China. Online commodity services of different cities show apparent differences and uncertainties in terms of specialization rates of international connection, which presents a tendency toward diversification. Online commodity service networks are not only associated with goods production, supply, and consumption in physical space but also reflect virtual information, capital, and technology flows, thus providing a new empirical approach for understanding city networks in information and internet economic age.     

Comprehensiveness and Locality: Website Marketing of World City Governments in the Era of Globalisation

In the era of the Internet and globalisation, more and more international academics focus their attention on how city governments compete for talent, capital, and technology through website marketing to promote their economy and global status. However, 1) present research generally overlooks the importance of different types of elements in different marketing themes, 2) the combinations of marketing themes are still unknown, and 3) the presumption that the emphasised elements and specific combination of marketing themes on official websites differentiates cities requires more cases to be understood. In light of this background, this study collects homepage elements of 49 Alpha world cities' official websites and quantitatively analyses the frequency of different types of elements, the marketing content themes, and the dissimilarity of content of Chinese Alpha world cities. The results indicate that comprehensiveness and locality appear in the process of city marketing throughout official city websites. Overall, we make the following conclusions. 1) The importance of different kinds of elements significantly differs between 49 Alpha world cities. 2) Based on various combinations of elements, the marketing contents of Alpha world cities through official websites can be categorised into six themes of history and culture, government and information, construction and environment, government and living, construction and living, and general compound. 3) The marketing elements of five Chinese Alpha world cities, including Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Taipei and Guangzhou, are different than the other 44 Alpha world cities, and Chinese cities prefer to advertise their history and culture but rarely market citizens' activities. Moreover, Chinese cities' marketing mostly targets natives while the other 44 Alpha cities target external groups, and the locality of world cities' website marketing is reinforced especially on a native language edition website. This study ultimately finds that the Chinese edition websites of five Chinese cities place more focus on introducing local historical buildings, administrative services, and internal business information than the English edition websites do.     

How Chinese Financial Centers Integrate into Global Financial Center Networks: An Empirical Study Based on Overseas Expansion of Chinese Financial Service Firms

The increasing globalization of the Chinese economy has been enabled by both Chinese financial institutions operating globally as well as international firms operating within China. In geographical terms, this has been organized through a number of strategic cities serving as gateways for the exchange of financial functions, products and practices between China and the global economy. Drawing on location data of financial service firms in China listed on stock exchanges in Shenzhen, Shanghai and Hong Kong, this paper shows that Chinese financial firms are expanding globally and how Chinese financial centers are positioned and connected in the urban networks shaped by these financial service firms. It is found that Hong Kong, China, holds strategic positions in the integration of Chinese cities into global financial center networks, and that establishing a foothold in global financial centers such as New York and London has been a priority for Chinese financial institutions. The increasing capital flows directed by Chinese financial institutions suggests a shifting global financial geography, with numerous Chinese cities playing increasingly important roles within global financial center networks.     

空间信息格网框架体系和关键技术分析

空间信息格网 (SIG)是格网 (Grid)技术在数字城市等地球信息应用服务领域中的具体应用。本文首先分析了格网兴起的背景以及国内外在格网领域的研究进展 ,然后建立了格网三层体系结构 ,提出了格网操作系统中基于 XML 的格网资源描述语言的资源管理方法和多层格网节点分治式格网任务调度管理方法 ,最后提出了基于空间智能体的空间信息格网的体系结构 ,并且探讨了空间信息格网中空间信息连通性和一致性、空间信息格网的智能化等一系列重点问题。     

云GIS下智慧城市地理空间信息共享平台构建

目前,我国数字城市已走向面向云服务的智慧城市地理平台时代。云GIS服务平台为政府部门及公众提供了可定制、弹性化的一站式地理信息服务。本文在研究云GIS下地理空间数据的整合模型、服务体系架构,以及部署方式的基础上,深入分析了Arc GIS云平台特点并设计了一套基于云平台的智慧城市地理空间信息服务共享平台——"兰州市城关区数字化社会管理与服务平台"。该平台通过地理云服务集成了虚拟化、网络化、智能化等关键技术,创建了智慧城市社会管理与服务新模式,提高了社会管理效能和质量。     

