地理信息系统(GIS)在海洋地质中的应用

地理信息系统是一门空间数据管理科学和智能化高新技术，它是由地理学、地图学、计算机科学、遥感技术、数学等相互作用相互交叉而形成的，有向数据自动化处理研究、数据结构研究、空间关系理论研究、人工智能和专家系统研究发展的趋势。在海洋地质中，地理信息系统目前主要应用于海底地形地貌模拟、海洋地质资料科学管理与共享、海洋地质资料处理等。随着全球尺度海洋学研究的进一步开展及海洋地理信息系统的产生，地理信息系统在海洋地质中的应用前景良好。     

《海洋地质与第四纪地质》征稿简则

(2007年5月修订)《海洋地质与第四纪地质》是青岛海洋地质研究所主办、海洋地质杂志社编辑、科学出版社出版的学术性期刊(2006年改为双月刊)。主要刊登海洋地质学及海陆第四纪地质学及各分支学科、边缘学科的具有前沿性、原创性和探索性的学术论文;侧重报道国家自然科学基金项目、国家重点和专项项目以及国际合作项目的最新研究成果;突出中国海区、大洋地质以及“三极”地区研究报道特色;注重海区与大陆、区域性和全球变化对比研究。主要内容为:沉积与环境、地球化学与地球物理、古海洋与年代地质、油气与矿产、第四纪地质、综述与评述、技…     

积极开展中国陆架区灾害地质调查与研究

中国陆架区灾害地质调查与研究是个崭新课题。随着海洋开发与利用事业的蓬勃发展。随着各种各样的海洋工程建筑的兴起,它越来越被人们所重视,已成为必需逐步解决的科学问题。 从80年代中期开始,以石油开发区为主战场进行的中国陆架区灾害地质调查与研究,至今有了长足进展,现正向其广度和深度发展着。主要表现在: Ⅰ.专门从事中国陆架区灾害地质调查与研究的船只、仪器设备及实验室等条件已基本具备。与此同时,     

中国海洋地质科学研究新进展

本文概述了中国８０年代末－９０年代中期，在海区地质构造、海洋沉积作用、海洋 产资源、海洋环境地民地质灾害和极地地质科学考察五个方面调查研究的新进展和取得的重要成果，特别是近海油气勘探开发和海洋地质科学研究方面取得的成果对国民经济建设做出重要的贡献。     

关于召开“中国东部和海域地质特征与资源及环境学术研讨会”的通知(第一号)

当前,全国地质行业都在为实现国家矿产资源"立足国内为主"的战略方针积极规划部署,各部门的地质工作者都在为实现"358"找矿突破努力拼搏。中国东部和海域矿产资源丰富、矿种繁多,在实现国家矿产资源"立足国内为主"的战略目标中具有重要作用。中国东部大陆的地质矿产研究程度虽然比西部地区相对较高,但仍然存在一些重要的基础地质和成矿理论问题。而与大陆地质构造相连的广阔的大陆架海域,由于全面研究起步较晚,其研究程度尚较低。为了提高东部和海域地区基础地质研究程度、促进"358"找矿突破,将于2013年10月在青岛市召开"中国东部和海域地质特征与资源及环境学术研讨会"。现将会议的有关事项通知如下:     

我国海岸带研究的新动态

地质地矿部海洋地质研究所在实施“中国晚第四纪海岸带变迁与灾害地质研究”项目中,从1992年始至今年初,行程3万多公里,北起鸭绿江口,南到北伦河口以及海南省沿岸,采用路线控制、重点解剖、点面结合的方法,获取大量珍贵的第一手资料,对中国海岸带的基本特征、海岸带的类型化分、末次间冰期以来的海平面变化和气候环境演化,展示出一幅全新的图画,使我国海岸带研究取得重要进展。     

第一章 前言

据1986年11月在杭州召开的“南海海洋地质、地球物理讨论会”的建议,在中国国家海洋局和联邦德国研究技术部的支持下,国家海洋局第二海洋研究所与联邦德国地球科学与自然资源研究所于1987年5月至7月在南海利用德国科学调查船“太阳”号(SONNE)进行了SO49航次的考察工作。该考察工作系两个研究所合作执行的“南海地球科学联合研究”项目的重要组成部分,属于两国政府间海洋科学与技术合作协定中的一项近期计划。1988年5月至8月,双方科学家再度集中于德国汉诺威,在西德地球科学与自然资源研究所共同处理资料与分析样品和联合解释与研究。     

晚第四纪海洋地质研究拾零

晚第四纪海洋地质研究拾零近年来，在我国海岸带晚第四纪地质和生物礁沉积地质学研究中，遇到许多地质记录和现象有别于已问世的书刊和文献的报道，甚至与之相悖，介绍几则，似不无益处．１、渤海湾西岸全新世潮坪沉积序列，素来被认为是连续沉积，然而野外观察研究发现，...     

