大兴安岭十八站—韩家园地区晚中生代火山岩年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

大兴安岭十八站—韩家园地区发育晚中生代基性-中酸性火山岩。选取粗面安山岩、粗面岩、流纹岩进行年代学和岩石地球化学研究。粗面安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为125.2±0.9 Ma,为早白垩世火山作用的产物。岩石地球化学特征表明,中酸性火山岩属于高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列。岩石稀土元素总量∑REE=121.42×10~(-6)~154.43×10~(-6),轻、重稀土元素分异明显(La/Yb)_N=19.25~31.98,在稀土元素配分图上显示右倾型,除一个流纹岩样品具显著负Eu异常外,多数样品无明显Eu负异常(δEu=0.45~0.90)。岩石具弱富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr,明显亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti的特征。结合区域资料,认为十八站—韩家园地区早白垩世中酸性火山岩形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合机制下后碰撞伸展背景。粗面安山岩、粗面岩和流纹岩系同源岩浆部分熔融与结晶分异作用的结果,岩浆来源于受俯冲流体交代的富集岩石圈地幔。     

内蒙古乌拉特后旗乌兰敖包地区二叠纪中-基性火山岩地球化学、年代学、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

内蒙古乌拉特后旗乌兰敖包地区中-基性火山岩位于华北陆块北缘西段,野外出露岩性主要为灰黑色-深灰绿色玄武岩、深灰绿色玄武安山岩和灰绿色安山岩等。岩石样品中SiO_2含量49.33~65.84%,Na_2O含量0.53~5.49%,K_2O平均值为0.25~6.40%,属于钙碱性系列;由基性到中性岩石中稀土总量呈增加趋势,轻稀土元素富集程度增加,δEu负异常逐渐明显;微量元素显示火山岩普遍具有不同程度的Ta、Nb亏损,U、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素富集特征,具有俯冲带弧岩浆岩的特征。火山岩中岩浆锆石U-Pb测年结果为285.0±2.3 Ma和265.0±1.5Ma,表明其形成时代为早-中二叠世;火山岩与下伏地层接触关系及捕获锆石的年龄特征指示,乌兰敖包地区火山岩形成在华北陆块北缘之上。锆石Hf同位素信息指示岩浆起源于受俯冲板块影响的亏损地幔,岩浆上升过程中加入了壳源物质。     

Discovery of the Late Carboniferous alkaline volcanic rocks in the Guyang area,eastern Yinshan Block,and its geological implicationsSCIEI北大核心CSCD

在华北克拉通北缘阴山地块东部固阳地区发现了假白榴石粗面玄武岩和钾质粗面岩两种高钾准铝质碱性火山岩。地质年代学数据显示,假白榴石粗面玄武岩的磷灰石U-Pb年龄为322±14Ma,钾质粗面岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为315.6±7.5Ma,说明其形成时代均为晚石炭世。岩石地球化学特征显示,二者均富Al、Fe,贫Mg;富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba和K),相对亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Nb和Ti),轻重稀土分异明显,富集轻稀土,相对亏损重稀土,Eu异常不明显;高(87Sr/86Sr)i比值(0.710028~0.714745),低εNd(t)值(-9.0~-17.2),表现出相似的交代岩石圈地幔源区和地壳混染特征。将该碱性火山岩与兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世中基性火山岩和阴山地块白垩纪中基性火山岩进行岩石类型对比,发现华北克拉通北缘产出的火山岩多为高钾碱性系列,而兴蒙造山带中产出的火山岩则多为钙碱性系列;与兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世中基性火山岩进行岩石成因对比,发现它们的岩浆源区和混染程度并不相同,即固阳地区碱性火山岩为受到早古生代俯冲沉积物交代的岩石圈地幔部分熔融所形成的岩浆在上升过程中混染华北克拉通TTG片麻岩后喷发的产物,而兴蒙造山带中火山岩的产出则多为亏损地幔部分熔融所形成的岩浆在上升过程中轻度混染地壳物质后喷发的结果。在固阳地区发现晚石炭世碱性火山岩,代表着古亚洲洋在该时期的后造山伸展作用范围已延伸至华北克拉通北缘。     

