西沙更新世礁灰岩大气淡水成岩的地球化学证据

重点探讨了西琛一井更新世礁灰岩的氧碳同位素和微量元素地球化学特征及其与大气淡水成岩的关系。西琛一井全新统（０～１６．９１ｍ）基本上未成岩,矿物组分以文石和高镁方解石为主;晚更新统（１６．９１～３０．６０ｍ）出现明显方解石化,矿物组分以低镁方解石为主（平均８６％）,少量文石（平均１４％）;中—早更新统（３０．６０～１７９ｍ）几乎完全方解石化;１７９ｍ以下部分—全部白云岩化。在１６．９１～１６５ｍ,δ１８Ｏ值相对均一,而δ１３Ｃ值的变化范围很大,且两者比全新统的δ１８Ｏ和δ１３Ｃ值显著降低;在一些层位上出现δ１３Ｃ值的负偏移,向下δ１３Ｃ逐渐增大;Ｓｒ和Ｍｇ的含量亦明显降低。这一地球化学特征是大气淡水成岩的典型标志,出现δ１３Ｃ负偏移的层位代表了礁体的水上暴露面。结合岩石学特征,初步识别出１４个暴露面。１６５～１７９ｍ的δ１８Ｏ、δ１３Ｃ和Ｍｇ向下同步增加,是淡水—海水混合带的成岩产物。     

Failure mechanisms and characteristics of the 2016 catastrophic rockslide at Su village,Lishui, China

This paper describes a recent large rockslide, which occurred at Su village in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China, on September 28, 2016. In the past decade, a vegetation-free deformed surface was clearly visible and frequent rockfalls were noticed. Due to strong sustained rainfall, approximately 0.4 million m³ of granite blocks rapidly descended from the upper part of the hillside. The mass rushed into the V-shaped valley resulting in the formation of a barrier dam and dammed lake. The catastrophic rockslide caused 27 deaths and more than 20 houses were destroyed. The evolutionary process before the rockslide is clearly captured by high-resolution remote sensing images and photos. Video of the rockslide and field investigations show entrainment of superficial material in the middle and lower parts of the slope.     

The influence of geodynamic factors on the lithification of sedimentary deposits in the stratisphere

The peculiarities of the processes of postsedimentary lithification and their dynamics in various geostructural areas (cratons, young platforms, and orogens) are considered. The direct and indirect impacts of geodynamic factors on these processes are substantiated.     

陆相特殊沉积的研究方法及气候意义

陆相沉积形成于地圈与水圈、大气圈和生物圈的交界面上,比海相地层更有效地记录了地球表层环境的信息。通过对沉积岩中沉积物的粘土矿物、气候指数、氧同位素测温等研究,获得关于气候干湿冷暖的信息。基于对这些常用方法的研究,提取出一些陆地上的特殊沉积,如：陆相红层、沙漠沉积体系、蒸发岩、煤及油页岩等所包含的丰富气候信息。沙漠代表干旱炎热气候;陆相红层的出现反映高温氧化环境,其在干旱和潮湿的热带气候下都能形成;芒硝代表干冷的气候环境;石膏则代表干热,水体盐度高,蒸发作用强的气候条件;煤层/油页岩一般形成于温暖潮湿的气候环境。对特殊沉积的研究可以用来重建古气候和恢复大陆古环境。     

高速岩质滑坡启动弹冲加速机制及弹冲速度计算——以武隆县鸡尾山滑坡为例

高速岩质滑坡启动弹冲加速机制是开展高速岩质滑坡全过程动力学研究的基础。系统阐述了高速岩质滑坡启动弹冲加速机制,着重分析了岩质滑坡启程中的滑带释能和锁固体释能加速效应。基于岩石循环加、卸载试验,探讨了岩石弹性应变能释放规律,并将得到的规律用于确定滑带可释放弹性应变能。鉴于目前确定滑坡启动弹冲速度所存在的诸多问题,重新推导了滑坡启动弹冲速度计算公式,并对鸡尾山滑坡启动弹冲规律进行了研究。研究表明,鸡尾山滑坡启动弹冲速度为1.261 1 m/s,滑体初始动能主要源于滑带弹性应变能的释放。最后通过一个滑坡概化模型计算得到了岩质滑坡启动弹冲的极限速度范围为2.6⁴.4 m/s。     

