青藏高原的隆升过程与地球动力学模型研究进展

综合对比、分析了现有青藏高原隆升过程和地球动力学模型相关成果，认为：（1）高原岩石圈以多圈层为特征，其内部层圈相互作用复杂，从而导致隆升过程和机制的复杂性以及构造演化的阶段性，高原的隆升是多种机制联合作用的产物，具有多阶段、非均一、不等速的特征；（2）现有地球动力学模式多力求用一种动力学体制对高原整体构造格架和成因演化进行解释，然而，高原的隆升过程、状态和动力学机制具有非线性、非周期性和无序性等特征，其隆升作用存在非线性效应；（3）以数值模拟为手段，开展物理与数学的定量模拟研究，建立组合动力学模型，是青藏高原隆升过程和地球动力学研究中有待深化的重要课题。     

青藏高原挤压隆升过程的数值模拟

将大陆岩石层视为由幂指数律控制的一层薄层,它上伏在粘滞性较低的软流层之 上蠕变流动,其运动限制在与东亚大陆构造形态较相似的边界模型的梯形框架之中．设印度 板块以一恒定的速度向北推进,并被视为青藏高原挤压隆升的主要动力．用数值模拟的方法 研究了青藏高原的挤压隆升演化过程,并对数值模拟的隆升过程作了剥蚀修正．结果表明, 由挤压模型所产生的地形和现代青藏高原及其邻区的地形格局比较吻合．同时也表明,挤压 隆升过程受多种因素（如岩石层的力学特性、边界条件以及剥蚀作用）的制约,无论从空间还 是从时间上看,模拟所反映的高原隆升都是不均匀的演化过程．     

青藏高原挤压隆升过程的数值模拟

将大陆岩石层视为由幂指数律控制的一层薄层,它上伏在粘滞性较低的软流层之 上蠕变流动,其运动限制在与东亚大陆构造形态较相似的边界模型的梯形框架之中．设印度 板块以一恒定的速度向北推进,并被视为青藏高原挤压隆升的主要动力．用数值模拟的方法 研究了青藏高原的挤压隆升演化过程,并对数值模拟的隆升过程作了剥蚀修正．结果表明, 由挤压模型所产生的地形和现代青藏高原及其邻区的地形格局比较吻合．同时也表明,挤压 隆升过程受多种因素（如岩石层的力学特性、边界条件以及剥蚀作用）的制约,无论从空间还 是从时间上看,模拟所反映的高原隆升都是不均匀的演化过程．     

青藏高原下地壳流动方式的数值模拟研究

青藏高原存在柔性下地壳流动被越来越多的学者接受, 但是关于下地壳流动方式及速度存在争议。 地表运动有GPS等直接测量, 上地幔运动有S波分裂间接反映, 下地壳运动目前没有直接观测手段, 使得开展数值分析非常重要。 本文利用三维球壳黏弹性有限元模型研究了青藏高原下地壳柔性流动方式和流动速度。 本文通过对地表GPS观测资料的拟合与不同数值模型的对比分析, 认为青藏高原柔性下地壳东向流动遇到四川盆地的抵阻, 下地壳物质可能仅在高原东南方向存在物质外溢通道, 而在高原东北方向不存在类似的物质通道; 下地壳的流动速度比地表运动速率每年快几毫米至十几毫米, 对应的黏滞系数为10¹⁸~10¹⁹ Pa·s。     

青藏高原东缘活动构造与现今地应力场三维粘弹性模拟研究

青藏高原东缘地区活动断裂极其发育,强震繁发,特别是2008年5月12日的汶川Ms8.0级地震的发生,使得众多地球科学家认识到有必要更为全面地了解和认识该地区的地应力场背景和地球动力学环境.本论文结合活动构造的性质和分布特征,在考虑重力因素的条件下,利用三维粘弹性有限元模拟分析青藏高原东缘现今地应力场的分布特征和控制因素.模拟结果表明,印度板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞和稳定华南块体的阻挡控制着青藏高原东缘总体的动力学环境,主要活动断裂和次一级活动断裂的展布对地应力场分布特征具有不同程度的影响,在不同的构造位置具有不同的地应力场特征,同时决定了相应活动断裂的性质.巴颜喀拉块体的水平最大主应力方向总体上为东西向;印度板块向北运动过程中对缅甸块体产生的剪切拉伸的作用和南海伸展性的边界使得水平最大主应力方向在川滇地块发生了偏转,同时造成了围绕喜马拉雅东构造结的旋转变形.青藏高原东缘在近地表区域由于受到地形地貌的影响,地应力随深度发生了不同程度的变化,在地形梯度较大和块体边界地壳结构发生较大变化的区域,如龙门山断裂带附近,地壳浅部的地应力随深度发生较为明显的变化,而地势比较平缓和地壳岩石物性比较稳定的地区,由浅到深的地应力变化较小.     

