Triterpenols in mangrove sediments as a proxy for organic matter derived from the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)

Mangroves are the dominant type of vegetation along many tropical coasts. Organic matter (OM) derived from mangrove leaf litter and root material is stored in sediments and is a major contributor to the amount and chemical composition of sedimentary OM. A set of organic biomarkers in sediments was applied as a palaeo-indicator for the Holocene dynamics of a mangrove Estuary (Rio Caeté, Pará, Brazil). Six sediment cores were collected perpendicular to the present coast line and analysed for triterpenols and sitosterol. The influence of microbial biomarker degradation was implemented from a previous study. Biomarker profiles were validated with pollen data and multivariate statistics to test whether these compounds were suitable indicators for the palaeo-vegetation. Sediments deposited up to 2 Ma BP showed biomarker assemblages similar to those of recent surface sediment. In two cores, the biomarker composition revealed a transition from marsh to mangrove vegetation. Taraxerol, germanicol and β-amyrin provided the most significant chemotaxonomical information and, especially in combination, served as reliable proxies for OM from Rhizophora mangle in northern Brazil. The maximum age of the mangrove system ranged between 1000 and 5100 yr depending on the topographic elevation of the drilling location.     

石笋氧碳同位素古气候代用指标研究进展

洞穴石笋以其独立的绝对年龄和稳定的古气候代用指标而成为很好的陆地古气候研究材料。应用U 系定年,可以获得独立精确的日历年时间序列,结合年纹层统计,可以获得年际甚至是季节性变化古气候记录。作为古气候代用指标,石笋氧同位素具有全球可对比性,现已建立了氧同位素的全球气候变化曲线,显示了比深海氧同位素及极地冰芯氧同位素记录更多的优势。石笋δ18O 的影响因素很多,在东亚季风控制区和其它季风控制区,石笋的δ18O 反映了夏季风的强度或者是季风降雨的变化。这些全球可对比的具有高精度绝对定年的石笋δ18O 记录,突破了早期的单一温度控制机理,不仅为古气候学家提供了坚实的古气候变化时间序列,而且使古气候研究能从机理上探讨其变化规律。δ13C不如δ18O 具有全球可对比性,在同位素平衡的开放体系,石笋δ13C 主要反映了洞穴上覆土壤CO2 的同位素特征。因此,一般认为石笋δ13C可直接反映当地植被的特征,包括植被类型C3/C4 比率的变化及植被的茂盛与衰退,在一些地区也可作为大气降水和温度变化的指标。石笋δ13C 很易受到蒸发作用、滴水的快速去气、动力分馏、碳酸盐的先期沉积等影响而使得其数值偏正,应该予以重视。通过介绍石笋氧碳同位素的研究现状,使得读者对石笋的稳定同位素指标有一个初步认识。同时,对今后的研究方向给与一定的探讨。     

Biogeochemical Records at Shangsi Section, Northeast Sichuan in China： The Permian Paleoproductivity Proxies

The marine primary producers assimilate the atmospheric CO2 to form the organic carbon in surface water. The organic carbon then settles down through the water column and is removed from the oceans by final preservation in sediments in the form of petroleum or nature gases. The reconstruction of paleoproductlvity will thus improve our understanding of the biological processes in the formation of fossil energy resource and help to locate new sites for future exploration. In this study, biorelated elements P, Cd, Al, Ba, as well as redox sensitive element Mo, were analyzed in the 448 rock samples collected from Permian strata at the Shangsi (上寺) Section, Guangyuan (广元), Northeast Sichuan (四川) in China. On the basis of the Ti content, the nondetrital contents of P, Ca, and Al, denoted as Pxs, Cdxs, and Alxs, were calculated and found to coincide with the TOC content throughout the whole section, with some enrichment intervals being found in the middle part of Chihsia Formation, topmost Maokou (茅口) Formation, and Dalong (大隆) Formation. This suggests that the biorelated elements could be used as proxies for the paleoproductivity here in this section. Baxs, a paleoproductivity indicator widely used in the paleoceanography, shows insignificant correlation with TOC, Pxs, Cdxs, and Alxs, probably arising from the loss of biological barium in anoxic conditions. Compiled with the data of TOC content and Pxs Cdxs, and Alxs, three episodes of enhanced paleoproductivity were identified in Permian strata including the middle part of Chihsla Formation, topmost Maokou Formation, and Dalong Formation.     