Permanence of economic potential of cities based on sector development

The paper attempts to answer the following key question: how will a city′s world rank change in the face of crisis in its main economic sector? Crisis is defined here as a decline in financial performance in the given sector, which leads to the decline of its constituent firms and corporations on the world economic scene. The World Economic Center Index(WECI) has been created in order to rank cities based on the value of their resident corporations by sector and show their level of stability upon the removal of the most important sector. This provides information on the potential of each analyzed city as well as on its advanced features or area of specialization. Research has shown that nearly half the World Economic Centers are dominated by the financial and materials sectors of the economy. Different sectors dominate different regions of the world. For example, consumer staples and materials were dominant in North America, while information technology and financials were dominant in Europe. In Asia, several sectors tend to dominate the economy. Research has shown that the ability of a principal economic sector to resist economic crisis largely depends on the strength of the command and control function of a city. Finally, a high globalization level of a city is a key determinant of its susceptibility to economic crisis.     

我国新型智慧城市发展现状与趋势

2016年以来,我国城市信息化发展进入了新型智慧城市时代,其发展现状呈现三个方面的特点:一是政策法规保障新型智慧城市建设,表现在多项政策的全方位推进、"十三五"规划及网络安全法的保障,以及国家发展改革委等25部委的统筹;二是基础设施支撑新型智慧城市发展,涵盖了物联网的蓬勃发展、大数据的创新发展、云计算中心的构建,以及卫星与导航技术保障;三是高效服务牵引新型智慧城市应用,体现在互联网+政务服务、深化试点工作提升,以及移动应用新亮点等。论文还分析了模式创新引领新型智慧城市发展趋势,包括电子商务的规模发展、网络约车服务的蓬勃发展、移动互联网的生活化应用,以及"互联网+政务"的发展活力。     

Relationship Between Producer Services Developing Level and Urban Hierarchy——A Case Study of Zhujiang River Delta

As the Central Place Theory indicates, the centricity of a central city can influence the extension of its ser-vice. Since the service industry in the theory is mostly consumer services, it is worth studying the relationship betweenthe producer services and the centricity of the city in the service society with producer services becoming a more im-portant part of the service industry. The paper takes the case of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta (PRD), a developedregion in China, to study the relationship between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy.Based on the analysis about the spatial difference of the producer services in the nine cities of the PRD, and the divi-sion of the nine cities according to some economic indices, it is shown that there is a correlation between the develop-ing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy. Furthermore, two deductions about the future status of the pro-ducer services in the city and the location of the producer services in a large region can be made from this correlationbetween the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy.     

基于网格的海量分布式空间信息搜索研究

提出了基于网格调度和服务实现海量分布式空间信息的快速搜索技术,设计了基于网格的空间信息搜索引擎。利用网格开发工具ProActive实现了海量分布式空间信息搜索的网格调度服务,实现对中国300个城市的空间信息的快速搜索。     

Relationship Between Producer Services Developing Level and Urban Hierarchy —— A Case Study of Zhujiang River Delta

As the Central Place Theory indicates, the centricity of a central city can influence the extension of its service. Since the service industry in the theory is mostly consumer services, it is worth studying the relationship between the producer services and the centricity of the city in the service society with producer services becoming a more important part of the service industry. The paper takes the case of the Zhujiang （Pearl） River Delta （PRD）, a developed region in China, to study the relationship between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy. Based on the analysis about the spatial difference of the producer services in the nine cities of the PRD, and the division of the nine cities according to some economic indices, it is shown that there is a correlation between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy. Furthermore, two deductions about the future status of the producer services in the city and the location of the producer services in a large region can be made from this correlation between the developing level of producer services and the urban hierarchy.     

