大同盆地全新世以来孢粉特征和环境演变

通过对大同盆地东水头剖面孢粉植物群分析研究,揭示了全新世气候环境的演变特征.结果表明:全新世以来草本植物始终占据优势地位,落叶阔叶植物和针叶植物虽然有时在木本植物中出现高峰,但仍然未形成稳定的森林景观.该区植被类型是以疏林草原和草原植被为主,气候温暖偏干.全新世大暖期在8.5～4 kaB.P.间,气候不稳定,气候波动明显,与黄土高原地区具有良好的可比性.     

罗布泊地区晚冰期至中全新世气候特征及气候波动事件

本文对罗布泊深220cm的DHX剖面沉积物元素、粒度、TOC（总有机碳）、C/N（总有机碳/总有机氮）分析。利用AMS ¹⁴C测年结果建立年代框架,探讨了晚冰期至中全新世环境演变特征及气候快速变化事件。结果显示气候环境经历了5个演变阶段：1）晚冰期（12.8~11.4cal.ka B.P.）罗布泊地区以物理风化为主,气低温,流水携带外来有机质少,湖泊水动力小。这可能是太阳辐射低、热带辐合带（ITCZ）纬度位置较低形成的。2）全新世11.4~9.6cal.ka B.P.期间,罗布泊地区以化学风化为主,流水携带外来有机质增加,气温升高,气候暖湿。这可能是夏季太阳辐射高,冬季太阳辐射低,热带辐合带位置北移,导致全年冰雪融水或山地降水增加、蒸发少,全年水分盈余,气候湿润。3）9.6~8.2cal.ka B.P.期间以化学风化为主,流水携带外来有机质减少,各指标指示湖泊水位波动明显,这可能是热带辐合带位置波动的结果。4）8.2~6.7cal.ka B.P.期间气候暖湿,以化学风化为主,此时段热带辐合带北移,季风仍较强,罗布泊源区昆仑山受其影响降水多,罗布泊来水增加气候相对湿润。5）6.7~5.5cal.ka B.P.期间水动力增加,气候逐渐变干,这可能是热带辐合带南移,夏季太阳辐射降低,冰雪融水量减少,冬季太阳辐射增强蒸发量增加引起的。其中,罗布泊大约在11.0cal.ka B.P.、10.0cal.ka B.P.、9.3cal.ka B.P.、8.4cal.ka B.P.、7.0cal.ka B.P.和5.8~5.5cal.ka B.P.期间出现了一系列气候干旱事件。罗布泊DHX剖面记录的这些气候事件在本区及其他地区也被广泛记录,并与格陵兰冰芯及北大西洋地区降温、热带辐合带南移、季风减弱一致,反映了此区在响应全球变化过程中既有区域特点,也有广泛的一致性特征。说明罗布泊地区对全球环境变化非常敏感并受控于全球变化。

     

孢粉记录的青藏高原东北部更尕海地区中晚全新世植被和气候变化

青藏高原现代季风边缘区中晚全新世气候重建存在较大的差异,对位于青藏高原东北部共和盆地更尕海的GGHA孔岩芯进行了孢粉分析(平均分辨率为80年,最高分辨率约10年),重建了过去6.3ka以来区域植被和气候的演化历史。6.3cal.ka B.P.以来盆区广泛发育以蒿属、藜科和禾本科为主的荒漠植被,以及一定面积的以禾本科和蒿属为主的草原植被,其中:1)6.3~5.6cal.ka B.P.,盆区周围山地发育有少量以松属为主的针叶林,此时夏季风较强,低A/C值指示湖区相对湿度偏低,但湖区周围仍有小面积沼泽草甸发育;2)5.6~4.1cal.ka B.P.,乔木花粉含量显著降低表明周围山地森林面积逐渐减小,至4.1cal.ka B.P.山地森林已衰退消失,盆区草原和荒漠面积有所扩大,莎草科花粉含量低指示湖泊周围沼泽草甸面积缩小,A/C值指示总体湿度有增加趋势;3)4.1~3.1cal.ka B.P.,周围山地森林不再发育,湖区湿度剧烈波动,湖泊周围沼泽草甸发育停滞;4)3.1cal.ka B.P.以来,蒿属和莎草科含量呈下降趋势,A/C值逐渐降低指示干旱化程度加深,以藜科为主荒漠草原面积增加并伴随以禾本科和蒿属为主的草原面积减小,麻黄和白刺含量有所增加,说明研究区气候较前一阶段更加干旱。中晚全新世以来盆区气候和盆区周围山地森林的衰退可能与夏季太阳辐射的降低以及与之相关的亚洲夏季风减弱有关。     

