地震地表破裂发育特点及环境条件分析

通过已有震害实例分析，总结出了地震地表破裂的发育特点，在此基础上，结合震源破裂的深、浅部环境条件和形成力学机制、震源破裂和地震地表破裂的相互关系，讨论了地震地表破裂形成的环境条件。认为其所处的地震地质区特点是影响地震地表破裂发育的宏观环境条件，而场地第四系松散地层是影响地震地表破裂发育的微观环境条件。第四系地层对地震地表破裂的影响主要取决于第四系地层的土动力学性状、不均匀性和土层厚度等因素。     

1999年台湾集集地震震源破裂过程

使用GPS同震位移资料和远场P波记录,研究了1999年台湾集集地震震源破裂过程．根据地质构造和余震分布引入了一个由弯曲断层面构造的三段“铲状”断层模型．在使用静态GPS位移资料反演集集地震的断层破裂滑动分布时,由于集集地震断层北部近地表破裂的复杂性,在位错模型中考虑拉张分量对地表同震位移的贡献,可更好地同时拟合GPS观测资料的水平和垂向分量．而纯剪切位错弹性半空间模型和分层地壳模型都无法同时拟合水平和垂向GPS观测资料．在此基础上,同时使用静力学同震位移资料和远场地震波形记录,反演集集地震的震源破裂过程．结果表明,一种垂直于断层面的“挤压性”(负)拉张分量几乎集中分布于地震断层的浅部和北部转折处,而这一带地表破裂远较没有(负)拉张分量出现的南部断层复杂．“冒起构造”的数字模拟表明,这种在集集地震破裂转折处及北部断裂带广为出现的典型破裂造成的地表位移可以用具有负拉张分量(挤压)的逆冲断层更好地模拟．而这种负拉张分量(挤压)的分布正是地震破裂性质和几何复杂性的综合反映,震源破裂过程也显示北部转折处破裂在空间和时间上的复杂性.高滑区域与余震分布表现为负相关.     

在地震破裂面源模型及在概率地震危险性分析中的应用方法.

目前国内外常用的概率地震危险性分析方法中, 一般把未来可能发生的地震震源（潜在震源）简化为点源或者是线源. 但对于较大震级的地震，仍然采用点源或线源模型来描述潜在震源显然是不合理的. 为此，在概率地震危险性分析方法中本文提出了潜在地震破裂面源模型，并以1999年9月21日台湾集集7.6级地震的车笼埔断层为例，探讨了其在地震危险性分析中的应用方法. 结果表明:①采用潜在地震破裂面源模型是合理的，因为它可以模拟地震破裂面与地震动影响场的三维展布特征，尤其适用于较大震级地震的近场区域； ② 潜在地震破裂面源的大小、产状，对近震源场点的地震危险性分析和地震区划结果有明显的控制影响.      

走滑型断层地表永久位移预测模型研究

论述了断层地表永久位移概率地震危险性分析方法的发展过程和应用现状,指出了断层地表破裂预测模型研究的意义。根据我国最近的活动断层地表破裂震后调查结果,基于走滑型断层地表破裂数据,拟合了地表破裂预测模型。采用地震活动性模型和地表破裂预测模型,计算了则木河断裂地表迹线上的永久位移危险性曲线,对预测模型在工程场地地震危险性分析中的应用,提出了建议。     

2014年8月云南鲁甸MS 6.5地震典型地表破裂特征

北京时间2014年8月3日16时30分,云南省鲁甸县发生了M_S 6.5地震,本次地震的发震构造为包谷垴-小河断裂。野外调查发现,王家坡不稳定斜坡上的地表破裂在整个破裂带中比较具有代表性,其地表破裂带整体走向N45°W-N50°W,并且由剪切破裂、张剪切破裂、压剪切破裂、张性破裂以及鼓包等典型地表破裂组成。其中左、右地表破裂边界与发震断层的出露位置一致,由断层错动造成;而部分地表破裂与断层的位置不重合,其成因分为2种,一种是发震断层导致的一些次级地表破裂,另一种是地震引发的滑坡后缘破裂。地表破裂类型和基本组合特征显示出王家坡潜在不稳定斜坡上的地表破裂带具有左旋走滑的性质。     

