蒙古-贝加尔地区上地幔小尺度对流及 地球动力学意义

上地幔小尺度对流是控制区域地球动力学过程的主要机制之一,蒙古-贝加尔地区的一些区域动力学过程被认为与上地幔小尺度对流相关.本文目的在于利用重力资料研究蒙古-贝加尔地区的上地幔小尺度对流,并探讨其与构造动力学的关系.基于区域均衡重力异常与上地幔小尺度对流的相关方程,本文利用区域均衡重力异常资料反演了蒙古-贝加尔地区上地幔小尺度对流流场及作用于岩石层底部的应力场.结果显示,蒙古-贝加尔地区地幔流场及对流应力场呈现非常复杂的图像,流场及应力场分布与地表构造具有很好的相关性.西伯利亚地台和蒙古褶皱带下地幔流场和对流应力场均较弱,这与这些地区现今较弱的构造活动性是一致的.贝加尔裂谷区下存在地幔上升流,对流应力场呈拉张状态,但应力场的幅值较小(约8 MPa),表明地幔对流不是贝加尔裂谷开裂的主要控制因素.Hangay高原、阿尔泰和戈壁-阿尔泰下存在地幔上升流,对流应力场为拉张状态,这一方面可能构成Hangay高原隆升的深部动力机制,另一方面,也为Amurian板块西边界划分提供了动力背景.     

蒙古-贝加尔裂谷区深部结构研究进展综述

针对蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成的动力机制和演化过程的两种观点,本文整理了近年来蒙古-贝加尔裂谷活动构造、重力异常、层析成像及接受函数等方面的研究成果,分析蒙古-贝加尔地区深层介质尤其是上地幔的各向异性特性,探究深部物质的变形方式和流动模式,探讨了蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成和演化的条件.结果表明,蒙古-贝加尔地区地幔流场及对流应力场呈现非常复杂的图像,流场及应力场分布与地表构造具有很好的相关性.蒙古-贝加尔裂谷系的形成不是单纯的构造伸展或壳下岩石圈被热的软流圈物质机械代替的过分简单的模式,而是裂谷系的岩石圈强烈地构造热活化,即有软流圈上隆,熔体侵入.在蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成和演化中地幔柱发挥了重要作用,同时与线性岩石圈年代及其相对于地幔柱位置有关,也与India-Asia碰撞提供的有利的远场力相关,这三者构成了蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成和演化的三个条件.     

地幔柱在蒙古-贝加尔裂谷起源中的作用

本文通过整理近年来蒙古-贝加尔裂谷有关地幔柱的研究成果,从重力异常、层析成像和接受函数等方面分析贝加尔地区上地幔的各向异性特性,并重点介绍了中蒙合作项目的深部构造研究成果,探究地幔柱在蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成中的作用.研究发现:贝加尔裂谷区上涌物质来源于410km不连续面之下和660km不连续面之上,低速异常延伸至贝加尔裂谷下的地幔转换地带,可能是地幔柱低速异常的反映.速度异常还可能与应力环境有关,东部Pn速度低值异常与太平洋板块俯冲动力作用引起的地壳的伸展减薄和岩浆活动有关,西部Pn速度高值异常则是India板块强烈碰撞挤压动力作用所形成.蒙古-贝加尔裂谷带起源受岩石圈扩张和岩石圈不均匀性的综合影响,裂谷下的低速区存在偏转的地幔柱,偏转的地幔柱在India-Asia板块碰撞引起形变的远场力的帮助下,成为贝加尔裂谷演化和发展的主要成因之一.     

