A novel synthetic aperture radar scattering model for sea surface with breaking waves

In this study a novel synthetic aperture radar(SAR) scattering model for sea surface with breaking waves is proposed. Compared with existing models, the proposed model considers an empirical relationship between wind speed and wave breaking scattering to present the contribution of wave breaking. Moreover, the scattering weight factor p, and wave breaking rate q, are performed to present the contribution of the quasi-specular scattering term, Bragg scattering term, and wave breaking scattering t...     

Acoustic scattering by an air-bubble near the sea surface

If the air bubble is near, and strongly interacting, with the (flat) surface of a liquid half-space, then the scattering cross section (SCS) of the bubble differs substantially from its value far-away from the interface. We present the exact solution for this scattering problem which is valid for any incidence direction of the (plane) sound waves, and for any bubble depth, obtained by the general method of images. The bubble is described as a continuous, spatially extended body, having an infinity of modes and resonances. The interaction with the boundary, or the image, is treated by a general, extended continuum approach. This benchmark solution makes use of the addition theorems for the spherical wavefunctions. The resulting SCS contains contributions from the bubble, its image, the incident wave, and the reflected wave from the boundary. It is expressed in terms of coupling coefficients, b_mn, which contain products of Wigner-3j symbols. The formulation is illustrated with many computed plots for bubbles at various depths, and the results compare favorably with earlier experimental observations. The approach also serves to describe scattering by fish near the sea surface, in an exact fashion     

Raman scattering and fluorescence spectra of water from the sea surface microlayer

The Raman scattering and fluorescence spectra were first obtained for the water of sea surface microlayers (SML) of 1 and 0.2 mm thickness (sampled with a Garrett net and a Lapshin capillary sampler, respectively). For reference, samples of water below the SML (from the layer of 0.5 m) were also taken. Substantial differences were found for the values of the normalized intensity of the fluorescence (the number of photons from the volume unit in response to a unit of excitation) between the aqueous humic substances and, presumably, oil hydrocarbons and proteins. Some slight but analyzable differences in the shapes and location of spectral bands were also found. These latter allow one to determine the content of salts and the characteristics of complicated organic compounds in the SML and to compare them to those within the water volume.     

A numerical model on sea surface wind of typhoon and its hindcasting calibration

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基于微扰法的改进一维分形模型分层海面电磁散射研究

运用微扰法研究了平面波入射分层介质粗糙面的电磁散射,采用改进的一维分形海面模型模拟实际的分层海面,推导出了平面波入射时的散射系数计算公式。通过数值计算得到了HH极化双站散射系数随散射角的变化曲线,讨论了中间介质介电常数和厚度、摩擦风速和入射波频率对双站散射系数的影响,得到改进的一维分形分层海面散射系数的基本特征、分区特征和随频率变化的特征,结果表明散射系数近似具有"量子化"特征。这些结果在诸如海洋遥感、无线电传播与通信、粗糙面重构等方面中有着广泛的应用。     

High-frequency forward scattering from the sea surface: thecharacteristic scales of time and angle spreading

Forward scattering from the sea surface is discussed in the contest of a forward bounce path, or channel, through which high-frequency sound energy is transmitted. Such a channel might be used in an underwater communication or imaging task. Both time and angle spreading are inherent to the process of forward scattering by a roughened sea surface. Spreading in each domain relates, via Fourier transform, to a conjugate or coherence separation variable, e.g., angle spreading and spatial coherence. The measurement and modeling of time and angle spreading are discussed, with the modeling incorporating the bistatic cross section of the sea surface. A characteristic scale for each spread variable is defined: L for the time spread and σ_&thetas;h and σ_&thetas;v for the horizontal and vertical angular spread, respectively. Simplified expressions for these characteristic scales as a function of array acquisition geometry and sea surface conditions are also obtained. Data from two field experiments are discussed, one conducted in shallow waters of 30-m depth, and one conducted in deep, pelagic waters of 4000-m depth. Both experiments utilized frequencies ⩾20 kHz. The role of bubbles in forward scattering is illustrated using measurements from the deep-water experiment. It was demonstrated that bubbles can attenuate the forward-scattered signal, but otherwise have little effect on L and σ_&thetas;h,v until their concentrations approach those necessary to nearly extinguish the signal scattered from the air/sea interface     

Multitime scale model of turbulence in the sea surface layer

A model has been developed to describe the turbulent structure of the surface layer which takes into account the differences in the scales of turbulent vortices generated by different mechanisms. We consider the shear of the drift current, nonlinear effects of surface waves, and their breaking as the main sources of turbulent energy. The power spectrum is divided into ranges with respect to the scales. The equation system for each range is solved numerically. The modeling results are compared with the experimental data and with other currently known models. The advantages of the suggested approach are demonstrated.     