Boring algae,micrite envelopes and lithification of molluscan biosparites

The preservation of molluscan shells as calcite casts is commonly a result of their centripetal replacement, while on the sea floor, by a stable micrite envelope. This grows in three stages: (1) algae bore into the shell wall, (2) the algal filaments die and decay, (3) micritic aragonite fills the tubes. Later, if the skeletal sand is exposed to fresh water as a result of uplift or a fall in sea level, or to a suitable brine deep under the sea floor, the residual molluscan shell is dissolved but the envelope remains intact. It forms an empty mould that is subsequently filled with drusy calcite. Complete replacement of skeletal grains by micritic aragonite yields cryptocrystalline grains like Ming's “grains of aragonite matrix” and the grains in Beales's “bahamite”. Through a study of compaction fabrics it may be possible to decide whether an envelope-bearing limestone was cemented above sea level or below the sea floor.     

Vein graphite deposits: geological settings,origin, and economic significance

Graphite deposits result from the metamorphism of sedimentary rocks rich in carbonaceous matter or from precipitation from carbon-bearing fluids (or melts). The latter process forms vein deposits which are structurally controlled and usually occur in granulites or igneous rocks. The origin of carbon, the mechanisms of transport, and the factors controlling graphite deposition are discussed in relation to their geological settings. Carbon in granulite-hosted graphite veins derives from sublithospheric sources or from decarbonation reactions of carbonate-bearing lithologies, and it is transported mainly in CO₂-rich fluids from which it can precipitate. Graphite precipitation can occur by cooling, water removal by retrograde hydration reactions, or reduction when the CO₂-rich fluid passes through relatively low-fO₂ rocks. In igneous settings, carbon is derived from assimilation of crustal materials rich in organic matter, which causes immiscibility and the formation of carbon-rich fluids or melts. Carbon in these igneous-hosted deposits is transported as CO₂ and/or CH₄ and eventually precipitates as graphite by cooling and/or by hydration reactions affecting the host rock. Independently of the geological setting, vein graphite is characterized by its high purity and crystallinity, which are required for applications in advanced technologies. In addition, recent discovery of highly crystalline graphite precipitation from carbon-bearing fluids at moderate temperatures in vein deposits might provide an alternative method for the manufacture of synthetic graphite suitable for these new applications.     

Bio-mineralization and potential biogeochemical processes in bauxite deposits: genetic and ore quality significance

The Parnassos-Ghiona bauxite deposit in Greece of karst type is the 11th largest bauxite producer in the world. The mineralogical, major and trace-element contents and δ¹⁸O, δ¹²C, δ³⁴S isotopic compositions of bauxite ores from this deposit and associated limestone provide valuable evidence for their origin and biogeochemical processes resulting in the beneficiation of low grade bauxite ores. The organic matter as thin coal layers, overlying the bauxite deposits, within limestone itself (negative δ¹²C isotopic values) and the negative δ³⁴S values in sulfides within bauxite ores point to the existence of the appropriate circumstances for Fe bio-leaching and bio-mineralization. Furthermore, a consortium of microorganisms of varying morphological forms (filament-like and spherical to lenticular at an average size of 2 μm), either as fossils or presently living and producing enzymes, is a powerful factor to catalyze the redox reactions, expedite the rates of metal extraction and provide alternative pathways for metal leaching processes resulting in the beneficiation of bauxite ore.     

Insights into the dynamic and thermal characteristics of rockslide motion: a model experiment

Acta Geotechnica - Experiments were carried out to study the dynamic and thermal characteristics of rockslide motion using a model slope with sliding blocks of varying parameters. A high-speed...     