蒙古一贝加尔裂谷区地壳构造运动的GPS研究

本文介绍了蒙古—贝加尔裂谷区的GPS观测结果、贝加尔裂谷形成的岩石圈动力学机制及Amurian板块地壳变形等方面的研究成果.GPS观测资料研究表明:贝加尔裂谷区正以4.5±1.2 mm/a的速率向两侧扩张,但对于扩张的动力源问题还有不同的认识.关于贝加尔裂谷区扩张的动力机制主要有:(1)地幔柱的上升是主要的控制因素,(2)印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞是主控因素.作者认为贝加尔裂谷的形成是多种动力共同作用的结果,包括了贝加尔裂谷区地幔柱的上涌、印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应及太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的远程效应.GPS观测结果在很大程度上支持了Amurian板块的存在,但对板块南部、西南部边界的划分还存在很大的争议.在今后的工作中,需要在Amurian板块内部、蒙古地区、我国的华北、东北地区布设更多的GPS连续观测点,以明确限定Amurian板块的独立性、边界范围及运动特征.     

基于最小二乘配置在椭球面上解算喜马拉雅地区GPS应变分布

随着空间大地测量技术不断发展,GPS观测的地壳水平形变速度场精度也在不断提高,更加严密的GPS应变分析模型将有助于促进更高精度的地壳运动模型的构建.大地线长度与对应球面弧长之间的差异与纬度、经度变化均有关,并且与纬度变化影响最为显著,纬度越低,相应的椭球面效应约显著.本文在最小二乘配置模型的基础上进一步研究并推导了基于椭球坐标系的GPS应变分析模型,通过该模型进一步计算了青藏高原南部喜马拉雅构造带及阿萨姆构造结地区现今GPS应变分布.最大、最小主应变的显示喜马拉雅山脉中部的南北向压缩变形最强,西部次之,东部最弱.在印度板块的俯冲推挤作用下,喜马拉雅构造带内部地壳的变形过程并不统一.本文研究发现雅鲁藏布江缝合带与亚东—古鲁断裂带是该区域地壳水平形变的两条重要分界构造,雅鲁藏布江缝合带南部、亚东—古鲁断裂西侧的条带状地区可能是青藏南部吸收来自印度板块俯冲挤压作用的主要区域,最大剪应变分布及面膨胀值分布均表明亚东—古鲁断裂带是喜马拉雅构造带东西向拉伸变形过程中的一条重要的分界构造.沿喜马拉雅构造带分布的地壳剧烈变形区域集中分布在断裂以西,向东跨过该断裂的GPS应变场大幅减弱.青藏高原东南缘以阿萨姆构造结为中心的顺时针旋转变形存在旋转内、外圈层速度不一致现象,旋转速率由内向外逐渐增强.     

基于最小二乘配置的板块边界地壳形变应变特征分析

北美板块边界属于地震高风险区域,为了更好地了解该区域地壳形变及应变的变化特征,本文利用北美板块边界PBO网络1997-2008年的GNSS高精度速度场信息,基于欧拉旋转矢量扣除背景场刚性运动后,顾及区域速度场的统计学原理,利用球面最小二乘配置算法拟合推估该区域地壳连续速度场,最后基于速度场与应变场的微分关系在球面上解算面膨胀,剪应变及主应变等地壳应变特征参数.研究结果表明:指数函数作为该区域的协方差基本函数较为合适,其东向及北向相关系数平方达0.94和0.95;通过球面最小二乘配置算法解得该区域压缩应变的最大值约-11×10-7/yr,位于圣安德列斯断裂周缘地带,圣马利亚北部;剪应变最大值约6×10-7/yr,位于弗朗西斯科东南、圣马利亚西北.由于太平洋板块向东运动导致与北美板块边界产生挤压,造成该区域地壳形变特征明显,地质灾害频发.     

