秦岭—桐柏—大别造山带深部构造及其与南北两侧陆块关系之探讨

秦岭－桐柏－大别,向西乃至昆仑山、祁连山绵延1000多千米,属统一的而又包含多期不同动力学机制与成因的多种构造叠加组合。通过对数条重力,航磁、地震测深、磁大地电流剖面等资料解释,认为华北陆块,秦岭（包括桐柏－大别）,扬子陆块之地壳均为上,中,下三层结构,华北陆块下部以高角度向南向秦岭俯冲,上部则向秦岭仰冲,扬子陆块总体向北向秦岭低角度俯冲,扬子陆块多呈楔形镶入秦岭地壳中部,使秦岭带南侧呈向南开口的“锷鱼咀”式构造特点,上、下部为秦岭上,下地壳,而中部则为扬子陆块物质成份。秦岭分北秦岭,中秦岭、南秦岭。北秦岭为一复杂构造带,形成向北反转的叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造。南秦岭自北向南产生低角度叠瓦状逆冲断裂。近南北向通渭－武都、南阳－襄樊两条深断裂带将秦岭分成了西秦岭、东秦岭、桐柏山－大别山三段。     

大陆构造变形与地震活动——以青藏高原为例

大陆内部构造变形和地震活动往往突显出复杂的、区域性的特征,很难用板块构造理论来解释。青藏高原是大陆构造变形的典型实例,具有不同构造变形的分区特征,不仅表现在物质组成、地形地貌和断裂组合等方面的不同,而且还表现出不同的地震活动特征。东昆仑断裂带以北的青藏高原北部地块,主要发育一系列挤压环境下的盆岭构造,表现为以连续变形为特征的上地壳挤压缩短变形;高原中北部巴颜喀拉地块,具有整体向东运动的特点,变形主要集中在其边缘,表现为刚性块体运动特征。在东部,由于稳定的四川盆地(扬子地块)的阻挡,位于龙日坝和龙门山断裂带之间相对坚硬的龙门山地区受到东西向强烈挤压,西部边界为伸展变形;在高原中央腹地羌塘地块西部,由于上地壳物质在向东挤出的驱动下不断变形,沿一系列小型正断层和走滑断层以伸展变形为主,表现为弥散型变形特征。相比之下,羌塘地块的东部向东-南东方向挤出,在大型走滑断层之间形成一个刚性块体;高原南部地块以东西向伸展的南北向裂谷系为主要变形特征,高原南缘以南北向挤压的大型逆冲断裂系为特征。历史地震和仪器记录的大地震(M≥8)只发生在高原东北和东南部的大型走滑带,以及东部和南部边缘的大型逆冲断裂上,沿...     

东秦岭邓县—南漳反射地震剖面及其构造意义

邓县－南漳剖面叶是－邓县剖面南延部分，其反射地震剖面的测定使得从中朝克拉通到扬子克拉通横穿秦岭造山带的一条反射地震剖面得以完成。邓县－南漳反射地震剖面清楚显示了扬子克拉通地壳俯冲到秦岭造山带之下的客观事实，证明襄樊－广济断裂带（即北大别山－大巴山前缘断裂带）并不是一和板块缝合带，而是一条大陆壳俯冲断裂带，扬子克拉通的大陆地壳沿大约20km深的上地壳底面向秦岭造山带之下俯冲。     