Diagenesis of late Cenozoic diatomaceous deposits and formation of the bottom simulating reflector in the southern Bering Sea*

Diatom ooze and diatomaceous mudstone overlie terrigenous mudstone beds at Leg 19 Deep Sea Drilling Project sites. The diatomaceous units are 300-725 m thick but most commonly are about 600 m. Diagenesis of diatom frustules follows a predictable series of physical and chemical changes that are related primarily to temperature (depth of burial and local geothermal gradient). During the first 300-400 m of burial frustules are fragmented and undergo mild dissolution. By 600 m dissolution of opal-A (biogenic silica) is widespread. Silica reprecipitates abundantly as inorganic opal-A between 600 and 700 m sub-bottom depth. Inorganic opal-A is rapidly transformed by crystal growth to opal-CT. The result is formation of silica cemented mudstone and porcelanite beds. A regional acoustic reflector (called the bottom-simulating reflector, or BSR) occurs near 600 m depth in the sections. This acoustic event marks the upper surface where silicification (cementation) is active. In Bering Sea deposits, opal-A is transformed to opal-CT at temperatures between 35° and 50°C. This temperature range corresponds to a sub-bottom depth of about 600 m and is the area where silicification is most active. Thus, the BSR represents an isothermal surface; the temperature it records is that required to transform opal-A to opal-CT. Deposition of at least 500 m of diatomaceous sediment was required before the temperature at the base of the diatomaceous section was appropriate (35°-50°C) for silica diagenesis to occur. Accordingly, silica diagenesis did not begin until Pleistocene time. Once silicification began, in response to sediment accumulation during the Quaternary, the diagenetic front (the BSR) moved upsection in pace with the upward migrating thermal boundary. X-ray diffractograms and SEM photographs show three silica phases, biogenic opal-A, inorganic opal-A’, and opal-CT. These have crystallite sizes of 11-16 A, 20-27 A, and 40-81 A, respectively, normal to 101. The d(101) reflection of opal-CT decreases with depth of burial at DSDP Site 192. This occurs by solid-state ordering and requires at least 700 m of burial. Most clinoptilolite in Leg 19 cores forms from the diagenesis of siliceous debris rather than from the alteration of volcanic debris as is commonly reported.     

Diagenesis of Clastic Reservoirs: Advances and Prospects

Along with the widely used experimental testing technology within 40 years,a number of significant knowledge and results have been achieved in diagenesis of clastic reservoirs an important branch of sedimentology and basin research,which has promoted the exploration and development of hydrocarbon bearing basins. This article encompasses the knowledge system to start an overview of the concept and research history of diagenesis, and to collate some representative classification viewpoints of clastic diagenetic stage. Several advances in recent theoretical and applied aspects of diagenesis, which have enriched the systems and technology series, have been introduced and summarized, including: ① improvement of alkaline diagenesis theory; ② increasingly widespread application in numerical simulation of clastic diagenesis; ③ rapid development of diagenesis within the framework of sequence stratigraphy or depositional facies; ④ preliminary investigation of structural diagenesis; ⑤ in-depth quantitative evaluation of diagenetic facies. Additionally, the research trends of the discipline system of diagenesis should be closely combined and discussed with diagenesis of tight sandstone reservoirs, diagenesis and its temporal properties of hierarchical systems, quantitative research of diagenesis, and integration of diagenesis and other fields. Frontier research and development directions have been prospected in order to bring forward further development of diagenesis, which is benefit for the forecasting and evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrocarbon bearing clastic reservoirs.     

浙江璜山造山型金矿的确认及其意义

造山型金矿是一种重要的金矿类型,在我国主要造山带都有分布,但在华南地区的江南造山带却少有人研究.通过与典型造山型金矿进行对比,认为浙江璜山金矿在成矿构造环境、赋矿地体变质特征、成矿时间与构造变形、峰期变质时间的关系、成矿元素富集特点以及成矿流体特征上,均与造山型金矿类似,所以确认璜山金矿为典型造山型金矿.璜山造山型金矿的确认对江南造山带区域找矿、璜山金矿深部找矿均具有十分重要的启发和借鉴意义,而且对江南造山带构造演化提供了约束.     

