不同垂直坐标系对垂直速度计算的影响

近年来,随着高精度中尺度数值预报模式和多尺度统一模式的发展,与之相关的一些非静力中尺度模式技术也随之提了出来,垂直坐标系的影响问题就是其中之一。本文借助于高精度美国新一代数值预报模式WRF(Weather Reseach and Forecast),模拟分析了两种不同的坐标系对模式大气中垂直速度计算的影响。试验结果表明,不同的坐标系对大气垂直速度大小计算存在着差异,特别是当分辨率提高时,不同垂直坐标系对大气垂直结构的刻画的差别更加明显。由于垂直速度与降雨过程密切相关,垂直速度的计算差异必然影响模式对降雨过程的描述。理想试验结果表明,在气压地形追随坐标中气压梯度力的计算对地表气压计算很敏感。     

非静力中尺度高分辨率模式模拟中的垂直坐标影响研究

近几年来,随着高性能计算机技术的高速发展,甚高分辨率的中尺度数值预报模式业务应用已成为可能,与之相关的一系列模式技术的新问题也随之提了出来,垂直坐标系的影响就是其中之一。文中借助于美国新一代数值预报模式WRF(WeatherReseachandForecast),比较了非静力中尺度模式高分辨率模拟应用的垂直坐标影响问题。研究表明,当选用几何高度(z)和气压(p)来构造地形追随坐标时,低层两坐标引起的误差基本一样,中高层高度地形追随坐标引起的误差小于气压地形追随坐标;而且分辨率越高差异愈大。高分辨率模拟结果也表明,这种差异趋势是存在的;此外,本文对天气过程的预报要素场进行了相关的分析。     

ON THE COMPUTATION OF THE VERTICAL VELOCITY AT THE TOP OF PBL IN LOW LATITUDE AREAS

This paper suggests a method to eompute the verticaI velocity at the top of PBL Jn low latitude areas by use of the wind data on(sea)surfaca and some characteristics of the vcrtical velocity are shownThe results show the important rolcs played by the incrtial forces and β effect     

关于低纬边界层顶垂直速度的计算

提出了一个由低纬地（海）面风计算边辊层顶垂直速度的方法，得到了低纬边界层顶生趣速度的一些特征，指出了惯性项及β效应的重要作用。     

THE LOW-PRESSURE SYSTEM IN THE VERTICAL VELOCITY OMEGA ON THE SCALE OF SYSTEM SENSITIVITY

In this study, the relationship between scale and vertical velocity in a low-pressure system is explored using the wave characteristics of atmospheric disturbances and the structural characteristics of low-pressure systems. The ω differential equation, as determined by the transient geopotential height field Φ, is solved to obtain an analytical solution composed only of wavelength, horizontal speed, and atmospheric stability, i.e., the ω diagnostic equation of a low-pressure system. This equation also shows that vertical velocity in the low-pressure system is very sensitive to the horizontal scale, i.e., a smaller horizontal scale means a larger vertical velocity.     

云的垂直速度特征分析及人工影响天气作业措施探讨

利用2002年5—7月肥西风廓线仪资料结合常规地面观测资料,对出现各种云时的垂直速度特征进行了分析,在此基础上提出了人工影响天气作业的一些具体措施,希望对云的研究和人工影响天气作业提供帮助。     

THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR PARAMETERIZATIONS ON FORECAST OF A HEAVY RAINFALL IN SOUTH CHINA IN ANNUALLY FIRST RAINING SEASON

An ensemble prediction system based on the GRAPES model, using multi-physics, is used to discuss the influence of different physical processes in numerical models on forecast of heavy rainfall in South China in the annually first raining season(AFRS). Pattern, magnitude and area of precipitation, evolution of synoptic situation, as well as apparent heat source and apparent moisture sink between different ensemble members are comparatively analyzed. The choice of parameterization scheme for land-surface processes gives rise to the largest influence on the precipitation prediction. The influences of cumulus-convection and cloud-microphysics processes are mainly focused on heavy rainfall;the use of cumulus-convection parameterization tends to produce large-area and light rainfall. Change in parameterization schemes for land-surface and cumulus-convection processes both will cause prominent change in forecast of both dynamic and thermodynamic variables, while change in cloud-microphysics processes show primary impact on dynamic variables. Comparing simplified Arakawa-Schubert and Kain-Fritsch with Betts-Miller-Janjic schemes, SLAB with NOAH schemes, as well as both WRF single moment 6-class and NCEP 3-class with simplified explicit schemes of phase-mixed cloud and precipitation shows that the former predicts stronger low-level jets and high humidity concentration, more convective rainfall and local heavy rainfall, and have better performance in precipitation forecast. Appropriate parameterization schemes can reasonably describe the physical process related to heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS, such as low-level convergence, latent heat release, vertical transport of heat and water vapor, thereby depicting the multi-scale interactions of low-level jet and meso-scale convective systems in heavy rainfall suitably, and improving the prediction of heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS as a result.     