深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程

印度板块与亚洲板块的碰撞使喜马拉雅-青藏高原隆升,地壳增厚和生长扩展。探测青藏高原深部结构,揭露两个大陆如何碰撞,碰撞如何使大陆变形的过程,是全球关切的科学奥秘。深地震反射剖面探测是打开这个科学奥秘的最有效途径之一。20多年来,运用这项高技术探测到青藏高原巨厚地壳的精细结构,攻克了难以得到下地壳和Moho清晰结构的技术瓶颈,揭露了陆陆碰撞过程。本文在探测研究成果基础上,从青藏高原南北-东西对比,再到高原腹地,系统地综述了青藏高原之下印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞-俯冲的深部行为。印度地壳在高原南缘俯冲在喜马拉雅造山带之下,亚洲板块的阿拉善地块岩石圈在北缘向祁连山下俯冲,祁连山地壳向外扩展,塔里木地块与高原西缘的西昆仑发生面对面的碰撞,在高原东缘发现龙日坝断裂而不是龙门山断裂是扬子板块的西缘边界,高原腹地Moho 薄而平坦,岩石圈伸展垮塌。多条深反射剖面揭露了在雅鲁藏布江缝合带下印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞的行为,印度地壳不仅沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带存在由西向东的俯冲角度变化,而且其向北行进到拉萨地体内部的位置也不同。在缝合带中部,显示印度地壳上地壳与下地壳拆离,上地壳向北仰冲,下地壳向北俯冲,并在俯冲过程发生物质的回返与构造叠置,使印度地壳减薄,喜马拉雅地壳加厚。俯冲印度地壳前缘与亚洲地壳碰撞后沉入地幔,处于亚洲板块前缘的冈底斯岩基与特提斯喜马拉雅近于直立碰撞,冈底斯下地壳呈部分熔融状态,近乎透明的弱反射和局部出现的亮点反射,以及近于平的Moho都反映出亚洲板块南缘的伸展构造环境。     

松潘地块与西秦岭造山带下地壳的性质和关系——深地震反射剖面的揭露

松潘地块位于青藏高原的东缘，处于中国大陆东西向构造与南北向构造的结合部位，特殊的构造环境使其长期控制并影响着中国大陆的形成与演化。探测松潘地块的岩石圈细结构，揭示其与东昆仑-西秦岭造山带的关系，既可为研究青藏高原东北缘板块碰撞的深部过程奠定基础，同时又关联着松潘地块的油气远景评价。2004年完成了第一条横过松潘地块北缘若尔盖盆地和西秦岭造山带的长约257km的深地震反射剖面，首次揭露出若尔盖盆地和西秦岭造山带岩石圈的细结构。发现若尔盖盆地和西秦岭造山带同属统一的稳定的大陆地块，并且下地壳均以北倾的强反射为主要特征。这种北倾的反射为松潘地块向西秦岭下地壳俯冲提供了地震学证据。近于平坦的Moho反射特征反映出西秦岭造山带在造山后又经历了强烈的伸展作用。     

东秦岭造山带岩石圈热结构及断面模型

东秦岭岩石圈热结构热状态十分不均匀,沿断面可分成华北地块、北秦岭、南秦岭、扬子地块四大块,南秦岭为“热区”,北秦岭为“冷区”。商丹断裂带具８１．３ｍＷ／ｍ２高热流值,是南北秦岭的分界线,是多期构造运动的活动带,是扬子地块与华北地块的缝合带。加里东期扬子地块向华北地块俯冲碰撞,印支—燕山期俯冲板片由于“去层状化作用”断开下沉,软流圈上侵,岩石圈上地幔变薄。后国华北岩石圈下部插入扬子俯冲板片中形成穿插构造,商丹断裂带成为现今向南倾的走滑断裂带。中上地壳有不同时期的大规模逆冲推覆体,断块向南叠置;下地壳缩短成“漏斗”状下滑,地壳增厚造成东秦岭造山带现今独特复杂的岩石圈五层结构模型。     

长江中下游地区中生代陆内构造作用与成因分析

长江中下游地区多期构造叠加、复合联合作用明显,中生代以来地壳运动频繁、构造活动强烈,地表为桐柏-大别造山带,九岭-江南隆起带,其间为对冲样式构造组合的长江复合构造带。大别造山带前陆深地震反射剖面揭示长江中下游深部为“双鳄鱼构造”状态,大量前陆断褶带的物质被掩盖在大别造山带之下,岩片叠置、断裂交错的镶嵌构造极为发育,下地壳切过莫霍面向北俯冲,是后期岩浆的活动通道和就位空间。综合地球物理剖面揭示下扬子地区南北岩石圈结构差异明显,上地壳南北对冲构造发育;下地壳为向北倾斜的构造带,北部仍向南逆冲,南部切过莫霍面向北俯冲。长江中下游地区上述构造的形成受控于长江陆内异化带的作用,该带是一条陆内岩石圈规模的向北倾斜的破裂带,发生在中国大陆形成之后,不受早期板块界线的控制,是岩石圈规模的大陆异化、物质重建、结构重组的产物;主要结构特征为上地壳对冲式逆断层组合,中地壳为水平流变层,下地壳切过莫霍面由南向北俯冲;形成过程是印支晚期-燕山早期中国陆内近南北向挤压,地壳破碎,岩石圈加厚;燕山晚期大规模伸展拉张,岩浆活动,壳幔混熔。特殊成因机制和演化过程的综合效应是长江陆内异化带的地质内涵。深部物质沿长江陆内异化带上升,在上部地壳内多期叠加构成的构造格架中就位,岩体形态在深部近东西向呈带状,中部状态复杂,浅表受控于多种构造组合形式,见空即灌。     