新疆东天山觉罗塔格带阿奇山南部雅满苏组火山岩的年代学、地球化学特征及其成因

东天山觉罗塔格带阿奇山南部雅满苏组火山岩的岩石学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素分析结果表明阿奇山南部雅满苏组火山岩主要由安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩和相应成分的火山碎屑岩组成,夹少量玄武岩。流纹岩和安山岩中的锆石多呈自形-半自形晶,振荡环带发育,Th/U比值为0.44~1.53,指示岩浆成因。定年结果表明它们形成于早石炭末—晚石炭初(318.6~324.4 Ma)。阿奇山南部雅满苏组火山岩的地球化学特征主要为:酸性火山岩为中钾钙碱性系列,中基性火山岩主要为高钾钙碱性系列;稀土配分模式均呈右倾型,轻重稀土分馏明显(LREE/HREE为2.91~9.92);强烈富集Rb、Ba、K、La、Ce等大离子亲石元素,明显亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素;(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值为0.704 01~0.706 36,ε_(Nd)(t)值主要为4.14~7.21。研究结果表明,中基性火山岩的岩浆源区主要为受俯冲流体交代的亏损地幔楔,而酸性火山岩则源于年轻地壳物质。结合前人研究成果,认为阿奇山南部雅满苏组早石炭世末—晚石炭初火山岩形成于大陆边缘环境,其地球动力学机制与古亚洲洋板块向中天山地块之下的俯冲作用有关。     

黑龙江富源沟晚三叠世中-基性火山岩的厘定及地质意义

黑龙江省西北部漠河市西部地区新厘定出非正式填图单元——富源沟中-基性火山岩,其岩石组合为灰色、灰绿色玄武安山岩、辉石玄武岩、英安质火山碎屑岩等.获得安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年的加权平均年龄为245±3 Ma,其最小的岩浆锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U谐和年龄为201±2 Ma,另外获得火山口附近英安质火山角砾岩加权平均年龄为201±1 Ma,其形成时代应为晚三叠世.岩石地球化学特征显示,富源沟中-基性火山岩为一套钙碱性系列岩石,富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K、Sr等和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P等和重稀土元素,具有弧岩浆岩地球化学特征.该火山岩的厘定说明,大兴安岭北部地区存在晚三叠世中-基性火山岩浆活动事件.综合本区火山岩的特征并结合区域上研究成果,认为其形成与蒙古-鄂霍次克大洋板片南向俯冲作用相关.     

内蒙古中心屯地区晚侏罗世火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其成因意义

中心屯地区位于大兴安岭火山岩带中南段,区内岩浆活动强烈,发育有中生代不同时期的基性-酸性火山岩。在野外地质调查的基础上,通过研究晚侏罗世火山岩岩石学特征及岩石化学数据,发现区内晚侏罗世火山岩主要为中性-酸性岩石,属于钙碱性系列;稀土元素大都具有铕负异常,配分曲右倾,显示轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特点;微量元素的过渡元素Cr、Co、Ni含量较低,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K等,亏损大离子亲石元素Sr,亏损Nb、Th、Ti、P等高场强元素。综合分析表明,晚侏罗世火山岩岩浆来源于地壳。其形成环境处于亚洲大陆边缘断陷带,受太平洋板块俯冲作用的影响。     