基于GPS的华北地区地壳水平形变特征研究

利用中国大陆构造环境监测网络2009、2011年2期的GPS数据资料,计算得到华北地区相对于稳定的欧亚板块的区域水平速度场。根据水平速度场,基于连续变形假说,采用三角形方法计算了区域应变场特征值,并用GMT绘制了其分布图像。结合地震地质资料对该区的地壳水平形变特征进行分析研究,得出了有意义的结论:(1)水平相对运动与应变率场分布显示,板块交界处的断裂带及其附近区域地壳运动差异显著,应变率量值较为突出;(2)山西断陷带的活动方式与地质结果具有差异性;(3)区内最大剪应变、面膨胀的高值区主要位于环渤海的京津唐地区、山西断陷带中南部及郯庐断裂带中南段。     

基于GPS技术的2016年呼图壁M_S6.2地震形变特征研究

利用2013~2017年3期GPS观测资料,通过结合区域构造背景分析呼图壁MS6.2地震震中及附近区域水平运动速率、主应变率、面膨胀率及最大剪应变率动态变化特征。结果表明,呼图壁地震前发震构造南部区域地壳速率高于北部区域运动速率,造成发震构造两盘运动速率不同,地壳能量积蓄。呼图壁地震释放了区域积蓄的应变能量,由于区域构造因素,影响范围较小。震前震中附近区域处于压缩环境,易于聚集应变能量;震时震中区出现面膨胀等值线密集高梯度带,是地壳应变能量交换和释放剧烈区域。震中区最大剪应变变化不大,反映呼图壁地震逆冲性质,最大剪应变高值区对地震危险性有预示作用。     

青藏高原“亚东—东巧—葫芦湖”大陆裂谷带形成的深层动力过程

正确理解亚东—东巧—葫芦湖构造带的形成与属性对深化认识青藏高原的地壳形变、物质运动的行为与轨迹和深层动力过程极为重要.通过较系统的多元要素分析和研究发现：（1）基于壳、幔结构的空间展布特征表明,这是一条在EW向拉张力系作用下的陆内裂谷带;（2）强烈地震的活动与发生、大地热流异常值展布和地幔对流应力场研究证明,它是一条现今活动的大陆裂谷带;（3）该裂谷带的形成与演化乃地球内部物质与能量强烈交换的产物.     

贝加尔湖—太平洋剖面地电模型

在西起贝加尔湖、东到太平洋这一地区的地电剖面上,有两层延伸很长的导电层。上层赋存于地壳下部及地幔上部,可能具有热液的性质;下层使上地幔复杂化,显然,可以认为是软流层。根据后者的埋深,该区域可分为三带。在西带和东带,地幔导电层顶部的埋深为40～80 km;在中带深度达160 km。西带与贝加尔裂谷带相符合,东带与亚洲—太平洋活动边缘带相符合,而中带则与外兴安岭及蒙古—鄂霍次克海褶皱带的前寒武纪和新生代构造一致。认为,西带与东带中电性软流层相对地埋深不大是与现代及晚新生代构造运动有关,而这些构造运动,正如大家所知,反映了东带与西带的特征;中带电性软流层埋藏相对地深,与该区内无上述构造活动的任何明显标志有关。     

Correlated Crust and Mantle Strain Field in China

INTRODUCTION Moststudiesonactiveblockshavebeenfocusedonidentificationofblockboundariesandtheiractivity;inotherwords,mostoftheworkwaslimitedtothehorizontalmovementoftheblocks.Inreality,theblocksarenotonlysurroundedbyactivefaultsofhorizontalmotion,butalsoco…     

Measurement of terrace deformation and crustal shortening of some renascent fold zones within Kalpin nappe structure

The Kalpin nappe structure is a strongest thrust and fold deformation belt in front of the Tianshan Mountains since the Cenozoic time. The tectonic deformation occurred in 5―6 striking Meso-zoic-Cenozoic fold zones, and some renascent folds formed on the recent alluvial-proluvial fans in front of the folded mountains. We used the total station to measure gully terraces along the longitudinal to-pographic profile in the renascent fold zones and collected samples from terrace deposits for age de-termination. Using the obtained formation time and shortening amount of the deformed terraces, we calculated the shortening rate of 4 renascent folds to be 0.1±0.03 mm/a, 0.12±0.04 mm/a, 0.59±0.18 mm/a, and 0.26±0.08 mm/a, respectively. The formation time of the renascent folds is some later than the major tectonic uplift event of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 0.14 Ma ago. It may be the long-distance effect of this tectonic event on the Tianshan piedmont fold belt.     