中国近代城市地图发展历程的分析与思考

城市是人类文明的主要组成部分,是伴随人类文明与进步发展起来的。在城市建设飞速发展的今天,对古近代城市发展演变的研究显得尤为重要,其中一个重要的手段就是借助于城市地图。城市地图可相对准确地反映出当时城市的空间形态,对于研究城市历史平面布局变迁具有重要的参考价值。本文以近代城市地图（明、清、民国时期的城市地图）为主要研究对象,从其对传统城市地图的继承与受西方文化及先进测绘制图技术影响发展的角度,探究近代城市地图的类型特点、发展方向与价值。近代城市地图一方面既没有完全摆脱传统城市舆图在绘图手法和表现内容上的特点,另一方面又受到西方制图技术和文化的冲击与推动,在继承与发展中逐渐趋向多样化、专题化和近代化,并且能充分反映该时期城市发展的特点与地域特色。本文分别从同一城市（以北京为例）不同时期的城市地图和不同城市典型的城市图2个角度进行分析,讨论并总结了近代城市地图在表现手法、内容和绘图技术等方面的特征及地图本身的价值。     

数字区域应用基础设施研究

针对当前数字区域工程建设普遍存在的一些问题,提出“数字区域”应用基础设施的概念,对其研究背景、参考模型和面向信息共享的公共应用服务平台进行了论述。数字区域应用基础设施是在区域网络基础设施和数据基础设施上层的基础设施,它为电子政务、电子商务、数字城市等各种数字区域信息化应用工程提供基础性的应用服务支撑,由专业信息服务机构、管理办法、标准规范、关键技术和公共应用服务平台构成。信息服务机构是数字区域应用基础设施的主体,是有效联系信息需求方和信息拥有方的桥梁;公共应用服务平台是数字区域应用基础设施的核心,为区域信息共享和交换提供了统一的构架和解决方案。其中,元数据管理和目录服务平台为信息的发布和查询提供了“一站式”入口;信息共享与协作服务平台实现了分布式数据库的信息共享和交换;地理空间信息网络服务平台实现了地理空间信息的集中式共享。最后,总结了“数字福建”应用基础设施建设的成果,对“十一五”“数字福建”工程的需求和发展作了展望。     

海洋信息网格服务平台的设计与实现

本文针对海洋信息的分布性、信息类型及格式的多样性、数据的海量性,以及数据处理的计算量大等特性,对地理信息系统、网格技术、Web服务技术,以及远程可视化技术等进行了综合研究。首先,探讨了海洋信息网格服务平台构建的关键技术,包括海洋信息网格技术、网格环境下海洋信息的集成方法,以及远程可视化技术,并提出了海洋信息网格服务平台的系统架构;其次,选定南海海域为实验区,以Argo数据、海温和海流数据为实验数据,实现了海洋信息网格服务平台原型系统。该平台可以集成异构、分布式环境中的数据服务和应用服务,为用户提供透明的、"一站式"的海洋环境信息Web应用。该系统为海洋用户充分利用各种海洋环境信息,提高海洋工作的效率,减少重复性投资、充分合理利用现有设备和资源提供了借鉴。同时实验表明,本文所提出的技术路线是可行和正确的。     

The Structure and Pattern of Urban Network in the Lanzhou-Xining Urban Agglomeration

In this paper, we use factor analysis to evaluate the urban comprehensive quality of each city in the Lanzhou-Xining(Lan-Xi) urban agglomeration. The time distance was obtained by using GIS spatial analysis, and the structure and pattern of the spatial network were analyzed by using the gravity model and social network analysis method. The results show that: 1) The scale effect of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration is gradually emerging, and it is gradually forming the urban agglomeration with Lanzhou and Xining as the core, the Lan-Xi high-speed railway as the axis, and a high-dense connection. 2) Lanzhou and Xining are at the core of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration, which has a strong attraction and spreads to neighboring cities. 3) In the network structure of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration, Lanzhou, Baiyin, Gaolan, Yuzhong, Yongdeng, Dingxi, Lintao, Xining, Ledu, Huangzhong, Ping'an, Minhe and Datong are located in the network core position, which have the superiority position and lead to the entire regional communication enhancement and the regional integration development. 4) This urban agglomeration has significant subgroups, eight tertiary subgroups and four secondary subgroup; the tertiary subgroups which compose secondary subgroup have a close connection and mutually influence each other. 5) The Lanzhou Metropolitan Area and the Xining Metropolitan Area have an important impact on the surrounding cities, and the peripheral cities are basically controlled by the central city. The Dingxi subgroup, Lintao-Linxia subgroup, Gonghe subgroup have more structural holes than the subgroups within the Lanzhou Metropolitan Area and the Xining Metropolitan Area, so the peripheral cities of these subgroups have relatively less connection with surrounding cities.     