印度洋海表盐度预报的线性马尔可夫模型及其改进办法

海洋盐度在水循环、海洋环流、海洋生态系统、全球天气和气候变化等方面起着至关重要的作用。然而,受观测的限制,以往对海洋盐度的研究相对匮乏,对其进行预报的工作更为少见。本文采用线性马尔可夫模型对印度洋海表面盐度(sea surface salinity,SSS)开展初步的预报工作。根据混合层盐度收支方程,选择海表面高度(sea surface height,SSH)、海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、SSS等物理量的异常值作为模型的组成部分,对印度洋SSS开展预报工作。结果表明,马尔可夫模型可提前9个月对印度洋SSS进行较好的预报。此外,南太平洋海表面温度异常(sea surface temperature anomaly,SSTA),海表面高度异常(sea surface height anomaly,SSHA)和印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean dipole,IOD)系数等遥相关因素的加入可将线性马尔可夫预报对印度洋SSS的预报效果(相关系数)平均提高10%。利用改进的模型对印度洋SSS进行提前1～11个月的“实时”预测,得出预报的SSS时空变...     

Polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface with a two-scale scattering model

The relationships among an ocean wave spectrum,a fully polarimetric coherence matrix,and radar parameters are deduced with an electromagnetic wave theory.Furthermore,the relationship between the polarimetric entropy and ocean wave spectrum is established based on the definition of entropy and a twoscale scattering model of the ocean surface.It is the first time that the polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface is presented in theory.Meanwhile,the relationships among the fully polarimetric entropy and the parameters related to radar and ocean are discussed.The study is the basis of further monitoring targets on the ocean surface and deriving oceanic information with the entropy from the ocean surface.The contrast enhancement between human-made targets and the ocean surface with the entropy is presented with quad-pol airborne synthetic aperture radar（AIRSAR） data.     

On the joint estimation of model and satellite sea surface height anomaly errors

We describe a technique to estimate the error field in the sea surface height (SSH) anomaly field of an ocean model through the joint use of SSH anomaly fields measured from two satellites, Topex/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS-2. The joint error maps for the model, T/P and ERS-2 show distributions distinctly different from one another and globally inhomogeneous. Both sampling errors and instrument errors are represented in the mapped fields. Additionally, we compare the joint error estimation method to a technique using the model and only one satellite, and show the importance of the cross covariance between the measured SSH and the true SSH field in the estimation of the error field. Finally, we look at the distribution of the error versus the variance of the SSH at a location. This logged distribution suggests that the model errors are generally proportional to the model's variance (regression coefficient of 0.99, globally) while the satellites' errors do not exhibit this linear relationship (regression coefficients on the average of 0.60). The comparison of the two satellite distributions implies that ERS-2 has a lower sampling error than the T/P instrument except in the tropical region.     

北太平洋海表温度及各贡献因子的变化

采用1958年1月至2007年12月SODA海洋上层温度的月平均资料,基于海温变化方程和统计分析方法,分析了北太平洋海表面温度(SST)异常特征及各局地因子贡献比例的变化。结果表明,伴随着1976/1977风场最强中心位置的南北移动,形成了两个北太平洋SST年际-年代际变化的异常中心:一个是位于30°N附近的副热带海盆内区,SST异常主要受风应力强度的主导;一个是位于40°N附近的副热带和副极地环流交汇区,SST异常主要受风应力旋度的位置即风场位置的影响。在副热带海盆内区,最强降温发生在1978-1982年,SST异常的主要局地贡献因子为海表热通量和经向平流,二者所占比例和约为50%~60%,均为同相增温或降温作用,余项所占比例约为20%~50%。在副热带和副极地环流交汇区,海盆内区和西部边界区的SST异常的跃变时间同为1975年,但是内区的垂直混合项的跃变时间早于西部5年左右。SST异常的主要贡献因子为海表热通量和经向平流,但在1983-1988年海温强降温期间,经向平流项贡献大于海表热通量项的贡献。两个区域的垂直混合项均为降温贡献,虽然量值小却显示出很强的年代际变化信号。平流项中经向平流最大,垂直平流最小。     

基于LSTM-RNN的海水表面温度模型研究

针对数值模式和统计学习方法在海表面温度(SST)建模中的不足,将长短时记忆循环神经网络(LSTM-RNN)应用于SST的建模。使用研究海区24 a月平均的SST和太阳辐射、风场、蒸发降水等物理参数,通过LSTM-RNN构建西太平洋研究海区SST时间序列变化模型,用于预报研究海区下个月SST。建立了两个模型model1和model2,model1仅使用SST数据作为model2的对照,model2使用SST和其他物理参数。结果表明:model2在验证数据中的MAE为0. 15℃,RMSE为0. 19℃,相关性系数为0. 978,和model1相比总体准确性提升31%,表明LSTM-RNN应用于SST建模是可行的; LSTM-RNN可以建立其他物理参数与SST的关系,从而显著提升海水表面温度模型的准确性。     

一种适用于小入射角条件下的白冠海面后向散射模型

本文提出了一种白冠海面的小入射角星载雷达后向散射模型,模型包括海面非波浪破碎部分和波浪破碎部分的后向散射.在风的作用下,海浪破碎形成白冠,对星载雷达的后向散射信号造成影响.文中利用热带降雨测绘任务卫星搭载的降雨雷达(TRMM PR)和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的时空匹配数据集,拟合得出小入射角下星载雷达海面波浪...     

