遥感和GIS在冰湖溃决洪水中的应用研究

近年来随着全球气候变暖和冰川退缩,以及人类在高海拔地区活动的增多,冰湖溃决洪水灾害呈增加趋势。由于遥感和GIS技术的众多优势,使其在冰湖溃决洪水研究方面得到广泛应用。首先对冰湖溃决洪水及其研究做简单介绍,然后从冰川、冰湖空间数据获取,冰湖溃决评价指标获取,冰湖溃决洪水模拟和DEM的建立及应用4个方面对遥感和GIS在冰湖溃决洪水研究中的应用进行综述,最后指出,目前遥感和GIS在冰湖溃决洪水应用中的不足,为进一步研究和应用指明了方向。     

基于遥感和GIS的洪水坝河流域冰川变化研究

以洪水坝河流域为例,利用1956年的地形图和2003年的ASTER遥感影像及数字高程模型,在GIS的支持下对两期数据进行统计分析,结果表明:近47年来,洪水坝河流域冰川面积减少了14.04%,长度退缩了17.28%,储量减少了2.26%。研究认为,气温显著升高是洪水坝河流域冰川快速萎缩的主要原因。在和祁连山地区、西藏以及天山地区的冰川进行对比后,发现研究区冰川消融的速率介于三地之间,初步推测是由研究区所在区域的气候和自身属性共同作用的结果。     

高山冰川多时相多角度遥感信息提取方法

提出一种多角度遥感影像的冰川信息提取方法。通过"全域—局部"的阈值分割方法获取短时期内不同时相的遥感影像的冰雪边界,结合地形信息和多时相遥感影像的太阳角度信息,联合消除山体阴影对冰川的遮挡,并以多期影像的最小冰雪边界作为最佳冰川边界。以托木尔峰西侧冰川为研究对象,采用2009—2010年4个时相的遥感影像提取冰川信息。结果表明多角度遥感提取的冰川边界效果好,能有效地排除积雪与山体阴影的干扰。     

基于ASTER数据的冰川提取方法研究

利用高空间分辨率的Aster遥感影像数据进行冰川的提取,在提取过程中,根据以前的冰川提取的工作方法,结合本次实验数据的具体情况,设定了一套冰川提取的工作流程,经过检查对比,证明本次提取的工作精度是很高的,达到了实验数据的要求,并对冰舌末端的冰碛物的分类进行了研究,能够取得不错的效果。最后对本文的方法进行了总结及展望。     

高山冰川遥感提取方法研究

遥感的应用使得对冰川大尺度全覆盖、多时相变化的监测成为可能,然而冰川信息遥感提取方法的误差大等难题成为影响冰川监测的障碍。本文综合分析比较了目前已有的多种冰川提取方法的有效性,得出提取冰川范围精度最高的是面向对象的目视判读方法,其次是最大似然法监督分类、面向对象的自动分类、比值阈值法、雪盖指数法等。各自动方法提取冰川面积均有较大误差,且误差主要出现在冰舌末端、阴影区、薄冰区和云层遮盖范围等区域。本文将面向对象的目视判读法应用于冰川提取中,在保证信息提取精度的同时提高了传统解译的效率。     

高斯混合模型自动阈值法遥感冰川信息提取

利用阈值法进行遥感地物提取效率高、准确率高,但是在阈值的选取方面,传统的手动选取阈值,自动化低,需反复试操作,且易受主观因素影响。文中通过期望最大算法对局部冰川区域归一化雪覆盖指数建立高斯混合模型,去除区域内的混合像元类,再利用高斯混合模型模拟纯净化后的冰川类、非冰川类的NDSI分布情况,根据改进后的高斯混合模型分布情况,自动计算出区域内的冰川提取阈值。本文对不同海拔的3个区域进行算法实验,然后将新疆哈密的哈尔里克山冰川提取边界与冰川编目数据进行对比验证。研究结果表明,该方法自动计算的冰川提取阈值结果可靠、精度高,在差异较大区域仍较稳定,有一定的应用价值。     

A GIS-based glacier inventory for the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands —A first case study on King George Island

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A GIS-based glacier inventory for the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands —A first case study on King George Island