古海洋生产力地球化学指标的研究

寻求反映古海洋生产力变化的指标是古海洋学研究的重要内容.主量元素地球化学与微量元素地球化学以及相关的同位素指标已成为追溯古海洋生产力演化的有力工具.从古生产力替代指标的示踪原理和应用的角度,综述了主量元素(A1、Fe、P),微量元素(Ba、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、Sr/Ca、Mo),同位素(碳、氮同位素)等在古生产力研...     

古盐度指标与渤海湾盆地古近系海侵事件初探

盐度是水体最基本的属性之一,古盐度是古环境、古气候和古生物研究中常用的指标.对来自不同海域的现代水体盐度和沉积物地球化学数据进行整理,发现硼/镓(B/Ga),锶/钡(Sr/Ba)和硫/总有机碳(S/TOC)等比值与水体盐度具有显著的相关性,可有做作为示踪水体盐度的指标.这些化学元素的双变量图显示,每个指标的不同阈值指向...     

湖光岩玛珥湖全新世时期沉积物碳氮同位素组成的环境指示意义

通过对湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物的TOC,TN,δ13CTOC,δ15N和s-ratio的研究,作者重建了全新世期间湖泊初级生产力的变 化,从而揭示了湖光岩地区全新世气候演变历史。早全新世时期（10 400~6100 yr BP）,高值的TOC,TN,δ13CTOC和低值 的δ15N,s-ratio指示了高水平的湖泊初级生产力,反映温暖湿润的气候条件; 8500~7400 yr BP期间,δ15N出现最低值,同时 TN出现高值,表明可能受了固氮蓝藻的影响,指示该段时间季风减弱,可能为对应着8.2 ka事件;中全新世期间（6100~ 3600 yr BP）,TOC,TN和δ13CTOC下降,s-ratio上升,指示湖泊生产力下降,气候逐渐向冷干转变;晚全新世期间（3600 yr BP至今）,TOC和TN继续下降,δ13CTOC处于最低值,s-ratio达到最大值,代表季风最弱的时期和湖泊生产力持续降低。全新 世湖泊生产力的逐渐下降反映了季风的逐步减弱,而驱动因素则是北纬30°太阳辐射的减少。在~1000 yr BP以后,δ13CTOC与 δ15N表现出不同于全新世演化趋势的异常,可能指示人类活动的加剧,尤其是烧荒开田对沉积物的影响。     

黄土高原黄土-古土壤序列古气候代用指标综述

黄土高原黄土-古土壤序列是古气候演化在陆相地层中的反映,已经成为认识第四纪地球气候与环境变化的3个重要信息载体之一,可用来探讨东亚季风气候的形成演化和受控机制、气侯突变事件的记录乃至反演我国内陆干早化历史.稳定同位素、磁化率和孢粉等气候代用指标的地球化学、物理学以及生物学分析为提取黄土-古土壤序列中蕴藏的古气候环境信息...     

中国石炭纪生物礁造礁群落演化

中国石炭纪造礁群落是弗拉斯期—法门期生物绝灭事件后新兴起的。该群落在早期演化过程中经历了形成、发展、完善和衰落的过程,构成一个群落演化旋回。晚期又开始新一轮的旋回,群落的二分性十分显著。显然,石炭纪造礁群落代表一个不连续的演化过程。     

新疆吐鲁番盆地陆相白垩纪与古近纪界线的环境指标

通过对新疆吐鲁番盆地白垩纪和古近纪陆相地层的氧化物、碳酸钙、有机碳含量分析以及有机碳稳定同位素的测试,并通过w(Fe³⁺)/w(Fe²⁺)比值指示的古温度研究,探讨了该地区白垩系-古近系界线的特征以及古气候特点。研究表明在白垩系/古近系界线附近各项环境指标发生了明显的变化。在白垩纪末期,有机碳同位素δ¹³C_org明显偏正,Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃含量降低;而进入古新世,δ¹³C_org明显偏负,Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃含量升高。对w(Fe³⁺)/w(Fe²⁺)比值指示的古温度计算表明,在白垩纪末期大气温度比较低,而进入古新世气温回升,这与进入古新世有机碳稳定同位素明显偏负的特征一致。     