山西宁武地区全新世以来气候与环境变化

根据野外实测剖面、室内测试分析,笔者通过对山西宁武地区全新世以来的湖相沉积地层的孢粉、易溶盐、pH值、磁化率、碳酸盐和粒度分析,探讨了该区全新世以来的气候与环境变化过程。结果表明该区全新世以来的气候变化可划分为4个阶段112400~10000aB.P.期间,显示气候干冷,但有逐渐变暖的趋势;210000~8000aB.P.期间,气候较温湿;38000~3000aB.P.期间,气候温暖;4距今3000aB.P.~现代,气候出现3次波动,整个气候向干凉方向发展。对山西宁武地区湖相沉积地层的进一步深入调查与研究,将会确定华北地区的全新世以来环境与气候变化的基本规律。     

秦安地区全新世气候的周期振荡特征

通过对秦安大地湾8.3 m天然黄土剖面高分辨率(约为150 a)孢粉数据的研究,发现秦安地区孢粉数据与我国干旱、半干旱地区史料记载的旱涝演变有较为一致的变化,且有明显的冷干、暖湿的气候特征.奇异谱分析表明,秦安地区的旱涝变化有2 300 a、1 060 a、650 a和390 a的准振荡周期.准两千年周期与南亚季风的变化有密切的对应关系,也与太阳活动的强弱有关.     

内蒙古正蓝旗地区全新世古环境变迁的孢粉记录

通过对正蓝旗闪电河剖面孢粉资料的分析,重建了内蒙古中部地区全新世以来古植被及古气候的演变过程。全新世早期气候温凉略干,为草原型植被或稀疏草原型植被;中期气候相对暖湿,为森林型植被;后期气候温凉偏干或凉爽偏干,为稀疏草原型植被或草原型植被。     

天山北麓晚全新世环境演变及其人类活动的影响

在天山北麓(坡)不同海拔、不同植被带、不同沉积相选取剖面, 进行14C测年和沉积相、孢粉、粒度、磁化率及烧失量分析, 探讨晚全新世的环境演变. 通过对比艾比湖、大西沟、东道海子、桦树窝子和四厂湖等剖面反映的环境信息, 结果表明: 晚全新世以来, 气候有冷暖干湿波动, 但干旱的总面貌未发生根本变化. 反映在植被上, 山区森林、低山丘陵区草原-荒漠草原、平原区荒漠-荒漠草原的植被景观无根本变化, 但是在森林的上下界限、平原河谷林的发育程度、平原低地草甸的面积上, 随气候的变化而发生波动.平原湖泊受环境变化的影响十分明显. 晚全新世以来, 平原湖泊水面变化频繁, 3.1～2.4 ka BP, 1.7～1.3 ka BP和1.27～0.3 ka BP时期是高湖面阶段.1.7～0.6 ka BP的中世纪, 气候比较湿润, 温暖, 平原湖泊处于高水位期, 1.7～1.3 ka BP期间天山的云杉林带下限下移, 林带加宽, 自然环境处于最好阶段.人为活动只是在近代对环境产生较大影响, 主要表现在对平原地区水系和自然绿洲的影响上, 河流流量减少、流程缩短、尾闾湖消亡、扇缘溢出带北移、地下水位降低, 泉水流量减少等成为普遍现象.人工绿洲取代自然绿洲, 自然绿洲大面积减少, 尾闾湖滨绿洲大面积消亡, 平原河谷绿洲面积减少, 扇缘溢出带绿洲和大河三角洲绿洲为人工绿洲取代.     