高科技在海洋地质矿产调查和研究中的应用及其发展趋势

高科技在海洋地质矿产调查和研究中的应用及其发展趋势许东禹（地质矿产部海洋地质研究所，青岛）引言当代人类面临人口、资源和环境三大问题，其中资源和环境直接与海洋有关。将来，人类更积极地、有计划地开发利用海洋资源和环境来满足自身生存和发展的需要。因此，需要...     

海洋沉积与环境地质国家海洋局重点实验室

海洋沉积与环境地质国家海洋局重点实验室成立于2002年，是国家海洋局部门开放实验室。该实验室以国家海洋局第一海洋研究所为依托单位，以国家海洋局第一海洋研究所海洋地质研究室、海岸带开发与管理研究中心和海洋工程勘察设计研究中心为基础组建。现任实验室主任为石学法博士，学术委员会主任为秦蕴珊院士。     

Preformed Cd and PO4 and the relationship between the two elements in the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea

Preformed Cd and PO₄ were investigated in the northwestern Pacific (Station CM05) and the Okhotsk Sea (Station CM06), and the relationship between the two elements was examined. At CM05, from the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)–Cd and PO₄ plot, the different molecular ratios of consumed O₂ to regenerated Cd and PO₄ were calculated to be 254,000 (Cd) and 96 (PO₄) for the shallow layer (30–99 m) and 613,000 (Cd) and 170 (PO₄) for the deep layer (below the oxygen minimum layer), which suggested the preferential remineralization of Cd and PO₄ in the shallow layer. At CM06, regeneration ratios of O₂/Cd, PO₄ were obtained only in the shallow layer (29–124 m) as 227,000 (Cd) and 75 (PO₄). The calculated preformed Cd and PO₄ concentrations in the shallow layer were 0.59 nM of Cd and 1.6 μM of PO₄ at CM05 and 0.35 nM of Cd and 0.95 μM of PO₄ at CM06. These concentrations were much higher than those (close to 0) in the low-latitude area, which was attributable to the supply of these constituents from deep water by the strong winter convection. In the deep layer, at CM05, preformed concentrations were 0.64 nM of Cd and 1.4 μM of PO₄. Preformed PO₄ generally agreed with previously reported values in the Pacific, which suggested that the concentrations of the initial PO₄ in the deep water were preserved as preformed through the movement to the northwestern Pacific. On the other hand, obtained preformed Cd in the northwestern Pacific deep water showed a somewhat higher value than that in the southwest Pacific. The possibility of the terrestrial input and remineralization of Cd by CaCO₃ dissolution during the northward movement was considered. A plot of Cd and PO₄ showed a linear relationship with slopes of 0.34 and 0.40 (nM/μM) at CM05 and CM06, respectively, which generally agreed with the reported values in the North Pacific.     

海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境问题及对策研究

在分析海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境优势的基础上，指出当前存在的5个主要问题，即海洋资源的综合开发利用缺乏统一的规划、海洋防护林和生物资源破坏严重、水质富营养化、海域污染等，并对存在问题提出今后的对策。     

渤海、黄海、东海冬季海流场温度场数值模拟和同化技术

利用NASA高分辨率的卫星遥感资料SST,采用Nudging同化来模拟渤海、黄海、东海的三维温度场,减小用热通量作上边界条件所带来的误差.结果表明,模拟的海流场能较好地反映渤海、黄海、东海的环流特征.数据同化后的温度场优于未经同化的温度场.3个选择站点的同化值与实测值的均方根误差分别为1.307,0.526,0.744,用热通量资料模拟的水温与实测值的均方根误差分别为2.160,0.979,1.330.尽管只同化了海表温度,但数据同化对三维温度场结构都有影响.     

体现执法威力 维护海上权益

2004年，是我国海洋工作面临历史性机遇和挑战的一年。中国海监总队在国家海洋局的领导和关怀下，在局各有关部门和各分局、各沿海省(自治区、直辖市)海洋厅(局)的大力支持下，坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十六大和十六届三中、四中全会精神，全面落实局党组2004年的重点工作，以执法能力建设为重点，以海盾系列专项执法、执法示范工作为主线，上下团结一致，与时俱进，开拓进取，认真履行职能，全力推进全国海监队伍建设和海洋执法监察工作。     

东海黑潮温、盐度与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑潮主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系.结果表明,在过去50 a内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势.东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关.夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,可能是导致黑潮上层水盐度下降的一个原因,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关.     