对我国数字城镇建设的几点思考

我国城镇化快速发展迫切需要在全国大中小城市和小城镇加快实施信息化战略,建设具有中国特色的“数字城镇”。本文从“数字城镇”技术构成出发,分析了我国“数字城镇”发展现状及其面临的主要科技问题,提出要加强对“数字城镇”数据平台、综合信息服务平台、业务应用平台构建等关键技术问题的研究,以从整体上提升我国城镇信息化的水平。     

城市功能区视角下基于POI数据的公共厕所空间布局合理性研究

公共厕所作为最典型的公共设施,反映出城市的文明程度和管理服务水平,是打造城市文明形象的重要窗口。当前的研究主要集中在公共厕所的可达性和覆盖范围,把公共厕所当做空间上的点无差别对待,忽略了不同功能区公共厕所空间分布所异质性的问题。如何建立全面精准的公共厕所空间评价体系,分析不同区域公共厕所的综合服务能力在当前研究中明显不足,不利于公共厕所的配置规划和基本公共服务均等化的推进。多源数据的涌现为城市公共设施的研究提供了新视角,为此本文提出一个城市功能区视角下基于POI大数据的公共厕所空间布局合理性评价方法。利用词频-逆文本频率（Term Frequency-inverse Document Frequency,TF-IDF）信息加权技术,结合兴趣点（Point of Interest, POI）频率密度识别城市功能区,融合OpenStreetMap（OSM）路网密度数据和WorldPop人口数据设立人口出行活力指数,对城市功能区内的公共厕所服务进行评价;最后计算人口和空间覆盖率以及空间不平衡指数,判别街镇间的差别与街镇内公共厕所布局的合理性。该方法以多源数据为基础,定量分析不同功能区内公共厕所配置的合理性,并探讨公共厕所空间配置的差异化因素。以国内城市化程度最高之一的上海市为例进行计算,研究发现:① 不同的城市功能区内厕所的配置数量不同,商服功能区的规划数量最多,商服功能区中公共厕所配置的合格度也最高,此外,“工业-商服”、“绿地-商服”等商服相关的联合功能区的合格度也处于较高水平,这是由于大量商业服务机构均对外提供公共厕所服务,提升了该地区的公共厕所的服务能力;② 公共功能区内的合格度最低,仅有10.27%,与该类型附属公共厕所设施的开放程度相关;③ 上海市各街镇公共厕所的合格度整体较好,平均空间覆盖率达到67.31%,平均人口覆盖率达到70.72%;街镇内公共厕所服务和出行活力分布之间的不平衡指数从0~0.76不等,其中不平衡指数小于0.4的共有147个,占比69.34%,表明这些街镇内公共厕所空间配置比较合理。公共厕所配置合理性从上海市区向西南、东南、崇明岛有明显的递减,而向西北地区则没有明显的衰减,呈现出连片的较好的服务能力。结果表明,这种方法充分考虑了公共厕所所属功能区和人口出行活力异质性的问题,空间分析上更加精准,可以为城市公共设施规划提供参考建议。     

基于富媒体技术的宁波数字文化地图服务平台研究

以空间基础地理信息数据、文化专题数据为基础,并结合现代计算机技术、网络技术以及地理信息技术,基于富媒体技术建设宁波数字文化服务平台。主要从关键技术、数据集成及服务平台建设等方面作详细介绍。宁波市数字文化地图服务平台是展示宁波独特文化资源最好的媒介,是宁波市的一张“名片”,具有一定的科学价值、实用价值和文献价值。