中-晚全新世以来安固里淖气候演变的植硅体记录

河北坝上地区位于东亚季风边缘区和农牧交错带,季风强弱的变化深刻影响着该地区人类文明的发展.为了重建河北坝上地区中-晚全新世以来的气候演化过程,剖析气候变化与人类文明发展的关系,以坝上地区安固里淖湖为研究对象,通过对该湖沉积剖面植硅体的分析,并结合孢粉组合特征,恢复了安固里淖地区5 000 cal.a BP以来的气候演变历史.结果显示,在千年尺度上该区域气候总体呈冷干趋势,但在5 030~3 070 cal.a BP时期气候相对湿润,千年尺度上气候的变化主要受控于北半球太阳辐射量的变化.在百年尺度上安固里淖地区经历了7次冷干事件,分别发生于4 500 cal.a BP、4 100~3 800 cal.a BP、3 500 cal.a BP、3 000 cal.a BP、2 100 cal.a BP、1 100 cal.a BP和800~270 cal.a BP左右,这7次冷干事件对应于东亚季风减弱阶段,主要受到了北半球高纬气候和太阳活动的共同影响.该区人类文明的演化敏感响应于气候变化,气候温湿期以农业文明为主,气候冷干期以草原文明为主.      

全新世早期罗布泊气候变化和耕作活动的孢粉证据

为研究全新世罗布泊地区气候变化特征、罗布泊流域耕作活动,利用东湖湖心剖面(N40°8.965’,E90°30.535’)6个有机质AMS14C结果建立年代框架,剖面以5 cm间隔采样25块做孢粉分析。孢粉分析结果显示云杉花粉有河流携带特征,云杉含量增加说明流域来水量增加,气候湿润。根据孢粉组合可将剖面划分为3个带,1、2带又分别划分为2个亚带。1带深度为57～120 cm,流域水分逐渐减少,环境逐渐恶化;2带深度为22～57 cm,乔、灌木植物花粉和草本植物花粉含量基本稳定,以草本植物花粉为主;3带深度为0～22 cm,气候湿润。其中,1A、2A亚带和3带气候相对湿润,有耕作活动。结果表明:全新世早期罗布泊流域耕作活动的出现与消亡受气候变化控制,耕作活动出现在气候湿润时期,干旱时耕作活动消失;全新世早期罗布泊流域有过干旱时段。     

里下河地区全新世自然环境变迁

在区域地质调查项目进行过程中,以几个典型地质剖面和钻孔为基础,讨论了里下河区域全新世地层的分布规律,研究了地貌分布特征;探讨了全新世古植被、古气候与古环境变迁以及历史时期自然环境变化特征。里下河地区全新世自然环境变迁经历了4个重要的阶段:(1)10～7.5 kaBP,以湖沼发育为主,海水曾经影响到本区;(2)7.5～4.0kaBP,海水入侵本区,自然环境以潮滩、滨浅海、潟湖等为主,最大海侵甚至可到达运河以西地区,但里下河仍然有部分地区未被海水淹没;(3)4.0 kaBP～1128 AD,海水全面后退,岸线在范公堤一线曾做长时间停留,形成西冈贝壳砂堤,断续分布,海水时常影响西部地区;(4)1128 AD以来,由于黄河南泛夺淮入海,改变了里下河地区的地表水系,苏北滨海平原迅速向海推进,此后里下河地区远离海水的影响。     

泸沽湖沉积物中磷累积的时空变化及其环境意义

湖泊沉积物中磷累积特征反映了流域人类活动影响下的磷入湖通量的变化,与湖泊生态环境密切相关。本研究分析了泸沽湖15根长17~27cm沉积短岩芯中磷的含量,评估了自然源与人为源磷的贡献,探讨了近140年来不同来源磷累积的时空变化特征及其与流域人类活动和湖泊生态环境的关系。结果表明,不同湖区沉积物中磷含量垂向变化趋势总体一致。以南部湖心区LGS岩芯为例,1960年前,沉积物中磷的含量与累积通量较低,为人类活动干扰较弱的准自然沉积;1960~2000年,自然源与人为源磷的含量和累积通量均逐渐增加,其中1960~1980年和1980~2000年人为源磷累积通量平均分别为4.9mg/(m²·a)和39.1mg/(m²·a)。2000年以来,沉积物中自然源磷的累积通量略有降低,但人为源磷的累积通量持续升高,平均为109mg/(m²·a)。空间上,南部湖区自然和人为源磷的累积通量总体上高于北部湖区,不同时期自然源磷的累积通量高值区均位于南部湖区东部,而沿岸居民点密集分布的南北湖区连接处和西北部湖区人为源磷的累积通量相对较高。不同来源磷累积通量的时空变化主要与农业和旅游业发展导致的土壤侵蚀和污染排放输入有关。沉积物中磷累积通量与硅藻、摇蚊等水生生物属种呈同步的历史变化趋势,指示了磷输入对湖泊生态环境变化的重要影响。