Canada and the law of the sea

This is a historical review of Canadian policy at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Canadian objectives with regard to the territorial sea, fisheries, pollution prevention and the continental shelf are outlined and the role played by the Canadian delegation at UNCLOS is described. The article then examines the impact of the Convention on Canada, particular attention being paid to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and the Canadian role in the controversy over seabed mining. The author concludes by arguing that Canada was a major beneficiary of the Convention, but that US opposition has placed the future of the Convention in jeopardy.     

Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the offshore zones of the Baltic and the North Seas

Micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB) and fragmented-apoptotic cells (FA) were analyzed in mature peripheral blood and immature cephalic kidney erythrocytes of flounder (Platichthys flesus), dab (Limanda limanda) and cod (Gadus morhua) from 12 offshore sites in the Baltic Sea (479 specimens) and 11 sites in the North Sea (291 specimens), which were collected during three research vessel cruises in December 2002, 2003 and in September 2004. The highest levels of environmental genotoxicity (frequencies of MN up to 0.5‰, NB – up to 0.75‰) and cytotoxicity (FA – up to 0.53‰) were observed in flatfishes from areas close to oil and gas platforms in the North Sea and in zones related to the extensive shipping and potentially influenced by contamination from large European Rivers (Elbe, Vistula, Oder). In dab from the offshore zones of the North Sea, the levels of nuclear abnormalities were higher as compared to those in dab from the Baltic Sea. Responses in immature kidney erythrocytes were higher than in mature erythrocytes from peripheral blood. MN frequency lower than 0.05‰ (the Baltic Sea) and lower than 0.1‰ (the North Sea) could be suspected as a reference level in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of flatfish.     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

金塘大桥桥轴线优化及建桥对水流和航道的影响

金塘大桥跨越灰鳖洋,连接金塘岛沥港镇与宁波镇海新泓口,全长18.5 km,为舟山连岛工程的主体.该大桥工程所在海域潮汐为非正规浅海半日潮,历年最大潮差为3.67 m,多年平均潮差为1.91 m;潮流呈往复流特征,且基本平行于峡道走向.金塘大桥水域东侧微冲,西侧微淤,深泓摆幅较小,深槽稳定.在海床演变分析的基础上,运用数学模型进行了桥轴线的优化,由实体定床与动床模型探讨了建桥对水动力的影响.数学模型选用2002年3月和11月实测水文测验资料对模型进行率定和验证.物理模型选取中值粒径为0.2 mm的塑料沙作为动床试验的模型沙,选用2002年11月实测水文测验资料对定床模型进行验证,选用2002年11月和2003年4月两次水下地形资料对动床模型进行河床冲淤验证,验证精度均满足相关规范要求.研究结果表明,以推荐的方案建桥对桥位近区的潮位、流速与潮量的影响均较小.建桥后,下游高潮位有所抬高,上游高潮位有所降低;上游低潮位有所抬高,下游低潮位略有降低.由于桥墩的阻水作用,使该桥所在海域海流流速整体上略有减小,减小量一般在5%以内;桥墩间因海流集中使流速有所增加.建桥使主航道航深有所增加,桥位近区与远区分别冲刷0.6～0.8 m和0.1～0.2 m;西航道桥轴线近区冲刷0.4～0.5 m,远区淤积0.1～0.2 m.建桥对甬江口、金塘锚地、七里屿锚地均无明显的不良影响,对北仑港区基本没有影响.     

On the large-scale variability of the circulation and heat state of the ocean and atmosphere in the North Atlantic

A conclusion about two extreme regimes existing in the large-scale circulation in the North Atlantic has been drawn based on an analysis of the inter-annual variability of the analogue to the Rossby index, as well as that of the heat and dynamic characteristics in separate areas of the north subtropical circulation. The former is defined by a high level of circulation both in the atmosphere and in the subtropical water circulation. In the current century this regime was realized mainly in the years pertaining to the middle and end of a 22-year solar activity cycle (a 22-year cycle). The relatively low level of atmospheric circulation and the slackened water mass transport are typical of the second regime. It dominated mainly during the years relevant to the beginning and second half of a 22-year solar activity cycle.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.