121 a 梅雨序列及其时变特征分析

对2001--2005年长江中下游梅雨期进行了划分。确定的梅雨参数包括梅雨集中期、梅雨长度、梅雨量、梅雨强度、入梅日期和出梅日期等。然后对1885--2005年共121a的长江中下游5站逐年的梅雨参数进行时间演变分析。从各梅雨参数趋势变化上可估计,在未来10a里,梅雨量仍将偏多,梅雨长度将偏长,入梅日期将偏早,出梅日期也将偏早。对梅雨参数进行Morlet小波分析得出,从1980s开始,入梅日期和出梅日期都出现明显的2～3a和6a的年际振荡周期;入梅日期还出现明显的12a左右的年代周期,出梅日期出现了16a左右的年代际周期。进入1990s后,梅雨长度出现了8a的年际周期,梅雨量则出现明显的4a和8a的年际周期以及一个近16a的年代际周期。     

近54 a江苏梅雨演变特征及2014年梅雨监测分析

通过对1961-2014年江苏省56个常规气象观测站降水及历年5-8月太平洋副热带高压资料进行了整理、订正及分析,揭示了江苏省梅雨入出梅日期、梅雨量、梅雨强度等特征量的变化趋势及年代际变化差异,并对2014年江苏省梅雨异常进行了分析。研究表明：长江以北和长江以南站点均表现出梅雨强度增强,梅雨期内降水频次和强降水事件频次增多的趋势,其中长江以南的梅雨强度、降水频次和强降水事件频次的变化趋势分别为0.18/（10a）、0.75 d/（站·10a）和0.25 d/（站·10a）较长江以北的变化趋势0.07/（10a）、0.01 d/（站·10a）和0.08 d/（站·10 a）更为明显,年代际变化特征也不尽相同。从2014年梅雨监测来看,长江以北处于空梅年份,长江以南则出现了长度为11 d的梅雨。     

近116年江淮梅雨异常及其环流特征分析

利用江淮地区1885—2000年近116a梅雨特征量资料和NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料，采用谐波分析、最大熵谱分析、小波分析、合成分析等方法讨论了江淮梅雨特征量的年际-年代际变化特征及梅雨异常的环流特征。结果表明；江淮梅雨特征量存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征。入梅日期、出梅日期、梅雨期长度呈显著上升的长期变化趋势，梅雨量和梅雨强度长期趋势变化不明显；梅雨特征量均存在多时间尺度的振荡周期，入梅日期具有准24a、准5a和准3a的显著周期；出梅日期具有准35a、准22a和准5a的显著周期；梅雨量具有准40a、准15a、准9a和准3a的显著周期。丰梅年南亚高压中心强度和西太平洋副热带高压增强。枯梅年则反之。     

南京梅雨特征量统计分析及其对区域性增暖的响应

根据南京整编的1961—2010年梅雨资料,运用Pearson相关法、M-K检验法、Morlet小波分析等方法对南京入梅日、出梅日、梅长、梅雨量和梅雨强度5个梅雨特征量分析其变化特征和其相互关系,以及梅雨特征量对区域性增暖的响应。结果发现:(1)近50 a南京梅雨各特征量年际差异明显,其中仅梅雨量存在显著增加趋势,其余特征量存在年代际差异。(2)近50 a南京梅雨各特征量均没有出现显著突变现象,变化都比较连续。(3)近50 a南京地区梅雨各特征量存在多尺度和局地性特征,并且各特征量的显著周期均包含在2～5 a和6～8 a的短周期内。(4)梅雨各特征量中,梅长与出梅日的关系比其与入梅日的关系更密切,梅雨量与梅长的相关程度大于其与入、出梅的相关程度,而梅雨强度和梅雨量变化接近一致。(5)在南京地区显著增暖的背景下,南京地区入梅日为正响应(正相关),而出梅日、梅长、梅雨量和梅雨强度是负响应(负相关);梅雨各特征量对春季平均气温增暖的响应比其对年平均气温增暖的响应明显。     

江淮梅雨的时空变化特征

利用江淮地区37站1954--2001年48a梅雨特征量资料,采用谐波分析、EOF和最大熵谱分析等方法讨论了江淮梅雨的时空变化特征。结果表明：江淮梅雨时空分布不均,梅雨特征量存在显著的年际一年代际变化特征,梅雨特征量年代际变化之间存在明显的负相关或正相关关系;梅雨特征量存在显著不同的多时间尺度振荡周期和长期演变趋势且江淮地区雨季也呈不同的年际和年代际变化特征。     