青藏高原东南缘晚渐新世-早中新世中下地壳流动:滇西瑶山与玉龙变质杂岩构造解析

通常认为位于青藏高原东南缘的巽他地块侧向刚性块体挤出调节了印度-欧亚板块碰撞及后碰撞。然而,最近的研究表明,低粘度的中下地壳流动可以解释青藏高原向外扩张的现象。关于哪种机制在巽他地块挤出过程中起着主导作用仍未解决。在本研究中,我们重点围绕哀牢山-红河构造带南部的瑶山杂岩以及构造带北部邻区的玉龙杂岩开展构造研究。详细的宏观构造解析、显微构造以及组构分析说明切向剪切作用在瑶山与玉龙穹隆的形成与剥露中起着重要作用,组成穹窿的岩石均具有分层流变学特点。瑶山穹隆是发育在较深岩石层位的穹隆构造,而玉龙穹隆是发育在较浅岩石层位的穹隆构造。向南或东南切向剪切可能是上地壳向南的重力滑动和粘滞下地壳相对中上地壳向北流动共同作用的结果。前者可能与高原重力塌陷有关,但后者的驱动力有待进一步研究。     

深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程

印度板块与亚洲板块的碰撞使喜马拉雅-青藏高原隆升,地壳增厚并生长扩展。探测青藏高原深部结构,揭露两个大陆如何碰撞以及碰撞如何使大陆变形的过程,是对全球关切的科学奥秘的探索。深地震反射剖面探测是打开这个科学奥秘的最有效途径之一。二十多年来,运用这项高技术探测到青藏高原巨厚地壳的精细结构,攻克了难以得到下地壳和Moho面信息的技术瓶颈,揭露了陆-陆碰撞过程。本文在探测研究成果的基础上,从青藏高原南北-东西对比,再到高原腹地,系统地综述了青藏高原之下印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞-俯冲的深部行为。印度地壳在高原南缘俯冲在喜马拉雅造山带之下,亚洲板块的阿拉善地块岩石圈在北缘向祁连山下俯冲,祁连山地壳向外扩展,塔里木地块与高原西缘的西昆仑发生面对面的碰撞,在高原东缘发现龙日坝断裂(而不是龙门山断裂)是扬子板块的西缘边界,高原腹地Moho面厚度薄而平坦,岩石圈伸展垮塌。多条深反射剖面揭露了在雅鲁藏布江缝合带下印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞的行为,不仅沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带走向印度地壳俯冲行为存在东西变化,而且印度地壳向北行进到拉萨地体内部的位置也不同。在缝合带中部,研究显示印度地壳上地壳与下地壳拆离,上地壳向北仰冲,下地壳向北俯冲,并在俯冲过程中发生物质的回返与构造叠置,这导致印度地壳减薄,喜马拉雅地壳加厚。俯冲印度地壳前缘与亚洲地壳碰撞后沉入地幔,处于亚洲板块前缘的冈底斯岩基与特提斯喜马拉雅近于直立碰撞,冈底斯下地壳呈部分熔融状态,近乎透明的弱反射和局部出现的亮点反射以及近于平的Moho面都反映出亚洲板块南缘处于伸展构造环境。     