PRESENT-DAY KINEMATICS OF THE ORDOS BLOCK AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS FROM GPS OBSERVATIONS

Located among the South China block, Tibetan plateau, Alxa block and Yinshan orogenic belt, the Ordos block is famous for its significant kinematic features with stable tectonics of its interior but frequent large earthquakes surrounding it. After the destruction of the North China Craton, the integrity, rotation movement and kinematic relations with its margins are hotly debated. With the accumulation of active tectonics data, and paleomagnetic and GPS observations, some kinematic models have emerged to describe rotation movement of the Ordos block since the 1970's, including clockwise rotation, anticlockwise rotation, clockwise-anticlockwise-alternate rotation, and sub-block rotation, etc. All of these models are not enough to reflect the whole movement of the Ordos block, because the data used are limited to local areas.
In this study, based on denser geophysical observations, such as GPS and SKS splitting data, we analyzed present-day crustal and mantle deformation characteristics in the Ordos block and its surrounding areas. GPS baselines, strain rates, and strain time series are calculated to describe the intrablock deformation and kinematic relationship between Ordos block and its margins. SKS observations are used to study the kinematic relationship between crust and deeper mantle and their dynamic mechanisms, combined with the absolute plate motion(APM)and kinematic vorticity parameters. Our results show that the Ordos block behaves rigidly and rotates anticlockwise relative to the stable Eurasia plate(Euler pole: (50.942±1.935)°N, (115.692±0.303)°E, (0.195±0.006)°/Ma). The block interior sees a weak deformation of~5 nano/a and a velocity difference of smaller than 2mm/a, which can be totally covered by the uncertainties of GPS data. Therefore, the Ordos block is moving as a whole without clear differential movement under the effective range of resolution of the available GPS datasets. Its western and eastern margins are characterized by two strong right-lateral shearing belts, where 0.2°~0.4°/Ma of rotation is measured by the GPS baseline pairs. However, its northern and southern margins are weakly deformed with left-lateral shearing, where only 0.1°/Ma of rotation is measured. Kinematics in the northeastern Tibetan plateau and western margin of the Ordos block can be described with vertical coherence model with strong coupling between the crust and deeper mantle induced by the strong extrusion of the Tibetan plateau. The consistency between SKS fast wave direction and absolute plate motion suggests the existence of mantle flow along the Qinling orogenic belt, which may extend to the interior of the Ordos block. SKS fast wave directions are consistent with the direction of the asthenosphere flow in Shanxi Rift and Taihang Mountains, indicating that the crustal deformation of these areas is controlled by subduction of the Pacific plate to North China. The week anisotropy on SKS in the interior of Ordos block is from fossil anisotropy in the craton interior. After comparing with the absolute plate motion direction and deformation model, we deem that anisotropy in the interior of Ordos block comes from anisotropy of fossils frozen in the lithosphere. In conclusion, the Ordos block is rotating anticlockwise relative to its margins, which may comes from positive movement of its margins driven by lithospheric extrusion or mantle flow beneath, and its self-rotation is slight. This study can provide useful information for discussion of kinematics between the Ordos block and its surrounding tectonic units.     

西昆仑东南构造样式及其对增生弧造山作用的意义

西昆仑东南甜水海地区表现为由东北往西南以麻扎-康西瓦冲断系、泉水沟冲断系、甜水海冲断系和南南西边缘盲冲断系而限定数个招皱-逆冲构造带或者褶皱构造带的构造格局构造变形样式总体上以向南逆冲的褶席和逆冲叠瓦扇为特征,以由东北往西南构造变形样式依次出现复式背形堆垛和叠瓦扇组合,到侏罗山式语皱构造带的变化其中用皱样式依次出现大型紧闭平卧卜倒转招皱、中尺度尖棱招皱和具圆筒状转折端的开阔格皱,而断层变化则由断层面产状几乎水平的多重复杂冲精席系到缓倾的顶板冲断层-底板冲断层组合样式到叠瓦扇冲断层．大地构造相分析表明研究区构造变形强度自北东向南西呈递减趋势,与库地一麻扎一带的增生楔杂岩可能组成了复杂的增生楔造山作用的增生楔和前陆招皱冲断带的复杂组合因此,研究区的构造格局并非简单的“塔什库尔干一甜水海地体”,而是复杂的增生弧造山带．     

