燕山运动“绪动/A幕”的本意及其锆石 U-Pb年代学制约

"燕山运动"提出已有90余年。该概念从产生之日到现在一直存在着巨大争论。本文首先回顾了该概念的原始含义及其存在的逻辑问题。翁文灏将燕山运动分为三个阶段:"绪动"阶段、即A幕;火山幕、或称为中间幕;B幕。"绪动/A幕"的本意指上火山岩系下部砾岩与煤系地层之间的不整合事件。需强调翁文灏所谓的上火山岩系包括了主体的火山岩和火山岩之下的砾岩。这套砾岩在辽西为海房沟组、在北京西山为龙门—九龙山组。翁文灏认为砾岩产生于燕山运动的"绪动/A幕",但"绪动/A幕"与"火山幕"的关系翁文灏认为难以阐述清楚。翁文灏在提出燕山运动(Yenshan movement)之后、丁文江提出了燕山期运动(Yenshanian movement)的名词。后续的研究者多因循"燕山期运动"的思想,但在中文表述中几乎只使用"燕山运动"的文字表述,这造成了逻辑上理解的差异,二者显然是不同的概念范畴,需予以区分。理清原始概念之后,本文通过位于北京西山雁翅镇田村、淤白村附近的钻孔和探槽,揭露出北京西山九龙山组底部的一套厚约12m火山凝灰岩。凝灰岩之下发育一套砾径可达2m、碳酸岩质的砾岩,与其下寒武纪地层呈不整合接触,代表"绪动/A幕"的不整合面。凝灰岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学测试揭示了154Ma和161Ma两期年龄,前者限定了九龙山组的底界年龄,后者可能代表了"绪动/A幕"发生的最早火山响应。最后本文依据不整合面穿时性特点指出位于龙门—九龙山组砾岩之下的不整合面在空间上应收敛于髫髻山组火山岩之下的不整合面。而龙门—九龙山组砾岩与髫髻山组火山岩具有同时异相的空间特征。     

燕山运动的“绪动”——燕山事件

燕山运动是中生代期间发生在中国东部的一次最重要构造变动,它打破了华北克拉通数亿年的稳定格局,形成了一系列北东向深大断裂,并引发了剧烈的岩浆活动。然而,由于褶皱变形不显著,构造运动的主要不整合面难以确定,所以对燕山运动的起始时间和形成机制长期以来存在较大争议。本文通过对燕山运动概念历史的考证、北京西山和平原区地层序列的对比,结合华北地区其他晚中生代盆地的发展演化过程,认为燕山运动的起始时间应为中侏罗世含煤碎屑岩沉积之后、同造山砾岩形成之前。该运动所产生的深大断裂成为中国东部的构造骨架,成为而后大量岩浆上升的通道。根据构造变形的特点,结合材料力学的原理,认为燕山运动是中国东部遭受来自外部快速打击的后果,是以脆性变形为主的构造运动,并将该快速打击事件定义为燕山运动的“绪动”或“燕山事件”。     

回眸燕山运动——致敬“燕山运动”的创建者和中国地质学会的奠基人翁文灏

一百年前中国地质学会成立，先驱者们竖立起中国地质科学的旗帜，也是中国科学的第一面旗帜，从此中国地质科学发展进入快车道。燕山运动、中国北方〖XCD.TIF;%70%70,JZ〗科研究，长身贝研究、北京猿人头盖骨的发现是中国地质科学快速进入国际赛道的标志。经历了近百年的研究，北京西山及北京北山、冀北和辽西典型地区积累的证据和资料表明，翁文灏提出的燕山运动A期(幕）发生在160±3 Ma前；晚侏罗世早—中期记录了以髫髻山组和蓝旗组为代表的区域强烈火山喷发和广泛的岩浆侵入(中间期/幕）；晚侏罗世晚期区域发育逆冲推覆构造；燕山期构造发展至早白垩世早期135 Ma，冀北张家口组和辽西义县组之下的不整合为燕山运动B期结束的代表。燕山运动是东亚大陆构造体制从古特提斯及古亚洲洋构造域转变为环太平洋活动大陆边缘构造域的产物。这是中国东部和东亚区域中生代独特的重大的地质构造事件。     

辽西凌源牛营子盆地晚三叠世--中侏罗世地层层序及区域对比

本文根据重新理清的辽西凌源牛营子盆地晚三叠世-中侏罗世地层层序及时代,讨论其区域地层对比.晚三叠世晚期的邓杖子组是一套崩滑流为主的碳酸盐角砾,其为区域印支期构造运动的造山记录,与京西、冀北杏石口组、辽西北票羊草沟组(坤头菠罗组)可以对比;早侏罗世水泉沟组与京西、冀北南大岭组、辽西北票兴隆沟组层位相当,且各组火山岩时代基本相同;中侏罗世早期郭家店组底部含煤段与京西上窑坡组、冀北下花园组中部、辽西北票组中上部植物组合面貌一致;中侏罗世中期郭家店组砾岩段是燕山期构造变形主幕的产物,北京西山龙门组、冀北下板城下花园组上部、辽西北票海房沟组都是该期的记录,层位相当;辽西中侏罗世中晚期蓝旗组底部的时代为158±1Ma,与京西、冀北髫髻山组安山岩的同位素年龄总体一致.这说明差异较大的燕山板内造山带三叠纪-中侏罗世盆地的沉积记录显示了相似的演化规律.     