The aim of the international project “Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS)” headed by the US Geological Survey is to establish a world wide glacier inventory based on satellite imagery. This data set will form a first digital baseline study for future glacier monitoring. The presented GIS-based glacier inventory for King George Island is a case study for the area of the Antarctic Peninsula. In the database of the glacier inventory topographic information, specific glaciological parameters as well as metadata will be included. The topographic data consists of drainage basin limits, basin areas, altitudinal ranges, perimeters and mean lengths. Glaciological data sets should comprise information on glacier retreat in different periods, glacier velocities, ice thickness and bedrock topography as well as derived parameters. Modelled and measured mass balance parameters could be included as additional data layers. In particular, these metadata records must comprise background information on data accuracy and data sources and should be compatible with a future data model for the King George Island GIS (KGIS). Three examples illustrate that the GLIMS database will not only contain information valuable for glaciological applications, but also other environmental studies on the island will benefit from this standardised remote sensing data sets. Therefore, a very close link between the data models of KGIS and GLIMS has to be established to enable these synergisms. Finally, better access to historic aerial photography would enable a continuous record of glacier retreat from the beginning of the 1950's onward.     

A GIS-BASED GLACIER INVENTORY FOR THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA AND THE SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS——A FIRST CASE STUDY ON KING GEORGE ISLAND

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河北省太行山南段东坡第四纪冰川遗迹的遥感解译

利用大比例尺黑白航空像片首次在太行山南段东坡发现了大面积保存较完好的冰川遗迹如角峰、刃脊、冰斗、悬谷、冰蚀盆地及冰蚀槽谷等,经系统组合、配套后认为,第四纪时期,该区曾发育过三一四期冰川活动,第I、II冰期冰川属于山谷一山麓冰川类型,而第IⅡ、IV(?)期冰川则为冰斗冰川。本文详述了各类冰蚀地貌的期次,分布、类型及发育特征,为该区第四纪古冰川活动的研究提供了新的证据。     

GB-SAR变形监测技术研究现状与展望

地基合成孔径雷达（GB-SAR）技术是近十多年发展起来的地面主动微波遥感技术,可进行非接触、高精度、大范围、远距离的变形监测,在变形监测领域具有重要意义。本文首先介绍了GB-SAR干涉测量基础理论和研究现状,归纳了目前主要的GB-SAR系统,详细列举了现有系统的关键参数;进而分析了GB-SAR技术在基础设施、滑坡、矿山、冰川运动及文物保护等变形监测领域应用的优势和不足,总结了地基雷达系统在实际应用中面临的挑战;最后从多维形变、大气改正等方面对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Glacier surface characteristics derivation and monitoring using Hyperspectral datasets: a case study of Gepang Gath glacier,Western Himalaya

Mountain Glaciers are natural resources of fresh water and these affect the stream flow of the rivers, regional climate and further global climate. Observed trends and projected future evolutions of climate and Cryospheric variables clearly suggest a need to monitor these changes. Accordingly, the article presents the glacier features mapping using Hyperspectral remote sensing imagery. A freely available Hyperion satellite imagery acquired over Gepang Gath glacier in Himachal Pradesh, India is used for the study. Each class is identified based on their surface characteristics of spectral reflectance properties. Identification is simplified by demarcating the study glacier into accumulation and ablation areas through snowline. Accumulation area is characterized with high reflectance clean snow/ice and reduced moderate reflectance Snow/firn. The identification of classes in Hyperion imagery is validated using the spectral library from USGS and ASTER, and field spectra obtained from literature.     

基于多时相Landsat TM/ETM的阿尼玛卿山冰川变化监测

采用遥感及地理信息系统技术,利用多时相Landsat TM/ETM影像和数字高程模型(SRTMDEM),结合中国冰川目录,获得阿尼玛卿山地区不同年份的冰川范围,进行冰川变化监测。综合分析该冰川的变化情况,计算冰川进退变化速率,并对其中4个变化较大的冰川进行详细的分析统计。结果表明:从1991年至2009年,阿尼玛卿山地区既有退缩冰川也有前进冰川,其中冰川退缩面积为15.30km2,前进面积为4.46km2。总体面积持续退缩,其中退缩最大的冰川长度缩短了900m,其它冰川也存在不同程度的变化。     

遥感技术在环境资源中的应用进展与展望

介绍了遥感技术在环境资源中应用的优越性和范围,分析了近年来国内外遥感技术在环境资源中应用的进展情况,最后对未来环境遥感技术的发展趋势进行了一些探讨。     

高分一号卫星遥感影像提取冰川堰塞湖水体方法比较

快速准确地从遥感影像提取冰川堰塞湖水体信息,是研究冰坝遥感监测与应急监测的核心热点问题.以GF-1卫星遥感影像为主要数据源,采用归一化差分水体指数(NDWI)、改进阴影水体指数(ENDWI)和面向对象(SVM)对克亚吉尔冰川堰塞湖水体进行定量提取.比较分析3种水体判识方法,3种方法均可以提取完整的水体边界,并且抑制了9...     