大陆岩石圈的增厚及对流剥离对青藏高原隆升的影响

伴随着印度板块对欧亚板块南缘的碰撞,挤压,青藏高原地壳及下伏地幔岩石圈的厚度增加了１倍。增厚岩石圈热结构的变化可导致高原海拔下降约１５００ｍ。其对流剥离并被较热的软流圈物质替代可用以解释青藏高原自８百万年或３百万年前开始的快速隆升。大陆岩石圈的增厚及热结构变化和对流剥离可能是青藏高原自９百万年前开始的夷平－快速隆升过程的主导控制因素。     

青藏高原中部错鄂湖晚新生代以来的沉积环境演变及其构造隆升意义

错鄂湖200m深井岩芯古地磁测年表明,错鄂湖形成于约2．8Ma年前．沉积岩性组合、粒度特征和磁化率变化揭示了约3次大的沉积环境变化过程,反映了至少2次剧烈的青藏高原隆升过程;同时,孢粉组合也揭示了构造隆升导致的植被组合的变化．初步研究认为,大的湖泊沉积环境变化主要是在青藏高原不断隆升的背景上进行的．2．8-2．5Ma和0．8Ma以来的沉积环境演化主要受构造运动的控制,而2．5-0．8Ma环境演化过程更多的受到冰期-间冰期旋回气候变化的影响．     

青藏高原隆升和夷平过程的数值模型研究

青藏高原自约45Ma前开始隆升以来,经历了多次隆起与夷平的交替过程.基于事实分析和这样一种理论假说:当地磁极性与现代相同时,地球内部对流活动强,造山运动强烈,青藏高原隆起速率大;相反时,地球内部对流活动大为减弱,青藏高原构造抬升速率为零,建立了高原高度随时间变化的微分方程模型.得到了其解析解,并利用古地磁资料和星际氢原子浓度资料计算了自高原隆升以来的高度变迁.对数学模型结果与事实分析结论的比较表明,两者相当一致,该模型较为逼真地再现了地质历史上青藏高原隆升和夷平的交替过程.该模型主要考虑了高原高度对侵蚀速率的影响以及地磁极性和星际氢原子浓度对抬升速率的影响.     

青藏高原新生代构造隆升阶段的时空格局

青藏高原不同部位低温热年代学记录、沉积记录和构造变形记录揭示出存在60~35,25~17,12~8Ma（藏南17~12Ma）和大约5Ma以来4个主要强构造隆升剥露阶段.除了藏南地区在17~12Ma发生藏南拆离系的活动及其所控制的高喜马拉雅结晶基底岩系的快速抬升剥露这一特殊情况外,青藏高原不同地区主要强构造隆升剥露阶段具有准同时性.几个强隆升剥露阶段对应于几个强构造变形活动时期,反映隆升剥露主要受构造动力控制.新生代以砾岩为代表的粗碎屑物的分布、前陆盆地或走滑拉分盆地的分布及其沉积充填、角度不整合的发育和地层间断缺失,以及受断裂控制的盆山地貌变迁和高原扩展与青藏高原几个强构造抬升剥露阶段也具有良好的匹配关系.本文还讨论了青藏高原作为地表隆升的高原形成过程,揭示高原的形成是随时间演变不断扩展的过程.     