汶川M_S8.0地震绵竹县汉旺镇周边地表破裂带展布方式及其震害意义

2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震的震中烈度为Ⅺ度,但位于地震烈度为Ⅹ度区边缘的绵竹县汉旺镇,无论是房屋毁坏情况还是遇难和失踪人员的数目,均高出周边地震烈度Ⅰ度,接近极震区的破坏程度。文中从汉旺镇周边地表地震破裂带展布方式的角度讨论了这种震害加重现象的原因,介绍了位于汉旺镇北面和南面出现的2条相距1.5km呈左阶斜列展布的地表破裂带。其中,位于汉旺镇北侧的地表破裂带,垂直位移1.4m,水平右旋位移0.44m;位于汉旺镇南侧的地表破裂带,垂直位移量由西向东递减,为3.0～0.2m。尽管这2条地表破裂带没有从汉旺镇中心通过,但汉旺镇正位于这2条地表破裂带夹持的左阶阶区,致使阶区内建筑物除遭受来自震源的振动外,又受到阶区内的挤压,由此加重了汉旺镇建筑物的破坏,也显示出地表破裂带对建筑物破坏形式的多样性。汉旺镇汶川MS8.0地震震害实例表明,地表破裂带的阶区,也是遭受地震时破坏加重的特殊构造部位     

基于机器学习的地表破裂自动识别和填图——以2021年青海玛多MW7.4级地震为例

大地震的同震地表破裂高分辨率填图对于理解破裂传播机制、量化地震灾害和地震危险性等至关重要；无人机航片和地形数据为地表破裂研究提供大量的高精度数据.同时基于海量数据的人工填图耗时费力，效率较低；机器学习(Machine learning)技术的发展为快速处理这类高分辨率图像数据提供了新思路.本文以2021年玛多M_W7.4级地震震后高精度无人机航片为基础数据，展示了机器学习技术快速、高效识别地表破裂的潜力.基于卷积神经网络Canny算法，详细讨论了无人机数字正射影像的处理流程和关键步骤，包括准备训练数据、训练和后处理.对比人工识别和机器识别的结果显示，本文所提出的方法可以有效地绘制地表破裂，为未来研究大地震地表破裂提供新思路.同时，展示了机器学习在地震地质、地表过程和地貌等定量研究中的巨大优势和广阔前景.     

银川隐伏活动断裂工程避让问题初步研究

基于多手段多层次综合探测的结果,评估了银川隐伏活动断裂及其分支断裂未来产生地震地表破裂的可能性;通过对多种勘探剖面深浅部的衔接性分析,讨论了未来地表破裂发生的原地重复性。考虑勘探精度和前人对地震地表破裂带宽度的统计资料,确定了银川隐伏活动断裂未来地震地表破裂带的可能范围,划分了断裂附近的危险地带和不利地带,并给出了不同类型建筑物避让危险地带的建议距离,可供城市规划和建设参考。     

场地破裂危险性分析

地表破裂是断裂发育地区主要的地震地质灾害。断层错动、地表破裂对结构物的破坏不是一般的抗震措施所能抵御的。因而地表破裂危险性分析日益引起工程设计人员的重视。利用地震危险性分析的原理,建立了考虑位错衰减的场地破裂危险性分析模型。利用该模型,可以了解场地在未来的有效时间内最大位错超过给定值的可能性。最后,以鲜水河断裂为例,评价了某场地的破裂危险性     

《活动断层的地震地表永久位移研究》简介

震害调查表明近场的结构破坏不仅由地震动引起,地表破裂或永久位移引起的破坏也占很大比重。近年来的汶川地震、集集地震、昆仑山口地震、土耳其伊兹米特地震等都引起了大规模的地表破裂,其可能对道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、输油（气）管网、通讯电缆等大型工程造成严重破坏,导致巨大人员伤亡和资产损失。另外,目前各类抗错动构件的实际应用也促使地震地表永久位移与地震动一样,成为工程结构的地震输入。因此,活动断层的地震地表破裂研究已经成为地震工程中关注的焦点课题之一,地表永久位移的分布特征对防震减灾具有十分重要的工程意义和理论价值。     

