风廓线雷达资料在暴雪天气过程中的应用

通过对2010年12月15日湖州市暴雪过程的风廓线雷达资料分析发现: 风廓线雷达风资料可以清楚地展示暴雪过程风场变化特点,通过分析高低层冷暖平流的分布变化情况,进一步了解暴雪过程的大气层结结构;风廓线雷达探测到的垂直速度、折射率结构常数及探测高度等指标的变化能反映降雪的开始、结束以及降雪的强度,为精细化预报提供参考。     

基于风廓线雷达资料的暴雪天气过程分析

通过对2010年12月15日湖州市暴雪过程的风廓线雷达资料分析发现,可以清楚地展示暴雪过程风场变化特点,通过分析高低层冷暖平流的分布变化情况,进一步了解暴雪过程的大气层结结构;风廓线雷达探测到的垂直速度、折射率结构常数及探测高度等指标的变化能反映降雪的开始、结束以及降雪的强度,为精细化预报提供参考。     

基于风廓线雷达资料的暴雪天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料和风廓线雷达产品对平顶山市2014年2月5—6日的暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:欧亚地区"两槽一脊"的环流背景下,700 h Pa西南急流、850 h Pa切变线和地面中尺度辐合线是这次暴雪的影响系统。风廓线雷达水平风资料可以清楚地展示暴雪过程风场"天南地北"的垂直结构及其变化特点。2500 m以上出现西南急流,同时720 m以下出现东北风,降雪开始。2500 m以上西南急流最大风速达到20m·s~(-1),近地面出现12 m·s~(-1)的东北风,降雪开始加大;近地面东北风减弱,降雪减弱;西南急流消失,近地面层出现偏北风,降雪停止。垂直速度的大小与降雪的强弱一致,降雪越强,速度越大;垂直速度小于0.5 m·s~(-1),降雪停止。大气折射率常数C2n在-144~-120 d B且接地,为降雪时段。降雪越强,C2n越大;C2n小于-144 d B时,降雪停止。垂直速度、折射率结构常数等指标的变化能够反映降雪的开始、发展和结束及降雪的强度,为精细化预报提供参考。     

乌鲁木齐“12·27”高影响大暴雪天气综合分析

2017年12月27—28日,乌鲁木齐出现大暴雪天气(简称"12·27"),强降雪伴4级阵风致能见度低并造成雪阻,严重影响了民航运输和城市交通等。本文利用MICAPS常规资料、乌鲁木齐天气雷达和风廓线雷达等资料,综合分析了这场大暴雪天气成因。结果表明:中亚低槽和地面冷锋是这场大暴雪天气的主要影响系统;水汽通过西南和偏西路径输送至乌鲁木齐,700～850 h Pa水汽贡献大;200 hPa高空西南急流维持、高层辐散低层辐合、地面冷锋和迎风坡地形抬升共同增强乌鲁木齐上升运动和水汽聚合,致降雪强度强;小时雪强2 mm的强降雪时段雷达回波强度20 dBZ,具有弱对流性,同时段850 hPa水汽通量散度值4×10-5 g·(cm2·hPa·s)-1;风廓线雷达探测高度抬升至8000 m后5 h乌鲁木齐开始降雪,强降雪时段4000 m以下Cn2-128 dB。     

两次不同类型暴雪的雷达回波特征分析

利用常规天气资料和雷达资料对辽宁省2次不同影响系统暴雪过程的雷达回波特征及成因进行分析。结果表明:倒槽暴雪和蒙古气旋暴雪的雷达回波特征存在明显差异。倒槽暴雪时速度零线总体呈直线经过测站,风廓线上偏北风冷垫厚(1.5 km),强冷空气南下形成的强动力和持续降温作用触发降雪,虽然低层强冷空气下沉不利于降雪维持,但中层西南风增强和南北风径向辐合造成的辐合上升运动使得降雪维持并产生暴雪;在倒槽暴雪中,冷垫最厚、中低层西南风速最大提前于强降雪5 h,对暴雪预报预警有先兆意义。蒙古气旋暴雪降雪时速度零线由明显的"S"型迅速转为反"S"型,虽然风廓线上东北风冷垫浅薄,但由于降雪过程中总体维持偏南气流,有利于气旋暴雪产生;暖空气沿边界层冷垫的爬升增强了边界层动力作用;基本速度的旋转特征,表明冷暖空气交汇,辐合上升运动加强,当基本速度总体呈现偏北气流特征时降雪接近结束,这和倒槽暴雪明显不同,倒槽暴雪降雪时基本速度始终维持偏北气流特征。     