Late Quaternary fine silt deposits of Jammu,NW Himalaya: Genesis and climatic significance

The fine silt deposits of Jammu (J & K State, India) stretch all along the Siwalik foothills from Jammu to the Potwar Plateau in Pakistan. The post-Siwalik deposits, first discussed by de Terra and Paterson (1939), are attributed to wind action. The deposits termed as ‘Potwar loessic silt’ comprising sandy silt are essentially of late Quaternary age (75–18 ka) and are re-looked herein from the point of view of genesis and climatic significance. The sorting, skewness and kurtosis parameters of fine silts of Jammu suggest fluvial environment of the deposits wherein the water budget fluctuated. The weak pedogenesis of fine silts at certain intervals corroborate to periods of less or no sedimentation. The bivariant plot studies further suggest fluvial environment of deposition for the fine silt at Jammu, with regular fluctuations in the budget of river water that was perhaps in consonance with oscillations in the climate of the region.     

矿床地球化学类型及其在地质勘查中的意义

根据文献报导及作者的研究,分别对Sedex型铅锌矿床、浅成低温热液金矿床、岩浆期后高温热液型石英脉状黑钨矿矿床和沉积岩为主岩的微细浸染型(卡林型)金矿床进行了矿床地球化学分类:Sedex型铅锌矿床分为Selwyn型矿床和McArthur型矿床,前者的成矿热卤水产生于开阔海盆或大陆斜坡的浊积岩建造,后者的成矿热卤水产生于氧化的海底裂谷沉积建造,浅成低温热液型金矿床分为酸性-硫酸盐型(明矾石-高岭石型)金矿床和冰长石-绢云母型金矿床,前一类金矿床的成矿流体,f(S2)和f(O2)较高,pH值较低,后一类金矿床的成矿流体,f(S2)和f(O2)较低,pH值较高.岩浆期后高温热液型石英脉状黑钨矿矿床分为钨-铍-钼-铋型黑钨矿矿床和钨-锡-硫化物型黑钨矿矿床,钨-铍-钼-铋型黑钨矿矿床的成矿作用是在pH值较高的弱碱性、Eh值较高的环境中进行的,钨-锡-硫化物型黑钨矿床的成矿作用是在pH值较低的弱酸性的,Eh值较低的环境中进行的.沉积岩为主岩的微细浸染型(卡林型)金矿床分为金-砷-(锑)型金矿床、金-汞-(铊)型金矿床和金-锑-黄铁矿型金矿床.金-砷-(锑)型金矿床的成矿流体是地层建造水(为主)与改造后的大气降水混合形成的热液,其pH值为3.6～5.2,且Eh值较低;金-汞-(铊)型金矿床的成矿流体是大气降水与地层建造水混合形成的热液,其pH值为5.0～7.5,Eh值较高;金-锑-黄铁矿金矿床的成矿流体是改造后的大气降水与岩浆演化成的流体混合形成的热液,其pH值为5.4～6.77,Eh值较高.     

西峰风尘堆积的伊利石结晶度及古环境指示

黄土高原第四纪黄土伊利石结晶度是东亚夏季风的有效指标,但以前对该指标的研究主要集中在末次间冰期以来的黄土沉积。本文采用X射线衍射技术对西峰第四纪黄土（0~2.6Ma B.P.）和三趾马红土上部（2.6~3.6Ma B.P.）代表性样品的粘土矿物（ < 2μm）进行了测试,结合伊利石化学指数I（002）/I（001）值对伊利石结晶度Kübler指数（KI值）指示的环境信息进行了分析。结果显示,第四纪黄土伊利石结晶度主要继承了原始风尘特征,而第四纪古土壤伊利石结晶度指数KI值均显著高于相邻黄土,与伊利石化学指数I（002）/I（001）值和成壤特征有较好的一致性,表明KI指数可以有效地指示整个第四纪黄土沉积的风化成壤强度,对研究东亚夏季风长期演化具有重要的潜力;上新世三趾马红土KI值较高的特征表明上新世期间我国北方夏季风环流整体上较第四纪时期强盛。进一步分析KI值与I（002）/I（001）值的关系后发现二者具有较好的线性正相关,表明伊利石结晶度的变化是由于风尘堆积在风化成壤过程中,伴随着Fe-Mg离子的不断淋失,伊利石晶体结构发生改变而引起的。

     