基于中国规范的剪力墙构件性能指标限值初探

本文主要论述了基于中国规范的剪力墙构件性能指标限值的研究思路和方法。首先根据规范的相关震害概念,提出小震、中震、大震三种地震水准下剪力墙构件的基本性能要求,然后通过对剪力墙构件的破坏形态及其影响因素的分析,给出剪力墙构件的分类及其性能指标限值的确定方法,并讨论了对结构中的剪力墙进行构件划分的方法,最后对剪力墙构件性能指标限值合理性的检验进行了论述。     

Cyclic Displacement Model for Reinforced Concrete Columns

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures in low to moderate seismic regions and many older RC structures in high seismic regions include columns with steel reinforcement details not meeting the requirements of modern seismic design codes. These columns typically fail in shear or in a brittle manner and their behavior must be accurately captured when RC structures are modeled and analyzed. The total lateral displacement of a low ductility or shear critical RC column can be represented as the sum of three displacement components: (1) flexural displacement, (2) displacement due to slippage of the reinforcing bars at column ends, and (3) shear displacement. In this study, these three displacement components are separately modeled and then combined together following a proposed procedure based on the expected overall behavior of the column and its failure mechanism. A simplified slip model is proposed. The main objective of this research is to develop an easy-to-apply method to model and capture the cyclic behavior of RC columns considering the shear failure mechanism. The proposed model is validated using the available data from RC column and frame experiments.     

反复荷载下混凝土框架柱塑性铰区基于延性的抗剪承载力机理分析

在试验研究的基础上,以框架结构延性设计为目的采用桁架＋拱模型研究了框架柱塑性铰区域抗剪受力机理,分析了,位移延性系数、加载循环次数等因素对框架柱构件塑性铰区域剪切受力性能的影响,并结合试验结果提出了混凝土框架柱塑性铰区域剪切承载力抗震延性设计实用公式,可有效实现结构的延性破坏机制。主要为配合GBJ10-89的修订,该成果已被《混凝土结构设计规范》（GB50010—2003）吸收。     

循环荷载作用下粗粒料与掺砾粘土接触面单剪试验研究

土石坝内部存在较多的接触面,在静、动力荷载作用下,接触面的力学特性对坝体的稳定性具有显著的影响。基于动态单剪仪,开展了粗粒料与掺砾粘土接触面循环单剪试验。试验结果表明,初始剪应力加载方向对相对位移有较大影响：相对位移总是在沿初始剪应力加载方向一侧较大;在一个剪切循环内,正、反向加载时,若剪应力较小,发生剪缩变形,若剪应力较大,则发生剪胀变形;卸载时试样发生剪缩变形;整个剪切循环过程中,试样总体上处于剪缩状态;循环单剪过程中,接触面抗剪强度提高;接触面抗剪强度随着法向应力的增大而增大,呈线性关系。     

Collapse of a nonductile concrete frame: Shaking table tests

Post‐earthquake reconnaissance has reported the vulnerability of older reinforced concrete (RC) columns lacking details for ductile response. Research was undertaken to investigate the full‐range structural hysteretic behavior of older RC columns. A two‐dimensional specimen frame, composed of nonductile and ductile columns to allow for load redistribution, was subjected to a unidirectional base motion on a shaking table until global collapse was observed. The test demonstrates two types of column failure, including flexure‐shear and pure flexural failure. Test data are compared with various simplified assessment models commonly used by practicing engineers and researchers to identify older buildings that are at high risk of structural collapse during severe earthquake events. Comparison suggests that ASCE/SEI 41‐06 produces very conservative estimates on load–deformation relations of flexure‐shear columns, while the recently proposed ASCE/SEI 41‐06 update imposes significant modifications on the predictive curve, so that improved accuracy has been achieved. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of residual shear strength ratios of liquefied soil deposits from shear wave velocity