湛江毗邻海域流场模型在海上搜救中的应用

依据<海岸与河口潮流泥沙模拟技术规范>建立湛江毗邻海域二维流场模型方程组[模拟区是(105°38'E、15°56'N)、(105°38'E、22°14'N)、(113°24'E、22°14'N)、(113°24'E、15°56'N)四点连线范围];采用"等步长"差分网格分割方法和ADI方法数值离散方程组,在确定了边界条件和初始值后,用追赶法求解.模拟出本研究海区的3种流场:一是潮流场;二是考虑了定常风作用后的流场;三是海上遇险目标漂流场.结果为该海域遇险目标搜寻与救助提供了技术支持.     

Dynamic-stochastic model for assimilation of remotely-sensed sea surface temperature data

We consider the possibility of assimilating sea surface temperature data by a combined ocean dynamics model incorporating a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model for synoptic variability for the considered ocean area and an integral model block describing the upper mixed layer. Model numerical simulations and experiments involving satellite-derived data are analysed.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

海表温度与海表气温位相关系

采用1982-2012年NOAA最优插值海表温度(第二版)数据资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析海表气温数据资料,利用均方差分析法,分析海表温度和海表气温的年际变化特征。将31年数据按照El Nin軌o/La Nin軌a事件分为a,b,c 3组,利用超前/滞后相关性分析法,将中低纬度海域海表温度异常(SSTA)与海表气温异常(SATA)做超前/滞后相关分析,得到每个格点SSTA与SATA之间相关性最显著的时间,从而确定SSTA与SATA之间的超前/滞后相关关系。研究结果表明:中纬度海域以SATA超前SSTA为主,SATA滞后SSTA主要分布在20°S-20°N的热带海域。SATA与SSTA超前/滞后天数统计结果均呈现双峰型分布,SATA超前峰值出现在10 d左右,SATA滞后峰值出现-7 d左右。El Nin軌o/La Nin軌a事件的出现,对海气超前/滞后相关关系具有一定影响。     

利用GOCE重力场模型确定全球稳态海面地形及表层地转流

稳态海面地形(MDT)是大地测量学家和海洋学家共同关心的一个重要物理量。该文基于WHU2009全球平均海面高模型和GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R3纯GOCE重力场模型,采用几何法经高斯滤波处理后确定了全球稳态海面地形,与CLS09及DTU10M DTs相比,其差值均方根RMS均小于8 cm,表明该文结果具有较高的精度;根据地转流方程计算了相应的表层地转流,与GRACE重力场模型GGM03S结果相比,GOCE重力场模型所确定的表层地转流在墨西哥湾流、黑潮及厄加勒斯海流等海域均体现了更强的流速和更多的细部特征,验证了GOCE在洋流探测中的优势。     

利用GOCE重力场模型确定全球稳态海面地形及表层地转流

稳态海面地形(MDT)是大地测量学家和海洋学家共同关心的一个重要物理量.该文基于WHU2009全球平均海面高模型和GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R3纯GOCE重力场模型,采用几何法经高斯滤波处理后确定了全球稳态海面地形,与CLS09及DTU10 MDTs相比,其差值均方根RMS均小于8 cm,表明该文结果具有较高的精度;根据地转流方程计算了相应的表层地转流,与GRACE重力场模型GGM03S结果相比,GOCE重力场模型所确定的表层地转流在墨西哥湾流、黑潮及厄加勒斯海流等海域均体现了更强的流速和更多的细部特征,验证了GOCE在洋流探测中的优势.     

台风海面风场动力诊断模式的建立与模拟计算

本文总结和归纳了已有的台风海面风场模式,按照风场模式物理背景的不同进行了分类．在此基础上,本文选择并建立了一种新的台风海面风场动力诊断模式．首先,利用台风影响范围内某条具有代表性的闭合等压线的拟合方程表示出台风海面气压场,并利用改进的气压场模式和修正的梯度风方程求得台风系统风场,同时还利用宫崎正卫的热带气旋合成风假设建立移行台风风场．然后将两者作权重订正后进行迭加,即得到台风模型风场．该模式考虑了包括台风气压场的非对称性、边界层摩擦效用、气压梯度的切向变化及台风中心移动的影响等多种因素．经过对0519号“龙王”台风的模拟,结果表明本文所建立的台风风场模式可以比较准确的模拟出非圆对称的台风海面气压场和海面风场,较为真实地反映实际台风风场的特征．     

Vertical spatial coherence model for a transient signalforward-scattered from the sea surface

The treatment of acoustic energy forward scattered from the sea surface, which is modeled as a random communications scatter channel, is the basis for developing an expression for the time-dependent coherence function across a vertical receiving array. The derivation of this model uses linear filter theory applied to the Fresnel-corrected Kirchhoff approximation in obtaining an equation for the covariance function for the forward-scattered problem. The resulting formulation is used to study the dependence of the covariance on experimental and environmental factors. The modeled coherence functions are then formed for various geometrical and environmental parameters and compared to experimental data