2013年梅雨监测及近50年江西梅雨气候特征

利用1959—2013年江西梅雨监测区37站降水量、气温资料和500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压脊线日平均位置资料,根据《梅雨监测业务规定》的相关指标,对2013年江西梅雨进行监测,并采用EOF等方法分析江西梅雨气候特征。结果表明:1)江西于2013年5月25日正式入梅,于6月29日结束,梅雨期总雨量为420.9 mm,梅雨强度为0.58。2)江西梅雨的时空变化特征是北部地区梅雨量的全区一致型分布占总方差的77.8%,将江西北部地区作为一个整体来分析其梅雨量的时空变化特征是合理的。3)江西气候平均入梅日为6月8日,出梅日为7月1日,梅雨季长度为23 d,梅雨量为352.7 mm,梅雨强度为-0.18。入梅日期、出梅日期、梅雨季长度和梅雨强度与梅雨量特征量之间存在显著的相关关系,入梅越早,出梅越晚,梅雨期长度越长,梅雨强度越强,梅雨量就越大。4)梅雨各特征量存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征,5个梅雨特征量具有相同的2—3 a周期变化,另外还主要存在6—8 a、13—15 a和21—23 a周期变化,但各参数在1959—2013年的不同时段具有不同的显著性。     

1885~2000年长江中下游梅雨特征量的统计分析

该文分析了1885~2000年长江中下游梅雨特征量的基本统计特征及其相互关系，在此基础上研究了梅雨较长时间尺度的变化特征。结果发现:①梅雨量的大小与梅雨期的长短和出梅日期的早晚为显著的正相关；②梅雨的主要周期为3 a、6 a和8 a，它们分别与低纬100 hPa高度场、热带系统以及全球陆地温度的变化有关；③控制入梅、出梅和梅雨期6 a左右周期的气候因素是相同的，而3 a左右的周期可能受到不同气候因素的影响；④长江中下游梅雨在近116年期间，经历了6个不同的气候阶段。     

浙中北梅雨标准的初步研究

以浙江省5-7月降水异常EOF第二模态的空间分布作为界定浙中北梅雨区域的依据，选定浙中北梅雨的代表站，结合逐日日照、副高脊线位置提出了一个重新划分浙中北梅雨的标准，分析了与现业务用梅雨资料差异，并初步统计梅雨要素的基本气候特征：入梅早梅雨强度易偏强，入梅迟梅雨强度易偏弱；出梅早梅雨强度易偏弱，出梅迟梅雨强度易偏强；浙中北梅雨要素年际差异大，但梅雨强度存在显著的年代际特征。     

长江中下游梅雨与北太平洋OLR关系的诊断分析

利用长江中下游流域25站1954年-2001年共48年逐日梅雨量资料和美国NCEP／NCAR同期逐月降水量资料和射出长波辐射（outgoing longwave radiation,简称OLR）资料,采用EOF分解、Z指数、合成分析和点相关分析等多种现代诊断分析方法,详细讨论了长江中下游梅雨与北太平洋OLR的关系。结果表明：长江中下游梅雨量与西太平洋暖池区及东太平洋漂流区OLR呈显著正相关,说明西太平洋暖池区及东太平洋漂流区OLR异常增强（减弱）,长江中下游梅雨异常偏多（偏少）。长江中下游梅雨量与西太平洋至东海、黄海一带OLR呈显著负相关,说明当西太平洋至东海、黄海一带OLR异常增强（减弱）时,长江中下游梅雨量异常偏少（偏多）。合成分析和点相关分析的结果完全一致,并且通过信度0．05的显著性水平检验。     

近50a江淮梅雨的区域特征

利用江淮地区44个站1954-2003年50 a逐日降水资料,采用模糊聚类、经验正交函数分解(EOF)、谐波分析和小波分析等方法分析了江淮梅雨期梅雨量的时空变化特征.结果表明:江淮地区梅雨量的空间分布存在显著不同的区域差异,可以分为南、北两个区.梅雨量具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,南区候平均雨量峰值出现在6月第5候,北区峰值出现在7月第1候,副高脊线的两次北跳分别与江淮梅雨的平均入梅日期(6月第4候)和平均出梅日期(7月第2候)密切有关;南区梅雨量长期变化呈显著的上升趋势,而北区变化不明显;南北两区梅雨量具有显著不同的年际和年代际方差构成.南北两区梅雨量均存在多时间尺度的振荡周期.副热带高压和季风环流的异常直接影响到江淮梅雨期梅雨量的丰枯.     

Variational data assimilation experiments of mei-yu front rainstorms in China

The numerical forecasts of mei-yu front rainstorms in China has been an important issue. The intensity and pattern of the frontal rainfall are greatly influenced by the initial fields of the numerical model. The 4-dimensional variational data assimilation technology (4DVAR) can effectively assimilate all kinds of observed data, including rainfall data at the observed stations, so that the initial fields and the precipitation forecast can both be greatly improved. The non-hydrostatic meso-scale model (MM5) and its adjoint model are used to study the development of the mei-yu front rainstorm from 1200 UTC 25 June to 0600 UTC 26 June 1999. By numerical simulation experiments and assimilation experiments, the T106 data and the observed 6-hour rainfall data are assimilated. The influences of many factors, such as the choice of the assimilated variables and the weighting coefficient, on the precipitation forecast results are studied. The numerical results show that 4DVAR is valuable and important to mei-yu front rainfall prediction.     