松辽盆地G 12井晚白垩世青山口组沉积时期古湖泊学替代指标分析

总有机碳含量（TOC）、有机质碳稳定同位素（δ13C）、氢指数（HI）和有机质类型是进行古湖泊学研究的良好替代性指标,本研究以岩石热解分析数据和总有机碳测试数据为替代指标来综合反映松辽盆地青山口组二—三段晚期集水盆地的气候、湖泊生产力和湖泊底部水体环境等古湖泊学特征。指标显示：青山口组二—三段晚期集水盆地的古气候经历了温暖冷暖湿温暖而干燥干冷的演化过程;1933~1932m沉积时期,有机质以湖相为主,湖底为弱氧化环境,古湖泊初始生产力最高,其它阶段,有机质以陆源为主,虽然TOC含量高,但古湖泊初始生产力并不高;TOC值随深度减小而降低,δ13C值随深度变浅而偏正,而且δ13C值正向偏移量最大的时期晚于TOC值最高的时期;暖期时,TOC值较高,HI值较高,δ13C值偏负;冷期时,TOC值较低,HI值较低,δ13C值偏正。     

Source Apportionment of PAHs Using Two Mathematical Models for Mangrove Sediments in Shantou Coastal Zone,China

Thirty-five surface sediment samples collected from three mangroves in Shantou coastal zone, China in 2007 were analyzed for a suite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Two mathematical models were used to determine the profiles and relative contributions of PAH sources to the mangroves. The two models are principal component analyses (PCA) with multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Both models identified five factors and gave excellent correlation coefficients between predicted and measured levels of 16 PAH compounds, but the results had some differences. The PAH contribution rate attributed to vehicular emission sources identified by PCA-MLR was 37.20%, but the rate identified by PMF was only 12.37%. The main sources identified by PCA-MLR were combination of biomass/coal combustion and vehicular emissions, whereas the main source identified by PMF was only biomass/coal combustion. The PMF analysis was the preferred model for the paper data set.     

中国黄海海域的构造演化

燕山运动以来,华北东部地区发生了翻天覆地之构造转变,构造体制从印支期末的华北地块与扬子地块的拼贴－增生,转变为地幔热柱演化－区域伸展断陷,地形地貌上亦从东部的高原转变为华北东部盆－山耦合格局。     

Silver and lead in high-altitude lake sediments: Proxies for climate changes and human activities

High-altitude lake sediments are often used as archives for environmental changes and their chemical and isotopic compositions provide significant constraints on natural and anthropogenic long-term changes that have occurred in their catchment area. Here, trace-element concentrations and Pb isotopes are presented for two sedimentary cores from Lake Blanc Huez in the French Alps, to trace the impact of climate changes and human activities over the Holocene. Lead and Ag contents are very high and clearly dominated by input from a Pb–Ag vein located a few meters from the lakeshore, a vein that also buffers the Pb isotopes. Mining of this vein in medieval times is recorded in the corresponding lake sediments with high Ag content coupled with high Pb/U ratio. These chemical characteristics can be used to constrain the major Holocene climate changes. Significant advances of glaciers next to the lake produced sediments with Ag and Pb concentration peaks and high Pb/U ratios due to accelerated erosion of the Pb–Ag vein, similar to the effects of the medieval mining. In contrast, reduced glacier activity led to the formation of organic-rich sediments with high U and As contents and low Pb/U ratios. More generally, the observed combination of chemical changes could be used elsewhere to decipher environmental changes over long periods of time.     

南海北部甲烷渗漏的沉积地球化学指标(Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca)识别

自生碳酸盐矿物是揭示甲烷渗漏过程及其周期性变化的重要指标。为了方便、快速地识别出自生碳酸盐矿物,在探讨了前人建立的端元组分模型(文石、高镁方解石、生物成因方解石和碎屑)在我国南海北部适用性的基础上,利用沉积物全样中Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca值计算了南海北部神狐海域两支沉积物柱状样中自生碳酸盐矿物的质量分数,计算结果表明,在不同沉积深度均有含量不等的自生碳酸盐矿物。这一结果被X射线衍射结果和沉积物中存在晶形完好的自生高镁方解石和文石矿物所验证,表明利用前人建立的端元组分模型计算的结果具有可靠性。自生碳酸盐矿物的出现显示该海域深受甲烷渗漏作用影响。利用地球化学指标(Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca)获得的自生碳酸盐矿物含量垂向变化显示该区域甲烷渗漏具有强弱交替的周期变化。运用端元组分模型来获取沉积物柱状样中自生碳酸盐矿物的高分辨率剖面,从而识别甲烷渗漏信息非常方便,在大范围寻找甲烷渗漏和天然气水合物方面具有较大潜力。     