滇西"三江"地区高镁钾质火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

本文报导了位于金沙江-哀牢山断裂带中段6个暗色超基性-基性火山岩的岩石学特征与稀土微量及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学数据,并对其成因和起源条件等进行了讨论。研究表明这6个暗色超基性-基性火山岩属于钾质碱性-钙碱性系列,依SiO₂含量包括超基性、基性(或中基性)岩类。岩石的Mg^#值较高(54.53~79.81),属于高镁火山岩。所有岩石样品具有富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素的特征。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素显示,源区具有具有较明显的Dupal异常和EMⅡ型富集地幔端元的特征。火山岩的岩石学与地球化学一致表明,本区多数暗色基性火山岩具有原生岩浆性质,其成因与富集地幔的部分熔融有关。源区显著的EMII富集地幔端元可能是扬子古陆和古特提斯洋的双向俯冲及俯冲的下地壳物质和古特提斯洋壳沉积物的再循环的物质记录。这套岩石形成于印度-欧亚大陆碰撞后的剪切和拉张构造环境,软流层地幔的上涌与俯冲的古特提斯洋壳沉积物和扬子古陆壳物质的混合,是诱发源区发生部分熔融的主要原因。金沙江-哀牢山断裂带强烈的剪切和拉张,使这些岩浆直接快速喷发至地表,因此形成具有原生岩浆性质的火山岩。     

内蒙古温都尔庙地区白音诺尔一带变质基性火山岩年代学和地球化学研究

对内蒙古中部温都尔庙地区白音诺尔变质基性火山岩进行了锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究。结果表明,变质基性火山岩原岩形成于(254.8±6.2)Ma,时代为晚二叠世。地球化学特征研究显示研究区变质基性火山岩属于亚碱性拉斑系列,大离子亲石元素(LILE)Ba、Rb、Sr强烈亏损,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Zr富集,元素Eu为正异常,具有E-MORB地球化学特征,岩浆来源于富集的岩石圈地幔,结合地质特征应属于蛇绿岩组成部分,反映该地区在晚二叠世古亚洲洋尚未闭合,其闭合时间可能在早三叠世之后。     

西藏边坝地区早白垩世火山岩年代学、地球化学及其大地构造意义

白垩纪是班公湖-怒江洋演化的重要构造转折期,该时期火山岩对于研究古大洋的构造演化具有重要意义。本文对西藏边坝地区早白垩世火山岩进行了岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究,结果表明,该套火山岩由底到顶,主要为玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩,锆石U-Pb年龄为116~120 Ma。中基性火山岩SiO₂为54.07%~62.63%,Mg^#为48~67,SiO₂-Mg^#显示良好线性关系;酸性火山岩SiO₂为72.64%~75.41%,Mg^#为40~50。火山岩样品相对富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,富集K、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,CaO-δEu和SiO₂-Na₂O没有明显线性关系。因此,西藏边坝地区火山岩应形成于班公湖-怒江洋盆南向俯冲活动大陆边缘环境,中基性火山岩与酸性火山岩岩浆源区不同。在班公湖-怒江洋萎缩关闭早期,板块俯冲流体交代古老岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,镁铁质矿物分离结晶而产生中基性火山岩;晚期则发生地壳部分熔融形成酸性火山岩。     

柴北缘牛鼻子梁地区花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究

柴北缘牛鼻子梁地区的花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学研究结果表明,该花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄为393.2~395.6Ma,对应的加权平均年龄为(394.4±2.4)Ma,表明该岩石形成于中泥盆世。岩石主量元素具有较高的SiO_2(65.70%~69.22%)和Al_2O_3(14.96%~16.03%)、较低的MgO(1.37%~1.89%)含量,A/CNK值为0.95~0.98,属于钙碱性、准铝质系列,具有I型花岗岩的特征,表明其岩浆起源于下地壳部分熔融。岩石稀土总量较高,无明显的Eu异常(δEu=0.95~1.30),富集轻稀土元素和K、Rb、Ba、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损重稀土元素和Nb、Ta、Ti、Th、Zr等高场强元素。综上可知,岩石具有碰撞后花岗岩的地球化学特征属性,结合区内晚泥盆世牦牛山组陆相火山岩和区域构造演化特征,认为牛鼻子梁地区的花岗闪长岩形成于柴达木地块与南祁连地块碰撞后的伸展环境。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。