青藏高原东部晚新生代重大构造事件与挤出造山构造体系

文章系统梳理了青藏高原东部地区晚新生代重大构造事件的沉积记录、岩浆记录和构造变形响应,重新厘定了青藏运动或横断事件的起始时限,建立了青藏高原东部晚新生代构造演化序列与挤出造山构造体系。研究认为,发生在上新世之前的青藏运动是青藏高原东部最重要的构造作用阶段,起始于距今12~8 Ma,并持续到上新世早期,持续时间达6~8 Ma。在这个构造运动阶段,青藏高原东部地块(川滇地块、川青地块、西秦岭构造带和陇中地块等)有序地向东挤出,受到鲜水河、东昆仑、海原等WNW-ESE向大型断裂左旋走滑运动调节,构造挤出同时伴随地块内部逆冲褶皱变形,导致地壳增厚和高原东缘山脉快速崛起;构造挤出也超越了现今东缘地貌边界,向东扩展导致扬子地块盖层滑脱褶皱,形成龙泉山、大凉山等褶皱构造带。上新世出现的砾石层(东缘前陆地带的大邑砾石层、临夏盆地的积石砾石层、兰州盆地的五泉砾石层等)标志了青藏高原东部差异性构造地貌的形成。上新世晚期至早更新世时期(3.6~1.0 Ma)对应一个构造松弛阶段,青藏高原东部整体进入冰冻时期,沿其东缘发育一系列受正断层控制的南北向伸展断陷盆地,如安宁河谷地、元谋盆地、盐源盆地、滇西北盆地群等,其中加积了以昔格达组为代表的稳定河湖相沉积。发生在早、中更新世之交(距今1.0~0.6 Ma)的昆—黄运动或元谋事件使青藏高原东部地块进一步向东挤出、东缘地壳逆冲增厚和年轻山系加速隆升。晚更新世以来的构造运动称为共和运动或最新构造变动阶段,起始于距今约120 ka,青藏高原东缘构造变形系统出现重大分化,南段川滇菱形地块发生绕喜玛拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转运动,形成川滇双弧形旋扭构造体系;而中段川青地块的挤出伴随东缘龙门山断裂带的右旋走滑运动和秦岭山系的向东挤出。在这个最新构造变动阶段,青藏高原东部下地壳通道流可能是重要的深部构造驱动因素。     

龙门山断裂带印支期左旋走滑运动及其大地构造成因

位于青藏高原东缘的龙门山构造呈北东—南西向将松潘—甘孜褶皱带和华南地块分割开。前者主要是由一套巨厚的三叠纪复理石沉积组成 ,分布在古特提斯海的东缘。后者由前寒武纪基底和上覆的古生代和中生代沉积盖层组成。位于汶川—茂汶断裂以东的前龙门山存在一系列倾向北西的逆掩断层 ,它们将许多由元古宙和古生代岩层组成的断片向南东置于四川盆地的中生代红层之上 ,构成典型的薄皮构造。许多研究由此断定松潘—甘孜褶皱带和四川盆地之间在中生代发生过大规模的北西—南东向挤压。然而 ,汶川—茂汶断裂西侧的松潘—甘孜褶皱带内部的挤压构造线大多是垂直于而不是平形于龙门山断裂带 ,这表明当时的挤压应力不是北西—南东向而是北东—南西向。近年来在龙门山构造带内发现 ,在三叠纪时龙门山断裂带在发生推覆的同时还经历过大规模的北东—南西向的左旋走滑运动 ,协调走滑运动的主要构造为汶川—茂汶断裂。走滑运动的成因与松潘—甘孜褶皱带北东—南西向缩短有关。汶川—茂汶断裂的左旋走滑在龙门山的北东端被古特提斯海沿勉略俯冲带的消减和发生在大巴山的古生代 /中生代岩层的褶皱和冲断作用所吸收 ,在龙门山的南西端被古特提斯海沿甘孜—理塘俯冲带的消减和松潘—甘孜三叠纪复理石的褶皱和冲断作用所吸?     

南秦岭花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ定年结果表明,南秦岭勉、略构造带以北迷坝、光头山和东江口等花岗岩体形成于三叠纪（２０６￣２２０Ｍａ）,与南秦岭勉－略构造带洋盆的闭合时代及大别山超高压变质时代基本一致显示了它们的形成与勉－略古生代洋盆闭合后及华南陆块与华北陆块碰撞之间的内在联系。它支持华南和华北两大陆块最终在印支期碰撞的观点。     

Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and Adjacent Regions,Central China

The Longmen Shan region includes, from west to east, the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and the eastern part of the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt. In the northeast, it merges with the Micang Shan, a part of the Qinling Mountains. The Longmen Shan region can be divided into two major tectonic elements: (1) an autochthon/parautochthon, which underlies the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt; and (2) a complex allochthon, which underlies the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. The allochthon was emplaced toward the southeast during Late Triassic time, and it and the western part of the autochthon/parautochthon were modified by Cenozoic deformation.