中国的叠合盆地及其演化特点

<正> 叠合盆地是指经历了多期构造变革、由多个单型盆地经多方位叠加复合而形成的具有复杂结构的盆地。中国内陆大型含油气盆地基本上都属于叠合盆地,具有多旋回性,往往表现为早古生代海相碳酸盐岩盆地、晚古生代海陆交互相(含煤)盆地和中—新代陆相盆地的多方位叠置。中国主要叠合盆地的发育具有块体小,活动性强,长距离漂移和多期就位等特点。大量古地磁研究成果表明,古生代海相盆地就位于缝合带之间,称之为“缝间就位”。两条缝合带之间现今宽度仅数百千米,这决定了古生代残留盆地规模较小。中—新生代陆相盆地一般就位于造山带之间或造山带之内,称之为“山间就位”。“缝间就位”与“山间就位”方式的不同,涉及到盆地的海陆转换过程。沉降中心和沉积中心的迁移是我国叠合盆地的特点之一。沉降中心迁移可以导致不同时代主力烃源岩或生油坳陷发生迁移,进而导致油气运聚方向的时空转换。如在塔里木盆地,古生代主力烃源岩除在克拉通内坳陷发育外,在广     

地质微生物响应地质环境变化的若干问题--兼论环境代用指标的应用

微生物能够通过改变细胞膜脂类成分而灵敏地响应地质环境条件的变化,使得人们建立了一系列微生物的古环境代用指标。应用比较广泛的古温度定量化指标包括藻类的长链烯酮U_(37)~k、古菌甘油二烷基甘油四醚的TEX_(86),以及细菌甘油二烷基甘油四醚的MBT/CBT等。然而,由于缺乏生理学和生态学分析,人们在应用微生物的环境代用指标时不断发现适用性问题。论文重点从微生物对环境响应的化学过程、生理范围和生态效应这三方面分析了一些环境代用指标在应用时需要考虑的多指标相互验证、线性范围和灵敏度,以及地区性差异等问题。微生物通过脂类响应环境变化有多种化学方式和途径可以实现,使得许多代用指标可以相互验证。微生物对地质环境的生理响应是有线性范围的,这决定了微生物脂类的环境代用指标的灵敏度大小。而微生物对环境因子的生态响应则决定了代用指标的应用存在地区性差异。某种环境的微生物活动往往受到一些限制性因子控制,相应地一些微生物脂类的环境代用指标也主要响应这些限制性环境因子的变化。微生物的古环境代用指标的应用不仅需要了解微生物通过脂类响应环境变化的化学机理,更要了解相应微生物的生理学和生态学原理。     

中国近海新生代盆地沉积环境演变分析

中国近海新生代具有不同类型的沉积盆地,它们是不同板块之间的相互作用而形成的,包括板内裂谷型、板缘聚敛型和板缘离散型沉积盆地,其中板缘聚敛型可细分为裂谷型和坳陷型,板缘离散型可细分为裂谷型、坳陷型和扭张型。②不同类型的沉积盆地能够反映不同沉积环境的演变特征。在盆地的断陷—坳陷发育期,板内裂谷型沉积盆地沉积环境以陆相为主;板缘聚敛型沉积盆地的沉积环境总体上具有海相到陆相的演变特征;板缘离散型沉积盆地沉积环境总体上具有陆相到海相的演变特征。③在不同盆地结构和沉积环境下,发育不同类型的沉积体系。裂谷型沉积盆地以近源堆积的沉积体系为主,坳陷型沉积盆地以远源堆积的沉积体系为主;板缘聚敛型沉积盆地坡折及三角洲发育规模小,板缘离散型沉积盆地坡折及三角洲发育规模大。     

岩石圈地幔结构及其对中国大型盆地的演化意义

P_n波是通过莫霍面下方的上地幔顶部的地震波.由于P_n波的速度随温度和物质成分而变化, 以及P_n波各向异性可以反映地幔形变的历史.因此P_n波的速度以及各向异性成为探索岩石圈结构的重要工具.中国岩石圈地幔的P_n速度的特征是很高速的异常区和很低速的异常区呈镶嵌状出现, 反映了地质结构的不均匀性.西部大型盆地(塔里木、准噶尔、吐哈、柴达木和四川盆地) 具有较高的P_n速度和较弱的各向异性, 反映出这些盆地的岩石圈是冷的和坚硬的, 其变形较小.大面积的华北地区, 在太古代的基底下具有明显的P_n波低速度.研究结果表明与这些地区裂谷、岩石圈减薄和地幔上涌区相一致.P_n波各向异性与在最新(和目前正在进行) 的大规模变形期间, 岩石圈地幔沿NNE向右旋简单剪切相一致.华北的金矿藏以及华北和松辽盆地的石油储藏的位置明显地与该区的低P_n波速度区相吻合, 表明该区金属成矿和油储的形成与中、新生代以来在岩石圈地幔中的热活动, 以及壳幔之间的相互作用过程密切相关.