包头市地下水质量评价

地下水质量评价为保护和开发地下水资源,防止和控制地下水污染,保障人民身体健康提供科学依据。结合相关地下水调查资料采用单指标评价、内梅罗指数和模糊综合评价三种方法,对包头市地下水水质分别进行评价,通过对评价结果综合分析认为:模糊综合评价结果更符合区域地下水总体特征,包头市潜水Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类占到取样点总数的36%,质量整体较差;承压水Ⅰ—Ⅲ类遍及包头市全区,质量整体较好。     

山东省东部地区浅层地下水地球化学特征及环境质量评价

以山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查中浅层地下水数据为基础,对分析测试的29项指标的地球化学特征进行了研究。调查区浅层地下水中,Mo、Pb、Mn、Fe、Cl-、NO2-、总硬度等含量变化较大,导致局部水质变差;其他指标含量变化较小,在浅层地下水中分布均匀。参照我国地下水质量标准和生活饮用水质量标准,对本区浅层地下水进行了单因子与综合环境质量评价,该区不可直接饮用的浅层地下水占44.88%,综合环境质量较差;地下水污染多发生在主要城市、工矿企业及其周边地区;单指标水污染呈点(源)状、线状分布,主要超标指标为总硬度、溶解性总固体、高锰酸钾指数、NO2-、Cl-、F-、Mn、Fe。重点探讨了高密北部高氟浅层地下水形成的原因,为区内高氟水治理及地氟病防治提供了依据。     

华北平原区域地下水污染评价

华北平原是我国的重要经济区,人口近1.3亿,地下水是其主要供水水源。在工业和生活污染物排放及农业施用化肥农药的影响下,地下水已遭受一定程度的污染。综合分析了地下水污染评价的各种方法后,将单因子污染指数法进行了改进,提出了单指标污染标准指数法。在华北平原开展了野外调查,采集了6 063组地下水样品,每个样品检测34 项指标。采用单因子污染标准指数法对华北平原地下水污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:华北平原35.47%采样点的地下水已受到不同程度污染,以轻污染为主,深层地下水也有一定的污染,但比浅层地下水轻,未受污染的深层地下水占87.14%。单因子污染标准指数法基本解决了区域污染评价指标之间对比问题,能够直接反映区域地下水污染情况,并为有针对性地治理地下水污染提供了依据。     

下辽河平原区辽阳-鞍山地段浅层地下水污染评价

随着城市规模和城市化进程的扩大与加快,工业化程度的不断提高,区域地表水和地下水受到不同程度的污染,人类赖以生存的淡水资源面临威胁.20世纪90年代以来,我国开始关注农业污染和有机污染的研究工作.结合研究区研究情况,本次评价主要应用单因子污染指数法及综合污染指数法.综合分析了地下水评价的各种方法后,本次评价选择了单指标污染指数评价法和地下水污染综合评价法对该区进行评价.在研究区展开了野外调查,采集了浅层地下水样品110组（其中包括平行样、加标样和监控样合计20组）,每个样品测试了35项指标.评价结果表明,研究区67.4%浅层地下水受到不同程度的污染.根据本次评价,基本上反映了研究区地下水污染状况,并为有针对性的治理提供依据.     

榆林市地下水质量评价与评价方法的对比分析

地下水质量的优劣直接关系到城市的经济建设、人民的生产生活等一系列问题。地下水质量评价为保护和开发地下水资源,防止和控制地下水污染,保障人民身体健康提供科学依据。结合相关地下水调查资料和单指标评价、内梅罗指数和模糊综合评价三种方法,分别对榆林市地下水水质做出评价,对评价结果进行对比分析,结果认为:模糊综合评价结果更符合区域地下水总体特征,榆林市地下水质量整体较好,城市居民饮水安全有保障。     