乌鲁木齐“12.27”高影响大暴雪天气分析与预报

2017年12月27-28日乌鲁木齐出现大暴雪天气，强降雪伴4级阵风致能见度差并造成雪阻，严重影响了民航运输和城市交通等。本文利用MICAPS常规资料、乌鲁木齐天气雷达和风廓线雷达等资料，综合分析这场大暴雪天气成因。结果表明：中亚低槽和地面冷锋是乌鲁木齐大暴雪天气的主要影响系统；水汽通过西南和偏西路径输送至乌鲁木齐，700~850hPa水汽贡献大；200hPa高空西南急流维持、高层辐散低层辐合、地面冷锋和迎风坡地形抬升共同增强乌鲁木齐附近上升运动和水汽聚合，致降雪强度强；小时雪强大于2mm的强降雪时段雷达回波强度大于20dBz、具有弱对流性，同时段850hPa水汽通量散度值大于4?10-5 g?（cm2?hPa?s）-1；风廓线雷达探测高度抬升至8000m后5h乌鲁木齐开始降雪，强降雪时段4000m以下CN2大于-128dB。分析结论对乌鲁木齐降雪的起止时间、强度和量级的精细化预报极具参考价值。     

一次带有雷电现象的冬季雪暴中尺度探测分析

对2009年11月9日北京市一次伴随雷电的局地暴雪过程的中小尺度特征进行了分析。采用了风廓线雷达资料、微波辐射计资料、自动气象站资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和卫星资料,对此次降雪的精细时空结构进行了分析,通过天气尺度及中小尺度分析,探讨了冬季对流产生的原因。结果表明:此次过程为华北回流天气过程,西南暖湿空气在低层冷空气之上产生高架对流和雷电天气,对流的触发机制是中空扰动。     

华南沿海地区车载风廓线雷达资料的分析与应用

对系统风较小时车载风廓线雷达探测资料与气球探空资料进行了对比, 发现二者一致性较好, 并应用车载风廓线雷达探测资料分析了探测期间惠来海陆风的空间结构和时间演替规律。同时分析了车载风廓线雷达探 测到的“灿都”台风资料, 结果表明车载风廓线雷达对台风外围下沉气流区高空风的三维结构有较强的探测能 力, 能有效地探测到台风登陆过程中地面到高空的水平风切变和垂直气流切变过程, 有助于提高沿海地区防台风抗台风能力。     

乌鲁木齐一次极端暴雪事件中尺度分析

利用常规资料、NCEP/GFS(0.5°×0.5°)再分析资料,结合EC细网格(0.25°×0.25°)客观分析及乌鲁木齐风廓线雷达等资料,分析了乌鲁木齐2014年12月8日极端暴雪中尺度成因及演变特点。结果表明:暴雪是在低空西北急流与中高层西南急流叠加并维持的有利环流背景下,由700hPa至地面的风切变、风速辐合、地面冷锋及地形强迫抬升等中小尺度系统共同作用造成的。降雪前期乌鲁木齐近地层有较强的逆温、风场扰动及低层东南急流,干暖盖起到了储蓄和积累能量的作用,而强降雪时冷暖空气在山前交汇,促进了斜压不稳定增长。低空西北急流对乌鲁木齐强降雪起到动力触发作用,地形强迫抬升使迎风坡维持强的垂直上升运动和中β尺度次级环流圈,低层强水汽辐合的维持为暴雪提供了充足的水汽,乌鲁木齐特殊地形对暴雪增幅作用明显。风廓线雷达资料表明降雪前后低层东南风与西北风切变明显,强降雪时段雷达探测高度达到最高,低层较强偏北风与C2n大值区相对应,水平风向风速的垂直变化对暴雪短临预报有很好的参考价值。     

一次基于综合探测资料的山东半岛冷流暴雪特征分析

利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达、加密自动站、浮标站、常规探空和地面等多种观测资料,对2014年12月山东半岛东部一次冷流暴雪的发生、演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次冷流暴雪发生时渤海上空500 hPa气温在-36℃左右,850 hPa气温在-18~-16℃,海面西北风12 m·s~(-1)。700 hPa以下为混合层,1000~700 hPa混合层内近乎饱和。浮标站资料显示海表面到850 hPa的较大海气温差和山东半岛较强海岸锋是产生暴雪的重要原因。(2)暴雪发生时雷达回波的PPI在30~45 dBz;每6 min雷达回波垂直剖面显示1个较强降雪回波单体持续时间可达到1h。雷达资料反演0.8 km以上风场表明:强降雪回波位于NE与NW风辐合区的东侧,冷流暴雪的水平风辐合主要在3 km以下。风廓线雷达资料表明:暴雪发生前在100m以下有弱西风存在,暴雪发生时1 50~700 m弱的西北风(6 m·s~(-1))和低层切变线辐合的共同存在,有利于降雪对流的加强;当这种弱西北风层消失后,降雪即停止。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.