论北京地区燕山运动

“燕山运动”系翁文灏先生1927年考察了北京西山等地后提出的,当时是指侏罗纪末、白垩纪前的造山运动,以九龙山组与髫髻山组之间的不整合为代表。以后丁文江、谢家荣、赵金科、黄汲清、李春昱、赵宗溥等学者相继对燕山运动进行过研究和探讨,就其发生的时期、性质、特征和运动的分期等问题指出了许多不同看法。     

燕山板内变形带侏罗纪主要构造事件

对燕山地区中生代板内变形的研究进展进行了总结,确定翁文灏75年前识别和提出的燕山运动A幕、B幕和中间幕发生在侏罗纪.侏罗纪的构造变形最终塑造了东西向燕山褶皱-冲断带的格架.通过对典型盆地的分析,燕山运动A幕以髫髻山组安山岩之下的角度不整合为标志,时限为160Ma±5Ma前,时期为中侏罗世龙门期-九龙山期,时代推测在175～160Ma之间.中间幕以髫髻山组和兰旗组火山岩为代表,时代约在165～156Ma之间.B幕强烈的冲断形成了土城子组和后城组的粗碎屑堆积,时限在135Ma±1Ma前,时代为156～139Ma.白垩纪早期,区域变形逐渐以伸展为主,古地理-古环境明显改变,火山喷发频繁、强烈,构造变形较弱.显然,早白垩世的构造发展已不属于燕山运动的范畴.燕山运动A幕是燕山板内变形带最主要的构造事件,也是东亚构造体制转变的标志.     

河北下花园地区的下马岭组及其古地理环境

<正> 河北省下花园地区下马岭组地层发育良好,分布广泛,早为地质工作者所注意。但是,这组地层在解放前一直被认为是下侏罗统下花园煤系的下部变质页岩;后来,陈桂友又定名为“洋河统”,认为相当于北京西山的双泉统。1949年,田本裕认为此层“依岩性似可与下马岭页岩相对比”。以后,对于地层的认识逐渐深入,现在下花园地区和涿鹿一带是已知冀西北下马岭组地层发育最好的地区。     

中国东部的燕山运动

一、引言燕山运动是中国东部地质史上一个重要的造山旋回。接通行的说法,它发生在中生代晚期,而以侏罗、白垩纪之间的褶皱幕最为显著。燕山运动也称为中生代或太平洋运动,它不仅在中生代中国境内有普遍发育,也是太平洋两岸地区重要的造山旋回;伴随此期地壳运动有强烈的岩浆活动和各种有用矿产的形成,它在科学和经济上的意义与西欧古生代晚期的海西运动有同等的重要价值。大家知道,燕山运动是翁文灏(1927)在三十多年以前根据北票地区上煤系和北票上火山岩系间不整合关系首先建立的。当时认为是侏罗、白(?)纪之间的褶皱幕。     

序言

燕山期构造运动在我国东部影响广泛。1926年翁文灏先生提出“燕山运动”,最早发现于燕山地区侏罗纪–白垩纪地层之间的不整合界面,逐步扩展到中国东部,甚至整个东亚地区,反映出晚中生代一次重大构造事件。随着我国地质学家们对燕山运动研究的不断深化,认识和理解也在逐渐提升。当前普遍认为燕山期构造运动是继晚三叠世东亚各大陆碰撞对接之后又一次重大地质构造事件,起始于中侏罗世,结束于晚白垩世(约170~80 Ma)。     

四川广元县须家河地区晚三叠世大孢子

四川广元县须家河地区,中生代含煤沉积是一套以灰色、深灰色厚层中粒长石石英砂岩、粉砂岩与页岩互层为主的地层,夹煤层,上部砾岩增多,厚达600多米。富含动、植物化石。在须家河一带出露较好。早在1882年李希霍芬就已将该地层命名为“广元煤系”。1929—1931年我国地质学家赵亚曾、黄汲清在秦岭、大巴山地区进行地质调查时,因见煤系地层出露在离广元城区十多公里的须家河一带、故将“广元煤系”改称为“须家河煤系”。1959年第一届全国地层会     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861