利用SBAS-InSAR技术反演雅鲁藏布江色东普流域灾前冰川形变

本文基于30景Sentinel-1影像,首先采用SBAS-InSAR技术反演了2018年4-10月雅鲁藏布江色东普流域灾前冰川形变,并利用非冰雪覆盖的基岩区形变结果进行可靠性检验,得出均方根误差为9 mm,表明SBAS-InSAR技术应用于冰川形变监测具有较高的可靠性。然后分析了升降轨数据对不同坡向形变监测的敏感性,以及冰川碎屑流灾害发生前冰川形变的空间分布与时间演化特征。结果表明,冰川运动的主流线在东西坡交汇的中轴部,研究区平均形变量达-34.8 mm。在典型剖面上,随着海拔逐渐降低,冰川形变呈先缓慢减少,后快速增加,再缓慢减少的趋势,平均形变量为-50.1 mm。冰川碎屑流灾害发生前冰川形变已有明显的加速趋势,可为冰川灾害早期识别提供科学的数据支持。     

Classification of glacial lakes using integrated approach of DFPS technique and gradient analysis using Sentinel 2A data

It is important to identify and locate glacial lakes for assessing any potential hazard. This study presents a combination of semi-automatic method Double-Window Flexible Pace Search (DFPS) and edge detection technique to identify glacial lakes using Sentinel 2A satellite data. Initially, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) has been used to identify water and non-water areas, while DFPS and Edge detection technique has been used to identify an optimum threshold value to distinguish between water and shadow areas. The optimal threshold from DFPS process is 0.21, while threshold value of gradient magnitude using edge detection process is 0.318. The number of glacial lakes identified using the above algorithm is in close agreement with previously published results on glacial lakes in Gangotri glacier using different techniques. Thus, a combination of DFPS and edge detection process has successfully segregated glacial lakes from other features present in Gangotri glacier.     

多时相遥感影像变化检测的现状与展望

多时相遥感影像变化检测技术能够监测生态环境变化、跟踪城市发展,对于研究人类与自然环境之间的交互关系有着重要的意义。随着新型遥感影像的不断普及,变化检测也在高光谱影像变化检测和高分辨率影像变化检测两个方向上有了深入的探索。本文围绕变化检测的基本流程,从预处理、变化检测方法、阈值分割与精度评价4个角度介绍了变化检测研究的最新进展,并总结了变化检测技术的主要应用领域。最后,对变化检测技术未来的发展进行了展望。     

Training and education in remote sensing

Remote Sensing has emerged as a key technology in recent years to generate spatial information. Exploration of this technology to its maximum potential requires trained personnel and for wider understanding of the subject it needs to be introduced in our educational system. With the rapid technological advances being made by remote sensing information and decision support systems, it has become very important that training in remote sensing keeps pace with these advances. For wider acceptability of remote sensing well thought of plan needs to be made for human resources development through training and education in Remote Sensing. Various issues for training and education in Remote Sensing have been discussed in this paper.     

Demarcation of potential avalanche sites using remote sensing and ground observations: a case study of Gangotri glacier

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of remote sensing and analytical hierarchy process for avalanche hazard mapping. The layers incorporated in this study were of slope, aspect, profile curvature, ground cover and elevation. The accuracy of output was determined using the registered avalanche sites based on ground observations and field-based modelling techniques. 93.35% of avalanche-affected areas came under maximum and moderate hazard zones, thus proving the effectiveness of this technique for Gangotri glacier basin. A parallel study was done to observe the change in the results, if any, by using high-resolution DEM and Cartosat-1 imagery. Similar methodology was adopted and the outcome was having significant improvement over the previous result as 98.8% of the preregistered avalanche area falling within maximum and moderate hazard zones.