The autochthon/parautochthon was formed from the western part of the Yangtze platform and consists of a Proterozoic basement covered by a thin, incomplete succession of Late Proterozoic to Middle Triassic shallow-marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks interrupted by Permian extension and basic magmatism in the southwest. The platform is bounded by continental margins that formed in Silurian time to the west and in Late Proterozoic time to the north. Within the southwestern part of the platform is the narrow N-trending Kungdian high, a paleogeographic unit that was positive during part of Paleozoic time and whose crest is characterized by nonmarine Upper Triassic rocks unconformably overlying Proterozoic basement.

In the western part of the Longmen Shan region, the allochthon is composed mainly of a very thick succession of strongly folded Middle and Upper Triassic Songpan Ganzi flysch. Along the eastern side and at the base of the allochthon, pre-Upper Triassic rocks crop out, forming the only exposures of the western margin of the Yangtze platform. Here, Upper Proterozoic to Ordovician, mainly shallow-marine rocks unconformably overlie Yangtze-type Proterozic basement rocks, but in Silurian time a thick section of fine-grained clastic and carbonate rocks were deposited, marking the initial subsidence of the western Yangtze platform and formation of a continental margin. Similar deep-water rocks were deposited throughout Devonian to Middle Triassic time, when Songpan Ganzi flysch deposition began. Permian conglomerate and basic volcanic rocks in the southeastern part of the allochthon indicate a second period of extension along the continental margin. Evidence suggests that the deep-water region along and west of the Yangtze continental margin was underlain mostly by thin continental crust, but its westernmost part may have contained areas underlain by oceanic crust. In the northern part of the Longmen Shan allochthon, thick Devonian to Upper Triassic shallow-water deposits of the Xue Shan platform are flanked by deep-marine rocks and the platform is interpreted to be a fragment of the Qinling continental margin transported westward during early Mesozoic transpressive tectonism.

In the Longmen Shan region, the allochthon, carrying the western part of the Yangtze continental margin and Songpan Ganzi flysch, was emplaced to the southeast above rocks of the Yangtze platform autochthon. The eastern margin of the allochthon in the northern Longmen Shan is unconformably overlapped by both Lower and Middle Jurassic strata that are continuous with rocks of the autochthon. Folded rocks of the allochthon are unconformably overlapped by Lower and Middle Jurassic rocks in rare outcrops in the northern part of the region. They also are extensively intruded by a poorly dated, generally undeformed belt, of plutons whose ages (mostly K/Ar ages) range from Late Triassic to early Cenozoic, but most of the reliable ages are early Mesozoic. All evidence indicates that the major deformation within the allochthon is Late Triassic/Early Jurassic in age (Indosinian). The eastern front of the allochthon trends southwest across the present mountain front, so it lies along the mountain front in the northeast, but is located well to the west of the present mountain front on the south.

The Late Triassic deformation is characterized by upright to overturned folded and refolded Triassic flysch, with generally NW-trending axial traces in the western part of the region. Folds and thrust faults curve to the north when traced to the east, so that along the eastern front of the allochthon structures trend northeast, involve pre-Triassic rocks, and parallel the eastern boundary of the allochthon. The curvature of structural trends is interpreted as forming part of a left-lateral transpressive boundary developed during emplacement of the allochthon. Regionally, the Longmen Shan lies along a NE-trending transpressive margin of the Yangtze platform within a broad zone of generally N-S shortening. North of the Longmen Shan region, northward subduction led to collision of the South and North China continental fragments along the Qinling Mountains, but northwest of the Longmen Shan region, subduction led to shortening within the Songpan Ganzi flysch basin, forming a detached fold-and-thrust belt. South of the Longmen Shan region, the flysch basin is bounded by the Shaluli Shan/Chola Shan arc—an originally Sfacing arc that reversed polarity in Late Triassic time, leading to shortening along the southern margin of the Songpan Ganzi flysch belt. Shortening within the flysch belt was oblique to the Yangtze continental margin such that the allochthon in the Longmen Shan region was emplaced within a left-lateral transpressive environment. Possible clockwise rotation of the Yangtze platform (part of the South China continental fragment) also may have contributed to left-lateral transpression with SE-directed shortening. During left-lateral transpression, the Xue Shan platform was displaced southwestward from the Qinling orogen and incorporated into the Longmen Shan allochthon. Westward movement of the platform caused complex refolding in the northern part of the Longmen Shan region.