     

Late Holocene paleoenvironment in northern New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific, from a multiproxy analysis of lake sediments

Lithostratigraphic and palynological analysis of two cores recovered from the ‘Grand Lac’ (New Caledonia), combined with 35 ¹⁴C AMS dates, yields a paleoenvironmental record spanning the last 2000 yr. The lithology is represented mainly by clayey or laminated layers. A catastrophic event, which is marked by very coarse deposits, occurred probably between ca 1070-960 cal yr B.P. and possibly is associated with an unusually severe La Niña event. Before and after this event, a similar combination of the two main sediment types is recorded. The repeated alternation of laminated and clayey layers is interpreted as the response to local hydrologic forcing, which may reflect a shift from relatively wet to relatively drier conditions, respectively. Variable amount of micro-charcoal is detected all along the profile. Without additional evidence, notwithstanding the initial local human settlement documented since ca 2900 ¹⁴C yr B.P., micro-charcoal occurrence and variability cannot be linked directly to an anthropogenic origin. No distinct palynological zonations in relation to the lithology are observed, and the vegetation changes may only represent minor transitions across environmental limits.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental changes in the coastal zone of northwestern Portugal

This paper examines the Quaternary changes in the coastal zone of northwestern Portugal through the relationship between sediments and landforms. By interpolating the available data from geomorphology, lithostratigraphy, sedimentology and geochronology, it was possible to reconstruct existing palaeoenvironments, the oldest of which date back to the last interglacial. The main landforms are a high and a low platform bounded by scarps. River sands and silty sediments formed in a lacustrine environment (Antas Formation, MIS 5) are associated with the high platform. Two deposits are associated with the low platform: the Cepães Formation (MIS 3) consisting of a lower set of river sand beds and an upper gravel beach bed, and the Aguçadoura Formation (MIS 1) consisting of Holocene lagoonal beds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late Devensian and Holocene relative sealevel changes at Loch nan Eala,near Arisaig,northwest Scotland

Pollen, diatom, radiocarbon and lithostratigraphical data from isolation basins in northwest Scotland are used to quantify the reference water (tide) level, indicative range and age of differenty types of isolation and connection contacts. Tendencies of sea-level movement and relative sea-level changes from the mid-Lateglacial Interstadial (11.8 ka BP) to the late Holocene are constructed from these data. Relative sea-level fell continuously from + 17.8 m OD at 11.8 ka BP to ca. + 5.2 m OD at 10.1 ka BP. From an unkown minimum between 10 ka and 9 ka BP relative sea-level then rose to +6.3 m OD at 8.3 ka BP. The maximum Holocene sea-level occurred within the range +6.6 m OD to +9.3 m OD between 6.6 ka BP and 4.0 ka BP before falling to present. Isobase, age-altitude and quantitative rebound models for northwest Scotland are tested using these sealevel data, but none of the published models shows close agreement with the new results.     

Late Pleistocene and late Holocene lake highstands in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA

Shoreline geomorphology, shoreline stratigraphy, and radiocarbon dates of organic material incorporated in constructional beach ridges record large lakes during the late Pleistocene and late Holocene in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA. During the late Holocene, a transgression began at or after 3595 ± 35 ¹⁴C yr B.P. and continued, perhaps in pulses, through 2635 ± 40 ¹⁴C yr B.P., resulting in a lake as high as 1199 m. During the latest Pleistocene and overlapping with the earliest part of the Younger Dryas interval, a lake stood at approximately 1212 m at 10,820 ± 35 ¹⁴C yr B.P. and a geomorphically and stratigraphically distinct suite of constructional shorelines associated with this lake can be traced to 1230 m. These two lake highstands correspond to periods of elevated regional wetness in the western Basin and Range that are not clearly represented in existing northern Sierra Nevada climate proxy records.     

