地形对黄土高原滑坡的影响

高分辨率地形与影像数据的缺乏已成为研究地表现象、特征与过程的重要瓶颈。低成本无人机设备和摄影测量技术的发展,打开了地学领域获取高分辨率数据的大门,大大提高了地质灾害野外调查与灾害编目的精度与效率。本文通过无人机野外调查和遥感室内目视解译,构建了一个包含307个黄土滑坡属性的数据库。在此基础上,通过数字地形分析和数理统计等方法,总结归纳了黄土滑坡样本数据的分布规律,探讨了地形对黄土滑坡分布的影响,阐述了地形相对高差对最长滑动距离、滑坡周长、滑坡面积的影响,提出了基于传统经验公式拟合的滑坡规模快速预测公式。结果表明：① 滑坡规模—频率分布具有明显的规律性,不同最大长度、最大宽度和周长的黄土滑坡数量分布均呈现正偏态分布,而不同面积的滑坡数量分布则服从幂函数分布;② 地形对黄土滑坡发育控制作用明显,不同地形高差、平均坡度、坡形的斜坡单元滑坡发育数量差异较大;③ 地形相对高差与滑坡的最长滑距、周长和面积的拟合曲线很好地符合幂律分布规律,但不同地形区的拟合效果有所差异,黄土丘陵区拟合效果最好,黄土高原全区次之,黄土台塬区最差;④ 本文建立的黄土滑坡规模快速预测模型,为黄土滑坡灾害调查提供了经验公式支撑。     

The effects of loess erosion on soil nutrients, plant diversity and plant quality in Negev desert wadis

Severe erosion, initiated by climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene period and resultant declines in dust deposition, causes the formation of waterfalls during the winter floods in many wadi systems in the central Negev desert of Israel. In some areas, erosion of the original loess substrate has been complete, so that the underlying rock has been exposed. We examined the effects of this erosion in four wadis in the central Negev desert on soil nutrients, plant community structure and plant quality. We predicted that erosion has caused reductions in soil nutrients. Reductions in soil nutrients should result in reductions in plant cover. Furthermore, reduced soil nutrient availability should cause reductions in the nutrient status and quality of the plants growing there. In addition to the loss of biodiversity that may result, this erosion may result in economic hardship for the Bedouin peoples whose herds depend on these resources. In this study, there were significant negative effects of erosion on soil organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen and water-holding capacity, but not on soil phosphorus, conductivity or pH. Furthermore, there was a negative effect of soil erosion on an overall measure of soil quality derived from a principal components analysis in three of the four wadis we studied. Erosion resulted in an increase in plant species richness and significantly altered plant community structure in eroded areas of wadis. Increased plant species richness in eroded sites is consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis of plant community structure. Plants growing in eroded areas did not differ in two quality indices (nitrogen content and digestibility), although plants typical of eroded areas had significantly lower levels of common digestion inhibitors (total polyphenols) and toxins (alkaloids) than plants from undisturbed sites. These last-mentioned results are contrary to our prediction and are consistent with the notion that plants growing in disturbed (e.g. eroded) sites maximize growth at the expense of investments in defense.     

中国黄土研究进展

1ThedistributionandpaleoenvironmentsignificanceofloessinChinaIn the world, the loess in China has most extensive distribution, the largest thickness and the most complete times. The distribution area is over 448,000 km2 (Liu, 1985), the thickness is about 505 m (Lei, 1995) and the times began from the Tertiary (Zhao, 1989; Ding etal, 2000; Guo etal., 2002). The loess in China is mainly distributed in the middle reaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, and concentrated in the east of Gansu p…     

Engineering properties of loess in Libya

A 1928 study of Tripolitania, indicated clearly the presence of loess-like deposits and described their nature, pointing out that 90% of the granular material was greater than 100 μm in diameter. Some authors suggest that there is a region of Peri-Sahara loess, although earlier observations indicate quite clearly that the Sahara region is free of loess. The proposed loess in North Africa, represented by soil samples from Libya, has been investigated. Undisturbed and remoulded soil samples representing two different types of loess have been collected from various locations in Libya. Samples represent Tripoli loess from the Jefara plain in the north west and Ghat loess from the Tahala region in the south west. The specific gravity, Atterberg Limits, grain size distribution and dry density were determined according to British Standard procedures (BSI, 1975). Grain size analysis for particles passing the No. 200 sieve (63 microns) was conducted using the Sedigraph technique. Geometrical characteristics of loess particles passing the 63 microns sieve were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The hydrocollapsibility properties, with particular reference to their response to wetting under different stress levels, have been measured in single- and double-oedometer tests. The results of this investigation indicated that the Libyan loess has index properties and hydrocollapse behaviour similar to those of loess from many parts of the world, and that the material can be classified as silty loess in the Tripoli region and clayey loess in the Ghat area. The large particle sizes described in the 1928 study were not found. The Scheidig classification of the North Libya loess ‘Nachgewiesen definite’ is justified.     

Progress of loess research in China

Progress in Chinese loess research made in recent 15 years was introduced in this paper, including mainly distribution and paleoenvironment significance of Chinese loess, new development of loess formation age, red-brown paleosol types and environmental change, loess-paleosol sequence and climate cycles, monsoon strength change during last interglacial and last glacial periods in the Loess Plateau, climate events, and source areas of loess and material.     