巴颜喀拉块体强震动力学过程数值模拟

以青藏高原为目标采用弹性体本构关系,模拟印度板块持续向北推进、挤压对巴颜喀拉块体及邻区的影响.通过降低强震发生位置处单元弹性模量的方法,模拟1900年以来发生在巴颜喀拉块体及周缘Ms≥7.0强震,计算序列中前面地震对后续强震的影响.模拟结果表明:①巴颜喀拉块体背景场应力水平大致与块体西部等效应力同等大小,自西向东逐渐递减,巴颜喀拉块体西部和中部等效应力从南向北逐渐递减,东部地区等效应力比较低;②模拟的14次地震序列中,有8次发生在前面强震所引起的等效应力增大的区域内,2次发生在等效应力增大和减小的过渡区域内,3次发生在等效应力减小的区域内;③从强震序列所引起的应力相互作用看,历史地震对1970年以来发生的地震影响结果为:历史地震加速了1973年亦基台错、1997年玛尼和2001年昆仑山口西地震的发生,昆仑山口西地震对汶川地震的影响较小,汶川地震对玉树地震的发生不具有加速触发作用.     

Variation of Uplift Velocit y in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Its Occasion and Consequences

The velocity of uplift in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau has been changed in a remarkable sense by the continental collision.In this paper the buoyancy variation,which occurred in the crustal shortening and thickening process,was used to explain the varied velocities.In the initial stage subcrustal material came from anomalous mantle with high temperature,then the density contrast between crust and mantle was small; in turn both the buoyancy and the surface uplift were gentle.When the thickened crust was squeezed into normal mantle in the later stage,the significant buoyancy would cause a rapid uplift.The variation of buoyancy also affected the stress regime around the plateau.     

Cenozoic sedimentary records and geochronological constraints of differential uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Geological mapping data (1:250000) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent regions reveal the sediment sequences, distribution and tectonic evolution of the 92 Tertiary remnant basins. Southern Tibet and the Yecheng area in Xinjiang, located at southern and northwestern margins of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, respectively, were parts of the Neo-Tethys remnant sea in the Paleogene. In southern Tibet, both the subabyssal and abyssal sequences occur at the Gyangze, Saga, Guoyala, and Sangmai areas. The deep-water facies successions outcrop in the west, whereas the shallow-water facies sequences in the east, indicating the east to the west retreat of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. The retreat of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the east was contributed to the earlier tectonic uplift of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The uplift process of the Plateau from the Late Cretaceous to Pliocene is described as follows: During the Late Cretaceous, tectonic uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau occurred in the northeastern part and the configuration of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was characterized by rise in the northeast and depression in the west. In the Paleocene-Eocene interval, the Tengchong-Baingoin and Kuyake-Golmud areas experienced local tectonic uplifting, the West Kunlun uplift zone broadened easterly, the Qilian uplift zone broadened southerly, and the Songpan-Garzê uplift zone shrank easterly. The Oligocene configuration of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was characterized by mountain chains rising along its margins and sedimentary basins in the central part because of tectonic uplifts of the Gangdisê and the Himalaya blocks. Meanwhile, the Kunlun-Altyn-Qilian uplift zones have also broadened southerly and northerly. In contrast, the great uplift zones of the Gangdisê, the Himalaya, the Karakorum, and the Kunlun blocks characterize the paleogeographic contours of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Miocene-Pliocene. Additionally, the thermochronological data on tectonic uplift events in southern Tibet, West Kunlun Mountains, Altyn Tagh, eastern Tibet, and western Sichuan all suggest that the most intense deformation occurred at 13-8 Ma and since 5 Ma, respectively, corresponding to two great uplift periods in Neogene. As a result, turnover of paleogeographic configuration of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau occurred during the Neogene, experiencing a change from high contours in the east in the pre-Oligocene to high contours in the west at the end-Pliocene. The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Cenozoic was episodic, and the uplifts of various blocks within the Plateau were spatially and chronologically different.     

Numerical simulation of an unsaturated flow equation

A numerical model for an unsaturated flow problem by using the finite element method is established in order to simulate liquid moisture flow In an unsaturated zone with homogeneous soil and deep subsurface water, and with different initial and boundary conditions. For infiltration or evaporation problems, a traditional method usually yields oscillatory non-physics profiles. However, nonoscillatory solutions are obtained and non-physics solutions for these problems are evaded by using the mass-lumped finite element method. Moreover, the kind of boundary condition is handled very well. Project supported by the National Key Project of Fundamental Research ”Climate Dynamics and Climate Prediction Theory“ and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.     