The Relationship of Land-Ocean Thermal Anomaly Difference with Mei-yu and South China Sea Summer Monsoon

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the period of 1948--2004 and the monthly rainfall data at 160 stations in China from 1951 to 2004, the relationships among the land-ocean temperature anomaly difference in the mid-lower troposphere in spring (April--May), the mei-yu rainfall in the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basin, and the activities of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) are analyzed by using correlation and composite analyses. Results show that a significant positive correlation exists between mei-yu rainfall and air temperature in the middle latitudes above the western Pacific, while a significant negative correlation is located to the southwest of the Baikal Lake. When the land-ocean thermal anomaly difference is stronger in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) will be weaker and retreat eastward in summer (June--July), and the SCSSM will be stronger and advance further north, resulting in deficient moisture along the mei-yu front and below-normal precipitation in the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and vice versa for the weaker difference case. The effects and relative importance of the land and ocean anomalous heating on monsoon variability is also compared. It is found that the land and ocean thermal anomalies are both closely related to the summer circulation and mei-yu rainfall and SCSSM intensity, whereas the land heating anomaly is more important than ocean heating in changing the land-ocean thermal contrast and hence the summer monsoon intensity.     

北京市强降雨分区及重现期研究

利用北京观象台1841—2008年年降水量资料及近50年北京市20个气象站和82个雨量站资料分析了北京地区降水量的时间和空间变化规律,对北京地区的降雨进行分区研究,并结合观象台站逐分钟降雨资料应用广义偏态分布（GPD）方法分析了北京地区不同历时降雨量重现期。结果表明：近168年来,北京地区有两个多雨时段和两个少雨时段,目前北京处于20世纪90年代至今的少雨时段内。70至80年代,北京地区强降雨主要为全市区域性降雨,90年代之后北京的短历时强降雨呈现出局地性的特征,降水分布不均,强降水中心大致成东北一西南向带状分布。根据北京市降雨EOF分析,将北京市划分为4个降雨分区,分别是山后区、城市中心区、东北部山区和东南部平原区。其中城区代表站观象台站多个历时不同重现期降雨量分析结果经过与现行排水规范对比表明,重现期模拟结果可靠。     

近46a重庆汛期极端降水量异常特征

利用重庆33站1961-2006年汛期(5-9月)逐日降水资料,定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,统计出了不同台站近46a逐年汛期极端降水量,并进行时空分布特征分析。结果表明:重庆地区汛期极端降水量空间分布差异明显,一致性异常分布特征是最主要空间模态,空间分布可分为5个主要区域;各区代表站汛期极端降水量占总降水量的比重相当大;从长期变化趋势来看,整个重庆地区近46a来汛期极端降水变化趋势不显著;各区汛期极端降水主要存在着2~3a、5a左右的年际变化和11a左右的年代际振荡。     

Spatial characteristics of extreme rainfall over China with hourly through 24-hour accumulation periods based on national-level hourly rain gauge data

Hourly rainfall measurements of 1919 national-level meteorological stations from 1981 through 2012 are used to document,for the first time,the climatology of extreme rainfall in hourly through 24-h accumulation periods in China. Rainfall amounts for 3-,6-,12- and 24-h periods at each station are constructed through running accumulation from hourly rainfall data that have been screened by proper quality control procedures. For each station and for each accumulation period,the historical maximum is found,and the corresponding 50-year return values are estimated using generalized extreme value theory. Based on the percentiles of the two types of extreme rainfall values among all the stations,standard thresholds separating Grade I,Grade II and Grade III extreme rainfall are established,which roughly correspond to the 70th and 90th percentiles for each of the accumulation periods. The spatial characteristics of the two types of extreme rainfall are then examined for different accumulation periods. The spatial distributions of extreme rainfall in hourly through 6-h periods are more similar than those of 12- and 24-h periods. Grade III rainfall is mostly found over South China,the western Sichuan Basin,along the southern and eastern coastlines,and in the large river basins and plains. There are similar numbers of stations with Grade III extreme hourly rainfall north and south of 30°N,but the percentage increases to about 70% south of 30°N as the accumulation period increases to 24 hours,reflecting richer moisture and more prolonged rain events in southern China. Potential applications of the extreme rainfall climatology and classification standards are suggested at the end.     