Palinspastic restorations for the south Tien Shan mountains and Tajik depression based on paleomagnetic data

In terms of plate tectonic concepts, horizontal movement are responsible for the formation of fold belts, and modern structures are interpreted by the position of the belt relative to the zones of plate collision. Paleomagnetic data allow the reconstruction of the former positions of these zones relative to a geographic grid, their pre-deformation patterns being important to the solution of problems in fold belt tectonics (Van der Voo et al., 1980; Khramov et al., 1982).Fold structures within the south-western spurs of the Tien Shan Mountains and the intermontane basins separating them were the first to be studied (Rzhevsky, 1966). Paleomagnetic studies aimed at understanding the tectonic setting of the region have been undertaken during the ensuing years and also cover adjacent areas of Central Asia (Khramov et al., 1982).In this paper an attempt is made to summarize some paleomagnetic results, produced palinspastic reconstructions of the region and produce a framework to help understand the formation of one of the crucial parts of the Alpine-Himalayan belt.     

青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形及其机理

为了解青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形特征,进一步研究该地区地壳运动的壳-幔耦合机理,本文通过处理分析该地区1999～2007年多期GPS观测数据、1972~2000年水准测量数据和1992年及2007年相对重力测量资料,获得了该区域地壳水平运动速度场、较长时间段的垂直形变场和相对重力变化场.分析发现青藏高原东北缘东西部的变化特征存在明显差异：西部以北东向地壳缩短运动为主,而东部以顺时针旋转为主;东部以地壳隆升为主,速率在2.1 mm/a左右,而西部隆升的速率小于1 mm/a;相对重力变化则表现为在整体增大的背景下东部升高速率较大,平均为9.0×10^-8 m·s^-2·a^-1,而西部较小,平均值为3.1×10^-8 m·s^-2·a^-1.我们还发现,地壳不同变形形式的转换不是渐变的,而是发生在较窄的一个转换带内.这个转换带的整体走向为NEE,北部位于金昌与武威之间,中部在祁连山东部、门源以西,南部位于德令哈以东青海湖以西.最后结合前寒武纪构造格架、重力均衡异常资料和地震SKS分裂结果对形成这种运动态势的机理进行了探讨,我们认为岩石圈物质侧向流动、岩石圈结构及壳-幔耦合方式差异可能是导致东部与西部岩石圈变形差异主要动因.     

Study of tectonic layering motion and layering mineralization in the Tongling metallogenic cluster

TheTonglingarea,animportantmetallogeniccluster,isrichiniron,sulphurandgold.Mineralizationiscorrelatedcloselytotheevolutionofthestrata,magmatiteandtectonics[1—4].SkarnmineralizationdevelopedwellintheTonglingarea.ItappearsalongmainlyonseveralinterfacesofPe…     

Episodes of high correlation between annual rates of earthquakes: The Baikal Rift Zone

Correlation analysis techniques were used to study variations in the annual rates N of completely reported earthquakes with energy class K ≥ 8 that occurred from 1964 to 2001 in the Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ), in three subregions within that zone, and in six areas. This correlation analysis of samples of annual rates of earthquakes N with different observation periods revealed two statistically significant episodes of short-lived synchronization between the seismic processes in the BRZ, in the late 1960s and in the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The 1970–1980 episode stands out because of its duration and the highest correlation level; this makes it the dominant phenomenon in the Baikal Rift seismicity synchronization. The observed synchronization episodes between annual rates of earthquakes show that the seismic process was activated at about the same time in different subregions of the BRZ, thus producing short-lived coherent increases in seismicity rates.