Long-distance atmospheric moisture dominates water budget in permafrost regions of the Central Qinghai-Tibet plateau

Precipitation plays an important role in permafrost hydrology; it can alter the hydrothermal condition of the active layer and even influence the permafrost aggradation or degradation. Moisture recycling from evaporation and transpiration can greatly contribute to local precipitation in some regions. This study selected four monitoring sites and used an isotope mixing model to investigate local moisture recycling in permafrost regions of the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The results showed that the local water vapour flux in the summer and autumn were dominantly influenced by westerlies and the Indian monsoon. Moistures for precipitation in Wudaoliang (WDL) and Fenghuoshan (FHS) mainly came from the western QTP, eastern Tianshan Mountains, western Qilian Mountains, and the surrounding regions. In comparsion, more than half of precipitation at Tanggula (TGL) was mostly sourced from the Indian monsoon. Local moisture recycling ratios at the four sites ranged from 14% ± 3.8% to 31.6% ± 4.8%, and depended on the soil moisture and relative humidity. In particular, the higher soil moisture and relative humidity promoted local moisture recycling, but frozen ground might be a potential influencing factor as well. The moisture recycling ratios of the study area were consistent with the results from both the Qinghai Lake Basin and the Nam Co Basin, but differed from those of the northwestern QTP. This difference may indirectly confirm the great spatial variability in precipitation on the QTP. Moreover, the rising air temperature and ground temperature, increasing precipitation, higher soil moisture, higher vegetation cover, and expanding lakes in the study area may be conductive to enhancing future local moisture recycling by altering ground surface conditions and facilitating the land surface evaporation and plant transpiration.     

Review of numerical simulation on the dy-namics of Qinghai-Xizang plateau

IntroductionQinghai-Xizang(QingzangorTibetan)plateauisthemostremarkableactivecollisionbeltontheEarth.Itsaveragealtitudeis5km,itscrustthicknessupto70kmanditsareaabout7?05km2.Inrecenttwentyyears,withthegeophysicalobservationdatagettingmoreandmore,manydy-namicmodelsaboutcrustthickeningandTibetanuplifthavebeenputforward(Harrison,etal,1992;LI,1995;ZENG,etal,1994;ZHONG,DING,1996;XIAO,WANG,1998).Theycanbedividedintotwotypes.ThefirsttypecharacterizesthattheconvergencebetweenIndiaandEura-s…     

巴颜喀拉块体周缘几次强震对甘肃地区地震形势的影响

以青藏高原为目标,采用黏弹性体本构关系建立3D有限元模型,模拟了在印度板块持续向北推进、挤压下,巴颜喀拉块体周缘强震对邻近地区的影响.通过降低强震发生位置处单元弹性模量的方法模拟了2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1、2008年汶川MS8.0、2010年玉树MS7.1地震,计算了发生这3次MS7.0以上强震后50年内每5年的黏弹性调整过程,讨论了3次强震对祁连地震带及甘东南地区地震形势的影响,尝试开展依据区域应力调整特征判定未来强震危险区的探索试验.     

Geomorphologic evidence of phased uplift of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 14 million years ago

~~Geomorphologic evidence of phased uplift of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 14 million years ago~~     

淄博市王旺庄水源地地下水开采预测的数值模拟

王旺庄水源地是淄博市晴纶工程的后备水源地,设计供水能力20000m^2／d。利用Ritz有限元数值分析方法。结合单纯性线性规划,在完成了对山东省淄博市临淄区王旺庄一朱台地段的淄博市腈纶工程水源地的水文地质模型建造的基础上,成功地对水源地进行地下水开采模拟,同时对该水源地的未来10年开采作了两种大气降水条件下的地下水动态预测。为腈纶工程水源地地下水开采提供了充分的设计依据。     

应用线性合成概率方法探讨青藏高原北部地区强震趋势

基于周期谱分析基础上的线性合成概率预测方法,对青藏高原北部地区Ms≥7.0、Ms≥6.5强震进行了试验性研究,并利用其结果作为预测依据,对青藏高原北部地区强震趋势做了初步估计.利用该方法,本文还对东昆仑断裂带1900年以来的Ms≥7.0强震进行了研究.