中尺度对流系统的动热力特征及其演变对风垂直切变的响应

为探究环境风切变在对流系统发生发展与维持过程中的重要性,利用2009年6月5日20时（北京时）上海宝山站的探空资料生成理想试验初始场,设计了包含改变整层、中层和低层风切变在内的多组试验,对比分析各试验系统的动热力结构特征及其演变发现:(1)整层环境风切变的改变对中尺度对流系统的影响最显著,其次是中层风切变。增大整层风切变时,对流系统强度及组织性最强,生命史增长。减小整层风切变时,系统强度最弱且组织结构易发散。(2)风切变增加,水平涡度增大,其受垂直运动影响转化为垂直涡度,涡旋对与垂直运动间相互作用形成的正反馈过程是系统强度增强并可以长时间维持线状结构的重要原因。(3)风切变减小,对流系统移动速度远小于阵风锋,阵风锋移至系统前方,阻断系统前沿上升气流必需的暖输送。阵风锋后冷而稳定的环境令系统逐渐消散。      

夏季副高数值产品的集成预报研究

本文使用１９９５年和１９９６年６－８月欧洲中期天气预报中心和我国Ｔ６３Ｌ１６的５００ｈＰａ４８＾ｈ－１４４＾ｈ五个时效平均预报场，以及相应的Ｔ６３５０００ｈＰａ五天平均场资料，根据１００－１４０°Ｅ、２－５０°Ｎ范围内西北太平洋副热带高压的南北位置分为四类副高。对比分析ＥＣ和Ｔ６３两个模式的各类副高特征参数的预报误差特点，发现当ＥＣ预报的副高强度强于或接近Ｔ６３预报时，ＥＣ预报副高的数值产品精度优     

不同暴雨系统中潜热反馈作用的对比研究

选择两种类型的暴雨个例用数值试验研究了不同条件下潜热反馈作用的大小，结果发现对于不同的暴雨系统，潜热作用差别很大，“６２６”（１９８６年６月２６日）京津冀暴雨中它使雨量增加约一倍，而“７５８”（１９７５年８月７日）河南暴雨却增加约四倍。此外，潜热反馈对高低空急流强度、位置，以及对上升运动大小的影响程度，也都是在“７５８”暴雨过程中较大。数值试验证明了造成这种差别的重要原因是高空急流强度和风速铅直切     

不同边界层参数化方案对台风“利奇马”模拟的影响研究

基于中尺度数值模式WRF,对比分析了六种大气边界层物理过程参数化方案（BouLac、MYJ、UW、YSU、ACM2、SH）对台风“利奇马”模拟结果的影响。结果表明,不同边界层方案对“利奇马”路径的模拟结果影响较小,但对其强度和结构演变的模拟结果影响显著。其中,局地闭合方案UW方案模拟的结果最强,局地闭合方案BouLac次之,而局地闭合方案MYJ和三种非局地闭合方案YSU、ACM2和SH的模拟强度都较弱。这些方案中,BouLac模拟的海平面最低气压与实况最为接近。通过对比这些边界层方案的模拟结果发现,由于台风强度的差异受到热力和动力的共同影响,边界层方案如模拟得到的地表潜热通量和边界层中湍流扩散系数较大,将导致较大的径向风和低层辐合,从而模拟得到较强的台风强度;反之,则台风强度较弱。     

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DRY AND WET SUMMER IN THE VERTICAL MOTION ON NORTH SIDE OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU AND THE THERMAL IMPACT OF PLATEAU

To better analyse and understand the causes of Northwest China(NW China)arid climateformation,firstly the dry and wet standards were chosen and the yearly dry and wet grades on thenorth side of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(hereafter NSQXP)in summers were classified utilizing therainfall data of five stations over the area in June-August of 1952—1990.Then the differencesbetween the vertical motion over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP)and NSQXP in dry and wetsummers were comparatively analyzed using the ECMWF's gridded data of June—August of 1979—1986.Finally the connection between the QXP surface thermal condition and the dry and wetsummers on the NSQXP was discussed as well.The main results are the following:(1)the dry and wet standards taking the rainfall standarddeviation as criterion are suitable for the arid climate area;(2)the QXP may be,to some extent.responsible for the environment background of Middle Asia,NW China and North China aridclimate areas;(3)there are the striking differences between the dominant vertical motion over theQXP and NSQXP in the dry and wet summers of NSQXP:(4)the QXP surface thermal conditionis.to a great extent,responsible for the year—to—year variation of NW China arid climate aswell.     