Emplacement of the allochthon flexurally loaded the western part of the Yangtze platform autochthon, forming a Late Triassic foredeep. Foredeep deposition, often involving thick conglomerate units derived from the west, continued from Middle Jurassic into Cretaceous time, although evidence for deformation of this age in the allochthon is generally lacking.

Folding in the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt along the eastern side of the Sichuan Basin can be dated as Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous in age, but only in areas 100 km east of the westernmost folds. Folding and thrusting was related to convergent activity far to the east along the eastern margin of South China. The westernmost folds trend southwest and merge to the south with folds and locally form refolded folds that involve Upper Cretaceous and lower Cenozoic rocks. The boundary between Cenozoic and late Mesozoic folding on the eastern and southern margins of the Sichuan Basin remains poorly determined.

The present mountainous eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in the Longmen Shan region is a consequence of Cenozoic deformation. It rises within 100 km from 500–600 m in the Sichuan Basin to peaks in the west reaching 5500 m and 7500 m in the north and south, respectively. West of these high peaks is the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, an area of low relief at an elevations of about 4000 m.

Cenozoic deformation can be demonstrated in the autochthon of the southern Longmen Shan, where the stratigraphic sequence is without an angular unconformity from Paleozoic to Eocene or Oligocene time. During Cenozoic deformation, the western part of the Yangtze platform (part of the autochthon for Late Triassic deformation) was deformed into a N- to NE-trending foldandthrust belt. In its eastern part the fold-thrust belt is detached near the base of the platform succession and affects rocks within and along the western and southern margin of the Sichuan Basin, but to the west and south the detachment is within Proterozoic basement rocks. The westernmost structures of the fold-thrust belt form a belt of exposed basement massifs. During the middle and later part of the Cenozoic deformation, strike-slip faulting became important; the fold-thrust belt became partly right-lateral transpressive in the central and northeastern Longmen Shan. The southern part of the fold-thrust belt has a more complex evolution. Early Nto NE-trending folds and thrust faults are deformed by NW-trending basementinvolved folds and thrust faults that intersect with the NE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults. Youngest structures in this southern area are dominated by left-lateral transpression related to movement on the Xianshuihe fault system.

The extent of Cenozoic deformation within the area underlain by the early Mesozoic allochthon remains unknown, because of the absence of rocks of the appropriate age to date Cenozoic deformation. Klippen of the allochthon were emplaced above the Cenozoic fold-andthrust belt in the central part of the eastern Longmen Shan, indicating that the allochthon was at least partly reactivated during Cenozoic time. Only in the Min Shan in the northern part of the allochthon is Cenozoic deformation demonstrated along two active zones of E-W shortening and associated left-slip. These structures trend obliquely across early Mesozoic structures and are probably related to shortening transferred from a major zone of active left-slip faulting that trends through the western Qinling Mountains. Active deformation is along the left-slip transpressive NW-trending Xianshuihe fault zone in the south, right-slip transpression along several major NE-trending faults in the central and northeastern Longmen Shan, and E-W shortening with minor left-slip movement along the Min Jiang and Huya fault zones in the north.

Our estimates of Cenozoic shortening along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau appear to be inadequate to account for the thick crust and high elevation of the plateau. We suggest here that the thick crust and high elevation is caused by lateral flow of the middle and lower crust eastward from the central part of the plateau and only minor crustal shortening in the upper crust. Upper crustal structure is largely controlled in the Longmen Shan region by older crustal anisotropics; thus shortening and eastward movement of upper crustal material is characterized by irregular deformation localized along older structural boundaries.     