辽西地区地下水水质污染评价及趋势分析

依据辽宁西部的锦州、阜新、盘锦、朝阳、葫芦岛地区2006-2010年间地下水水质检测结果,采用地下水水质综合污染指数评价方法,与污染起始值相比较,认为超过污染起始值即为受到了污染。辽西地区地下水水质污染评价结果表明,地下水未污染范围逐年增加,大部分水质点处于极轻微污染—中度污染状态,重度—严重污染的水质点逐年变化不大且略有减少。地下水水质综合变化趋势分析结果表明,辽西地区各年均以地下水水质稳定占主导趋势,地下水水质变差趋势明显减弱,地下水水质总体趋于稳定,并且地下水水质逐年向好的方向转化。     

山西省阳泉经济技术开发区南区浅层地下水质量分布特征与污染评价

研究浅层地下水的质量分布特征与污染评价对地下水资源的科学管理与保护具有重要意义。本文以山西阳泉经济技术开发区南区为例,采用单指标评价方法与综合评价方法对地下水化学组成进行分析,利用GIS技术进行质量分布分析,运用污染指数法对地下水污染进行评价,对11口新建井的91个地下水污染指标进行分析。单指标评价法与综合指标评价法的研究结果显示,YQ03和YQ11监测井为Ⅲ类水;样品YQ01和YQ09监测井为Ⅳ类水;样品YQ02、YQ04、YQ05、YQ06和YQ10监测井为Ⅴ类水。污染指数法对地下水污染的评价结果表明,YQ02、YQ04、YQ05、YQ06、YQ09和YQ10点位发生的污染主要为总硬度、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、铁、锰、铝、耗氧量、钠、氟化物、钡等11个指标。     

陕北神府矿区地下水污染评价

神府矿区身为国家级陕北能源化工基地的核心区域,地处神府煤田腹地。通过对神府矿区地下水污染现状野外调查,采集水样,室内、室外分析化验,对地下水水污染进行评价。地下水污染程度采用层级阶梯评价,在此基础上按无机毒理指标和微量有机指标将地下水的污染划分为四级,并做地下水污染风险分区图。神府矿区地下水污染的影响指标为NO_3—N、NO_2—N、F^-、Mo和Cr⁶⁺,其中NO_3—N影响程度最高,说明地下水主要污染来源于工矿企业生产和生活废物,全区大部分地区污染程度为中等偏高,污染程度高的地区沿地下水水流方向的上游分布着较多重污染型企业,说明导致地下水污染的原因除生活污染外,工矿企业已经对水源保护区内局部地下水造成了不同程度的影响。     

哈尔滨地区浅层地下水质量与污染评价

为查明哈尔滨地区浅层地下水水质现状及污染情况,利用松嫩平原（黑龙江）地下水污染调查评价项目的数据,对浅层地下水主要化学特征进行了描述.在此基础上采用模糊综合评价法进行了地下水质量评价,采用污染指数法进行了地下水污染现状评价.结果表明：研究区浅层地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主;受原生环境下水化学条件控制的Fe、Mn指标含量对水质影响较大;地下水污染属于区域性污染,污染范围广、污染程度重,主要污染物为NH₄⁺及NO₃^-、NO₂^-,来源于生活污水及农业生产所施用的化肥.根据分析数据,研究区地下水污染以无机污染为特征.     

地下水质量指标分类综合评价方法研究

近年来随着污染加剧,地下水中检出的污染指标种类不断增加,新修订的地下水质量标准中水质指标由GB/T 14848-1993的39项增加至93项,其中大部分为有机毒理学指标。原有的地下水质量综合评价方法因不能区分毒理学指标和感官性状与一般化学指标的差异,评价结果容易产生歧义,且评价结果不符合地学统计特征,已不再适用。为此在反复摸索计算的基础上提出了指标分类地下水质量综合评价方法。该方法利用单指标质量分类统计法评价感官性状与一般化学指标,利用单指标最大分类确定法评价毒理学指标,最终结果分别给出感官性状与一般化学指标级别和毒理学指标级别,同时给出毒理学指标的饮水途径健康风险以供参考。该方法在淮河流域某地区的地下水质量综合评价中应用结果显示,评价结果简单明了,符合地学统计特征,与内梅罗指数法相比,评价结果更为客观。地下水质量指标分类综合评价方法,可有效解决水质综合评价结果容易产生歧义和误导的问题,满足常规指标和毒理学指标的综合评价,能够更好地综合体现地下水水质信息。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the