滇西北格贡错那卡湖沉积记录揭示的晚全新世气候变化

云南省西北部高山湖泊格贡错那卡湖（海拔4214 m）地处西南季风区,对气候变化十分敏感。文章以在格贡错那卡湖湖心钻取的1.84 m长的沉积岩芯为研究对象,对粒度、磁化率和总有机碳（TOC）含量等环境指标进行了高分辨率的分析,在精确测年的基础上（²¹⁰Pb测年结合陆生植物残体的AMS ¹⁴C测年建立年代序列）,重建了研究区距今约3570年来的气候与环境变化。结果表明,格贡错那卡湖所在地区近3570年来的气候与环境变化经历了5个较明显的演化阶段：1）在3570~3490 cal.a B.P.期间,气候明显降温、减湿;2）3490~1710 cal.a B.P.期间,气候总体偏冷、较干,其中3490~2860 cal.a B.P.期间气候处于较稳定的最冷干时期,随后在2860~1710 cal.a B.P.期间气候波动地有所增温、增湿;3）1710~930 cal.a B.P.（即240~1020A.D.）期间,为较稳定的暖湿期,年均温较高,温差较小;4）930~80 cal.a B.P.（即1020~1870A.D.）期间,气候总体偏冷较湿,但存在多次短暂变暖;降水总量或冰雪融水可能有所减少,但降水强度或冰雪融水强度变化较大;5）自80 cal.a B.P.（即1870 A.D.）以来,温度明显增加,可能是过去3570年以来温度最高的时期;降水有所减少,气候总体为暖偏湿。该气候特征与相邻地区泸沽湖的乔木花粉含量反映的气候变化非常一致,揭示了研究区气候变化的区域性。

     

Late Holocene Asian monsoon variations recorded in Lake Rara sediment,western Nepal

The Himalayas are a key location for understanding centennial‐ to millennial‐scale variations in the Asian monsoon, yet few studies of the late Holocene have been conducted in this sensitive area. Direct evidence for shifts in monsoonal wind strength is often limited to marine proxy records, while terrestrial reconstructions (e.g. lake levels and spleothems) focus on precipitation. Here, we present the first evidence of terrestrial summer monsoon wind strength changes from Lake Rara, western Nepal, based on Mn/Ti ratios, a proxy for lake stratification. These data indicate a link between the Arabian Sea and the Himalayas, suggesting that centennial‐ to millennial‐scale changes in wind strength occurred synchronously. Distinct similarity is also observed between Lake Rara and the southern part of China, which may support previous suggestions that the southern part of China is influenced by Indian summer monsoon. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late Holocene high resolution palaeoclimatic reconstruction inferred from Sebkha Mhabeul, southeast Tunisia

Relations between climate change and landscape evolution during the last two millennia in southeastern coastal Tunisia have been documented using high-resolution reconstruction of flood history and fire activity in the Sebkha Mhabeul core. The age model, based on tephrochronology, indicates that the core extends from Roman to modern times and encompasses the well-defined climatic periods of the last two millennia. This record provides a first palaeoecological/palaeoclimatic high resolution reconstruction in North Africa using a cross-disciplinary approach with both physical (grey-scale intensity, quartz particles) and biological (charcoal and pollen) indicators. The flood history shows four wet/dry cycles (ca. AD 550-950, 950-1300, 1300-1570 and 1570-1870) of different duration. Major hydrological instabilities are concentrated during the Medieval Climate Anomalies and the early Little Ice Age, between AD 1000 and 1550. Direct correlation between climate and fire cannot be established suggesting that the fire history of the Sebkha environment is mainly influenced by human activity. This study demonstrates the great value of sebkhas as palaeoenvironmental archives.     

A late Holocene paleoclimatic history of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa

A nearshore core (LT03-05) from the north basin of Lake Tanganyika provides diatom, pollen, and sedimentary time series covering the last ca. 3800 yr at 15-36 yr resolution. A chronology supported by 21 AMS dates on terrestrial and lacustrine materials allows us to account for ancient carbon effects on ¹⁴C ages and to propose refinements of the region's climatic history. Conditions drier than those of today were followed after ca. 3.30 ka by an overall wetting trend. Several century-scale climate variations were superimposed upon that trend, with exceptionally rainy conditions occurring 1.70-1.40 ka, 1.15-0.90 ka, 0.70-0.55 ka, and 0.35-0.20 ka. Around 0.55-0.35 ka, during the Spörer sunspot minimum, drier conditions developed in the northern Tanganyika basin while more humid conditions were registered at Lakes Victoria and Naivasha. This indicates significant variability in the nature and distribution of near-equatorial rainfall anomalies during much of the Little Ice Age.