华北盆地三叠纪物源特征及其沉积—构造演化

华北盆地三叠纪沉积厚度大,分布广泛,其地层沉积特征很好地记录了周缘造山带或隆起区在该时期的构造演化过程。目前,前人已经对华北各地区三叠纪碎屑物源进行了大量研究,而对于物源区的认识仍存在分歧,对于盆缘地区沉积—构造演化过程的研究也相对较少。通过整理前人对华北各地区三叠纪碎屑物源研究的锆石年龄数据,并结合造山带构造演化过程和地层沉积特征,对华北盆地三叠纪碎屑物源及沉积—构造演化过程进行了整体研究。结果表明:华北北部三叠纪沉积物源均来自北缘的内蒙古隆起,锆石年龄和地层沉积特征记录了源区逐渐增强的岩浆活动和隆升过程。华北南部地区在该时期主要接受来自华北南缘二叠纪沉积盖层和北秦岭造山带的碎屑物质供给,华北南缘伴随着秦岭造山过程可能在中三叠世就已经逆冲隆升并遭受剥蚀,两者的协同演变共同控制着盆地南部沉积演化过程。鄂尔多斯盆地西北部碎屑物源主要来自阿拉善地块和北祁连造山带,西南部地区物源则主要来自盆地西南缘再旋回沉积盖层和北祁连造山带,分别为伸展和挤压状态下的内陆盆地沉积。早—中三叠世,华北盆地为统一的大型内陆沉积盆地,晚三叠世,盆地南、北缘发育沿褶皱逆冲带分布的陆内前陆盆地系统。     

Provenance of detrital zircons in the Late Triassic Sichuan foreland basin: constraints on the evolution of the Qinling Orogen and Longmen Shan thrust-fold belt in central China

In this article, we present in situ U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope data for Upper Triassic detritus in the Sichuan region of northwestern South China, which was a foreland basin during the Late Triassic. The aim is to determine the provenance of sediments in the foreland basin and to constrain the evolution of the surrounding mountain belts. U–Pb age data for the Late Triassic detrital zircons generally show populations at 2.4–2.6 Ga, 1.7–1.9 Ga, 710–860 Ma, 410–460 Ma, and 210–300 Ma. By fitting the zircon data into the tectonic, sedimentologic, and palaeographic framework, we propose that the north Yangtze Block and South Qinling–Dabie Orogen were the important source areas of sediments in the northern part of the foreland basin, whereas the Longmen Shan thrust-fold belt was the main source region for detritus in other parts of the foreland basin. The South Qinling–Dabie Orogen could also have served as a physical barrier to block most detritus shed from the southern North China Block into the foreland basin during the sedimentation of the Xujiahe Formation. Our results also reveal that part of the flysch from the eastern margin of the Songpan–Ganzi region had been displaced into the Longmen Shan thrust-fold belt before the deposition of the foreland basin sediments. In addition, the Lu-Hf data indicate that Phanerozoic igneous rocks in central China show insignificant formation of the juvenile crust.     

Two Discrete UHP and HP Metamorphic Belts in the Central Orogenic Belt, China

INTRODUCTION Anew ultrahigh pressure ( UHP) metamorphicbelt ,the South Altun-North Qaidam-North QinlingUHP metamorphic belt ,has been recently discoveredand widely discussed by different workers (Yang J Set al .,2003 ,2002 ,2001 ,2000 ,1998 ;Zhang J Xetal .,2002 ,1999 ; Zhang G et al .,2001 ; Hu et al .,1996 ,1995 ,1994) . Detailed studies have also beencarried out onthe Dabie-Sulu UHP/ HP metamorphicbelt inthe central orogenic belt (COB) of China (Gaoet al .,2002 ;Sun et al …     

南大巴山冲断褶皱带区域构造大剖面的构建和结构分析

大巴山冲断带的结构复杂,在平面上城口-房县断裂将其分为北、南大巴山冲断褶皱带,北大巴山被认为是南秦岭造山带和扬子地块之间的拼合带,南大巴山代表了典型的前陆冲断褶皱带的特点。本文主要针对南大巴山冲断带进行构造解析。研究指出,南大巴山冲断带剖面上具有多层次和多期次滑脱变形的特点:浅层次的滑脱面为下三叠统嘉陵江组灰岩中的石膏层,卷入的层序为其后的中生界;深层次滑脱体系为沿着震旦系页岩和嘉陵江组膏盐层两个滑动面之间活动形成的冲断变形。完成了切过南大巴山不同构造部位的3条多资料约束的综合地质剖面,以此详细解析了冲断带深浅层次的冲断结构及分布规律,在平衡恢复的基础上,分析了该冲断带的几何结构和运动过程,确定了大巴山和川东两个不同构造单元的空间对接关系,提出南大巴山冲断带为一多层次、空间上强烈收缩的复杂薄皮冲断体系。     