UNIVERSALITY OF THE LAGRANGIAN VELOCITY STRUCTURE FUNCTION CONSTANT (C0) ACROSS DIFFERENT KINDS OF TURBULENCE

In this paper, we evaluate the Lagrangian velocity structure function constant, C0, in the inertial subrange by comparing experimental diffusion data and simulation results obtained with applicable Lagrangian stochastic models. We find in several different flows (grid turbulence, laboratory boundary-layer flow and the atmospheric surface layer under neutral stratification) the value for C0 is 3.0 ± 0.5. We also identify the reasons responsible for earlier studies having not reached the present result.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES WITH DIFFERENT TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONS ON TYPHOON DUJUAN OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Daily and weekly sea surface temperature data of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System sensors are used as forcing of the underlying sea surface in the mesoscale numerical model to simulate Typhoon Dujuan that moved across the South China Sea in 2003. The numerical results show that different SSTs near the typhoon center result in differences in the atmospheric wind field, indicating that the model has a fast and obvious response to SSTs. Different SST influences the intensity and track of Dujuan to some degree and has significant impacts on its precipitation and latent heat flux near the eye. The SST influence on Dujuan is mainly fulfilled by changing the latent heat flux between the ocean surface and the atmosphere above.     

环流非对称结构与台风移速关系的数值研究

利用准地转正压模式,在无环境气流的情况下,对初始轴对称和非轴对称理想台风实施两组共13个数值试验,研究台风环流不同区域的非对称性与其移速的关系。结果表明：（1）台风环流某些区域的非对称性与其移速有稳定的强相关,如,大风半径外围50～100KM附近东—西向东北—西南向的非对称性;（2）大风半径的位角,使台风外围环流的非对称性与其移速相关增强,而最大风速和初始非对称方位用的变化对上述相关性几乎没有影响。     

昆明城市庭院气温垂直分布特征及不同下垫面对其影响的研究

以低纬度高原城市昆明市为对象,利用城市庭院内1月（冬季）和7月（夏季）不同高度气温实测资料和不同下垫面（球场、草地和屋顶）气温的实测资料,分析了城市庭院气温垂直分布特征及不同下垫面对其的影响。得出：城市庭院气温垂直分布在不同时间（季节、昼夜）具有不同特征;在后半夜和下午,庭院气温垂直变化程度大于时间变化;而上午和前半夜时间变化程度大于垂直变化;在冬季屋顶面对屋顶高度附近的庭院气温具有较强的加热作用,使得庭院气温在屋顶高度附近形成逆温,导致垂直分布曲线发生改变;混凝土结构的下垫面,对庭院近地层大气具有加热作用,而草地则具有冷却作用,其效应在冬季明显。     

一种新型的适应性观测资料应用对台风预报的影响试验研究

近年来,气象界提出了一个“适应性（或目标）观测（adaptive or targeting observation）”的新概念,它是根据数值预报的敏感区在现有的、固定的气象观测网基础上增加的、有目标的特别观测。下投式探空仪（Dropsonde）是适应性观测的重要观测仪器。利用我国新一代数值预报系统GRAPES,初步研究了应用热带气旋适应性观测的下投式探空仪探测资料对台风（2003年杜鹃台风）预报的影响,并进行了敏感性试验。结果表明,数值天气预报中增加下投式探空仪观测资料之后,对台风的移动路径、台风中心位置和强度,以及其它要素的预报都有所改善;敏感性试验还指出,下投式探空仪观测资料的误差结构设置对台风的预报也有明显的影响,该类观测资料在修正背景场的过程中权重并不是越高越好     

AN IMPACT STUDY OF A NEW TYPE OF DATA OF ADAPTIVE OR TARGETING OBSERVATION ON TYPHOON FORECAST

There was a new concept of ‘adaptive or targeting observation’ in recent years, which is an additional and targeting observation based on the existing and fixed observing network for the atmosphere on the impacted region. Dropsonde is one of the important observing instruments in the adaptive or targeting observation. In this paper, GRAPES, the next generation of numerical weather prediction system of China has been used. The impacts on the typhoon Dujuan (No.200315) forecast in experiments with dropsonde have been studied and experiments on sensitivity have also been done. It was found that the forecasts of the elements have been improved obviously with the use of dropsonde, such as the path, the center location, and the intensity of typhoon. It was also found in the sensitivity studies that the setting of deviation structure also has obvious impacts on the forecast for typhoons. It is not true that the simulation is better when the proportion of the data of dropsonde is larger in the course to modify the background.     

用Priestley—Taylor公式估算作物农田蒸散量的研究

利用田间试验资料，综合考虑了影响农田蒸散的气象，作物和土壤因素，并以Ｐｒｉｅｓｔｌｅｙ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ公式为基础，建立了不同作物（棉花、玉米冬小麦）的农田散估算模型。该模型仅需常规气象和农业气象资料，计算简便，具有一定的实用价值。