非常规火山成因矿床特点及研究意义

相对于火山成因矿床而言，一些矿床在成矿时空上（甚至地层建造）与火山活动没有直接的关系，然而他们往往集中形成在火山主活动期之前或之后的某一阶段，成矿方式以热液蚀变或热水沉积成矿作用为主，成矿作用与火山活动引发的构造热事件密切相关，由此，文章把这类矿床统称谓非常规火山成因矿床。如某些火山红层铜矿、硅-铁-铝土矿人建造、角砾岩型铁矿、脉状-层状铜铅锌多金属矿和卡林型金银矿等。在峨眉山玄武岩大规模喷发阶段（258~253.7 Ma）之前和之后两个阶段，存在巨型的热液体系和成矿作用，形成的热液矿床一般为目前研究程度很低的非常规火山成因矿床，因此，加深对非常规火山成因矿床的认识，对于开拓找金属矿、找油新思路，扩展 “既围绕火成岩活动又走出火成岩范围”的非常规资源新视野均具有重要意义。     

Post-depositional tectonic modification of VMS deposits in Iberia and its economic significance

The original stratigraphic relationships and structure of VMS deposits are commonly obscured by deformation. This can also affect their economic significance, as shown by several Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB, SW Iberia) examples. The contrasting rheologic properties of the different lithologies present in an orebody (massive sulphide, feeder stockwork, alteration envelope, volcanic and sedimentary rocks) play a major role in determining its overall behaviour. Variscan thin-skinned tectonics led to stacking of the massive pyrite and stockwork bodies in duplex structures, resulting in local thickening and increased tonnage of minable mineralization. Furthermore, differential mechanical behaviour of the different sulphide minerals localised the detachments along relatively ductile sulphide-rich bands. The result was a geochemical and mineralogical reorganisation of most deposits, which now consist of barren, massive pyrite horses, bounded by base metal-rich ductile shear zones. Metal redistribution was enhanced by mobilisation of the base metal sulphides from the initially impoverished massive pyrite, through pressure-solution processes, to tensional fissures within the already ductile shear zones. In NW Iberia, VMS deposits were also strongly overprinted by the Variscan deformation during emplacement of the Cabo Ortegal and órdenes allochthonous nappe complexes, but no stacking of the orebodies was produced. Original contacts were transposed, and the orebodies, their feeder zones and the country rock acquired pronounced laminar geometry. In lower-grade rocks (greenschist facies, Cabo Ortegal Complex), solution transfer mechanisms are common in pyrite, which remains in the brittle domain, while chalcopyrite shows ductile behaviour. In higher-grade rocks (amphibolite facies, órdenes Complex), metamorphic recrystallisation overprints earlier deformation textures. The contrasting behaviour of the IPB and NW Iberian deposits is explained by key factors that affect their final geometry, composition and economics, such as pre-deformation structure, size and mineralogical composition of the orebody and associated lithologies, temperature, crustal level, deviatoric stress and availability of a fluid phase during deformation and the style and rate of deformation.     

矽卡岩矿床中共生单斜辉石一石榴子石特征及其地质意义

通过对我国与Fe,Cu,Mo,W,Sn等主要矿化类型有关的矽卡岩的研究,揭示出不同矿化类型的矽卡岩有其特定的共生单斜辉石-石榴子石矿物对的成分特征、含铁率比值及其变化规律。依据Fe、Al等组分在共生单斜辉石-石榴子石间的分配,估算各种矿化类型矽卡岩形成的氧逸度和酸度条件,从而划分出我国含矿矽卡岩的氧逸度—酸度相。不同矿化类型的矽卡岩共生单斜辉石-石榴子石的成分特征、形成环境及其变化规律密切联系于其成矿母岩特征、成因类型和成岩条件。     

钨矿自然重砂矿物组合特征及其找矿意义

统计浙江、湖南、江西、湖北、新疆、青海、云南、广西、福建、河南、贵州、安徽、广东共计13个省(自治区)61个典型钨矿床(矿区)的自然重砂矿物报出情况,计算各重砂矿物的报出频率,分析得出矽卡岩型、热液型和斑岩型3种类型钨矿床所对应的自然重砂矿物组合及标型矿物组合。结果表明,不同类型的矿物组合既有相似处也有各自的代表标型。如此按照矿床类型建立的自然重砂矿物组合及其含量变化,对建立自然重砂找矿模型具有重要意义。