西天山造山带的构造变形特征研究

西天山造山带由伊犁中天山北缘－北天山推覆走滑系统、伊犁中天山南缘－南天山推覆走滑系统和两者之间的伊犁地块组成。伊犁中天山北缘－北天山推覆走滑系统包括北天山推覆构造带、伊犁中天山北缘逆冲带和中天山北缘断裂带。伊犁中天山南缘－南天山推覆系统包括中天山南缘逆冲带、南天山北坡增生楔推覆席、南天山北坡早古生代被动陆缘推覆席、南天山南坡晚古生代洋壳－火山弧－复理石复合推覆席、中天山南缘断裂带和南天山南坡断裂带。区域构造和变形构造的研究表明西天山推覆构造主要奠定于早二叠世早期，走滑运动发生于晚二叠世－早三叠世。中新生代，沿古生代构造有进一步的推覆和走滑运动发生     

桐柏杂岩的中生代隆升机制及其与南阳盆地沉降的耦合关系

桐柏山位于我国的中央造山带东部,走向北西—南东,南北跨越鄂豫两省,向西北倾没于南阳盆地之下,向南东过渡到大别山。山体由一套变质杂岩组成,南北两侧为含榴辉岩的高压变质地体,其构造就位过程一直为广大地质学家所关注。我们通过野外地质考察发现,该山体在地貌上呈北陡南缓的格局,表明它在演化的晚期经历过一次向南的掀斜运动。殷店和桐柏韧性剪切带构成山体的南北边界。前者倾向南,呈右行剪切,后者倾向北,呈左行剪切。殷店断裂中的糜棱岩产状很稳定,一直延伸到桐柏山主峰——太白顶(1 140 m)。其下部为桐柏杂岩体,后者的产状虽然复杂,但其中的拉伸线理的产状却稳定,走向北西—南东,向北西倾伏。按此产状追索,它们也应倾没于南阳盆地之下。通过构造恢复,可以推断在掀斜运动发生之前,殷店和桐柏韧性断裂应连为一体,构成一个向北西倾伏的低角度正断层,本文称之为太白顶拆离断层。基于对桐柏杂岩的运动学和显微构造学研究,可以推断桐柏杂岩原来位于东秦岭之下,是中下地壳的组成部分,由于中生代华北和扬子两板块的碰撞和持续的陆内汇聚作用而造成南东侧向挤出,它们作为异地地体从原地地体—超高压变质岩之下隆升到地表,太白顶拆离构造的功能与藏南拆离系一样,构成桐柏杂岩隆升顶部的滑脱面。~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学研究结果表明,桐柏山侧向挤出隆升造山事件发生在晚白垩纪早期(102～85 Ma)。南阳盆地形成于桐柏山的西侧,是一个东断西超的半地堑盆地,其沉积作用始于早白垩世,大规模沉陷发生在晚白垩世,这与桐柏山的隆升是同时的,反映出沉积和构造隆升是耦合的。     

秦岭造山带与渭河地堑地电结构研究

秦岭造山带作为典型的陆内复合造山带,发生过强烈的构造变形,与北部的渭河地堑形成独具特色的盆山构造体系,目前其深部结构状态与盆山耦合响应缺乏深层动力学过程的理解,为此以跨越秦岭造山带、渭河地堑布设一条170 km的大地电磁测深剖面,通过宽频带和长周期大地电磁观测,构建秦岭造山带和渭河地堑深部地电结构,研究结果表明:1)秦岭造山带存在多重叠置的巨厚岩石圈,南秦岭与北秦岭地壳尺度存在明显的结构化差异; 2)扬子地块向北楔入到南秦岭岩石圈地幔中,南、北秦岭之间在上地幔存在低阻条带痕迹表明了楔入作用的前缘位置; 3)渭河地堑存在巨厚的沉积盖层,厚度由南向北逐渐减薄,由南侧的7~8 km减到北侧的3~4 km。渭河地堑下地壳至上地幔区域分布的两个低阻块体表明其岩石圈存在明显的电性差异,这种差异性的存在表征了华北地块南向挤压作用背景下软流圈上涌的贡献。