夏季南亚高压与川渝地区降水的关系研究

利用我国160个测站中川渝地区的代表站及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了盛夏川渝地区降水与南亚高压东西振荡关系及其可能产生的影响.结果表明:川渝降水变化存在与南亚高压相适应的时间尺度,即准5年尺度、准10年尺度.在准5年尺度上,20世纪90年代中期以前,南亚高压东西振荡表现的位相与盆地东部降水变化位相相反,与盆地西部降水变化呈正位相,90年代末期以后与川渝地区降水变化位相趋势一致,但与四川西部高原降水的位相关系对应不明显.在年代际尺度,川渝盆地东、西部和川西高原三地降水变化存在与南亚高压东西振荡相一致的位相,说明年代际尺度变化中,当南亚高压长期表现为东伸模态,川渝降水呈总体偏多趋势.同时,川渝地区的降水变化与100hPa上高压两侧及中低层四川上空风场变化有显著的遥相关,在"东涝西旱"年份,南亚高压16800 gpm线位于四川与重庆交界上空,在"西涝东旱"年份,南亚高压16800 gpm线位于湖北西部上空,在两地降水差异显著年,南亚高压东西振荡主要表现在川渝盆地上空摆动,用16800 gpm线定义的东西振荡指数对认识川渝地区降水异常有很好的指示意义.     

Interdecadal Modulation of the Influence of La Nina Events on Mei-yu Rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the relationship between mei-yu rainfall over East China and La Nin a events in the late 1970s,a period concurrent with the Pacific climate shift,using meiyu rainfall data and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis.This relationship was modulated by the climate shift:Before the 1977/1978 climate shift and after the 1992/1993 climate shift,mei-yu rainfall levels were above normal in most La Nin a years,whereas during the period 1979-1991,mei-yu rainfall was usually below normal levels in La Nin a years.Both composite analyses and results from an atmospheric general circulation model show remarkable detail in terms of La Nin a’s impacts on mei-yu rainfall in the late 1970s due to the change in the mean climatic state over the tropical Pacific.After the late 1970s,the tropical Pacific SSTs were warmer,and the mean state of low-level anticyclone circulation over the western North Pacific (WNP) weakened.Superimposed on La Nin a-related cyclonic anomaly over the WNP,anticyclonic circulation weakened.Prior to the late 1970s,the mean state of low-level anticyclone circulation over the WNP was stronger and was less affected by La Nin a-related anomalous cyclones.Anticyclone circulation may have brought moisture to the Yangtze River valley,leading to above-normal rainfall.     

华东地区登陆台风降水变化的初步研究

利用华东地区129站1954—2004年逐日降水量资料,用降水客观分离的方法及其改进方案对登陆该地区的台风降水（tropical cyclone precipitation;TCP）进行分离;再用方差分析、气候趋势系数和线性回归等方法,分析TCP的气候特征,并与总降水的相应特征比较。结果表明：华东地区登陆台风降水量空间分布不均匀,福建东南沿海地区最大,具有向西北方向递减的趋势,这种趋势与地形等因素有关;TCP的年际变化明显,9 a和15 a周期显著;TCP年代际变化表现为20世纪50年代最多,70年代前开始减少,比华北地区台风降水减少出现的时间提早10 a;TCP与总降水两者的时间演变特点差异较大。     

年最大日雨量极值分布拟合与推算

采用红河州12个站近48～58年的年最大日雨量资料,用PearsonⅢ型分布、耿贝尔分布、对数正态分布等3种概率分布模型分别进行了拟合,选择拟合最好的分布模型来估算最大给定重现期极值.结果表明:3种分布均能较好地拟合年最大日雨量的分布,在红河州12个站的拟合中,有7个站用耿贝尔分布,4个站用Pearson-Ⅲ分布,1个...     

Mesoscale Moist Adjoint Sensitivity Study of a Mei-yu Heavy Rainfall Event

The mesoscale moist adjoint sensitivities related to the initiation of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are evaluated for a mei-yu heavy rainfall event. The sensitivities were calculated on a realistic background gained from a four-dimensional variational data assimilation of precipitation experiment to make the sensitivity computation possible and reasonable within a strong moist convective event at the mesoscale. The results show that the computed sensitivities at the mesoscale were capable of capturing the factors affecting MCS initiation. The sensitivities to the initial temperature and moisture are enhanced greatly by diabatic processes, especially at lower levels, and these sensitivities are much larger than those stemming from the horizontal winds, which implies that initiation of MCSs is more sensitive to low-level temperature and moisture perturbations rather than the horizontal winds. Moreover, concentration of sensitivities at low levels reflects the characteristics of the mei-yu front. The results provide some hints about how to improve quantitative precipitation forecasts of mei-yu heavy rainfall, such as by conducting mesoscale targetted observations via the adjoint-based method to reduce the low-level errors in the initial temperature and moisture.