For sites susceptible to liquefaction induced lateral spreading during a probable earthquake, geotechnical engineers often need to know the undrained residual shear strength of the liquefied soil deposit to estimate lateral spreading displacements, and the forces acting on the piles from the liquefied soils in order to perform post liquefaction stability analyses. The most commonly used methods to estimate the undrained residual shear strength (Sur) of liquefied sand deposits are based on the correlations determined from liquefaction induced flow failures with SPT and CPT data. In this study, 44 lateral spread case histories are analyzed and a new relationship based on only lateral spread case histories is recommended, which estimates the residual shear strength ratio of the liquefiable soil layer from normalized shear wave velocity. The new proposed method is also utilized to estimate the residual lateral displacement of an example bridge problem in an area susceptible to lateral spreading in order to provide insight into how the proposed relationship can be used in geotechnical engineering practice.     

Force‐displacement model for solid confined masonry walls with shear‐dominated failure mode

This paper addresses the behavior of confined masonry walls with dominating shear failure mode in walls. For this purpose, failure modes of these walls are classified in details. For each failure mode, complete set of analytical‐based relations for deriving parameters related to backbone curves is introduced. Calibrated finite element analyses are utilized as a benchmark for verification of some of the assumptions. The results of the proposed relations are compared with those of several Iranian and non‐Iranian experimental data. Sensitivity analysis is performed in order to understand the effects of important behavioral characteristics of these walls. The results of this study indicate that the proposed relations can accurately simulate behavior of confined masonry walls with dominating shear failure mode regardless of the failure mode in the ties. Moreover, it is concluded that the detailing limitations given in the Iranian Seismic Code are rationally compatible with the behavioral characteristics of confided masonry walls. The results of this study in terms of backbone curves can be utilized as the complementary part to this code. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

澜沧江断裂带环境剪应力场与地震活动分析

利用地震波资料,测算了1990~2003年沿澜沧江断裂带上中小地震震源处的相对剪应力强度值,分析了该断裂带环境剪应力场的空间分布及其与地震活动的关系。结果表明,澜沧江断裂带总体上处于环境剪应力场的相对低值分布区,但在断裂带局部段落及其附近出现一定时段的高剪应力值分布,这主要是受断裂带附近区域高剪应力状态的影响。沿澜沧江断裂带地震活动性较弱,这与沿断裂带环境剪应力场的低值状态基本一致。     

Dynamic collapse analysis for a reinforced concrete frame sustaining shear and axial failures

Shaking table test results from a one‐story, two‐bay reinforced concrete frame sustaining shear and axial failures are compared with nonlinear dynamic analyses using models developed for the collapse assessment of older reinforced concrete buildings. The models provided reasonable estimates of the overall frame response and lateral strength degradation; however, the measured drifts were underestimated by the models. Selected model parameters were varied to investigate the sensitivity of the calculated response to changes in the drift at shear failure, rate of shear strength degradation, and drift at axial failure. For the selected ground motion, the drift at shear failure and rate of shear strength degradation did not have a significant impact on the calculated peak drift. By incorporating shear and axial‐load failure models, the analytical model is shown to be capable of predicting the axial‐load failure for a hypothetical frame with three nonductile columns. Improvements are needed in drift demand estimates from nonlinear dynamic analysis if such analyses are to be used in displacement‐based performance assessments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火灾高温作用下波纹腹板钢梁剪切屈曲系数研究

波纹腹板钢梁具有优良的抗剪切性能,在常温条件下,它的剪切屈曲模式通常有3种：局部剪切屈曲、总体剪切屈曲和相关剪切屈曲。根据火灾燃烧不同时刻波纹腹板钢梁的温度变化,考虑火灾高温对结构钢材料性能的影响,研究了波纹腹板钢梁在火灾高温作用下的3种剪切屈服模式,给出了高温下波纹腹板钢梁临界剪切屈曲应力和剪切屈曲系数的计算表达式,分析了其随火灾温度的变化趋势,提出在进行火灾高温作用下的波纹腹板钢梁的力学性能分析时,应首先根据钢梁剪切屈曲系数的变化,准确判断其在火灾燃烧不同阶段所处的受力状态,从而使火灾高温下波纹腹板钢梁的受力分析更加精确合理。