新疆伊犁黄土的物性指标、动力学特性与滑坡

分析了伊犁谷地28个黄土样品的粒径、密度、含水量和孔隙比,测试了震陷、湿陷、动弹模量和塑性指数,探讨了伊犁谷地黄土的物性、动力学特征,讨论了它们与滑坡之间的关系。伊犁谷地的原生黄土主要以粉粒为主,含量为74%,大于75μm的颗粒含量为10%,小于5μm的颗粒含量为15%;黄土天然含水量为4%~16.1%,谷地东部的黄土明显地比谷地西部的更细,伊犁黄土的孔隙比在0.832~0.907之间,有相当的湿陷性。在含水量低于20%时,还会有湿陷。黄土的塑性指数为9左右,比较小,粘粒含量低,易损性大,抗震性能差,具有较强的震陷性。在同样的动应变下,伊犁黄土的动模量较小,随着动应变的增大,其动模量衰减较快。冻融季节是伊犁地区滑坡的多发季节,构造活动强烈的地段也是地质灾害的多发地段。     

The paleogeographic implications of loess mounds: Laizhou Bay plain

Loess mounds are made of gray-yellow loess materials and the number is over 200 in the area of over 1000 km2 on the alluvial or marine-built plains south of Laizhou Bay (Figure 1). 1 The formal and distributional characteristics of loess mounds 1.1 Formal characteristics The plane forms of loess mounds are irregular oval or round. Their major axes are in north-south trending, most of them are 300 to 500 m long, with smaller ones tens m long, and individual larger ones more than 1,000 m …     

The paleogeographic implications of loess mounds: Laizhou Bay plain

The loess mounds are a newly discovered type of landforms on the Laizhou Bay plain south of the Bohai Sea. Research shows that they were formed in the late period of the late Pleistocene when the Bohai Sea was exposed in the period of late Wümu glacial age and changed into plain. As the exposed area is not protected by vegetation, the sediments at the sea bottom are blown and transported southward by strong north winds, and deposit on the coastal plains. As thick loess is accumulated, the loess mound landforms are formed in the direction of down wind.     

西峰剖面有机质记录的黄土高原L6-L1古湿度演变

对甘肃西峰黄土剖面L6～L1层段162块样品进行了(Rock-Eval)2 PLUS分析,获得了TOC和热解烃的含量,以及有机质最高热解峰温(Tmax)的数据,并以与下降水有关的有机质和与蒸发水有关的矿物包裹有机质之比估算了古湿度的分布.结果表明,古土壤层的湿度比相邻黄土层的大,湿度的变化范围为47%～80%,其中湿度最大的层段为S5上部,次之为S1,湿度最小的层段为L6,次之为L4,L2-S1-L1层段的古湿度变化与陕西渭南剖面的相当层位具有很好的对应性.上述结果与黄土研究中常用的矿物粒度分析、CaCO3、Fe2 和Fe3 及磁化率等方法的测定结果具有良好的可比性.西峰剖面L6-S5-L4层段有机质和湿度的变化都很大,反映大气环流在这段时间异常活跃,具有热湿事件或黄土高原气候变化的边界特征.而在L4以来,特别是L4-S3-L3层段,湿度变化幅度相对较稳定,总的趋势向湿度减小方向发展,而在S2以后湿度演变有增大的趋势.     

新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读问题

新疆的黄土地貌及其遥感判读具有不同于我国黄土高原地区的一些特点。根据参与“中国1∶1 000 000数字地貌制图（新疆片）”项目工作的实践和体会,从黄土地貌区的位置、色调与色彩、大小、形状、阴影、水系和纹理、植被和土壤、相关体、相关资料和野外经验等方面总结了7项关于新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读依据,并归纳了新疆黄土地貌与风沙、干燥、流水、冰缘、雅丹等地貌类型之间以及与部分特殊情况之间的一些鉴别特征。结果可为新疆未来的地貌制图及相关的科研与教学工作提供参考。     

西峰与段家坡黄土剖面中有机质的特征及古环境信息

对甘肃西峰（X）黄土剖面L1－L6共163个样品进行总有机碳（TOC）和R ock-Eval热解分析，对比分析了西峰和陕西段家坡（D)剖面L5－S5－1层段及其中趋磁细菌的正烷烃与脂肪酸组成，结果显示西峰剖面的TOC与磁化率呈良好的对数关系，两个剖面L5－S5－1层段正烷烃和脂肪酸的分布表明，黄土地区当时古气候偏干冷，黄土高原由西北而东南，古气候呈变暖趋势，西峰剖面从S5－1形成到L5堆积，其古湿度可能有一个突变，即古气候由较湿润突然转变为极干燥，而段家坡地区当时的气候变化则可能较为缓和。     

黄土高原积温变化的敏感性研究

利用54 a(1951-2004年)逐日气温等资料,研究黄土高原活动积温(≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃、≥15℃、≥20℃)的变化。结果表明:黄土高原积温及其持续日期变化的敏感区不仅相同;积温及其持续日期存在突变式增加,区域分布中东部较快、西部较慢,在敏感区域增加最突出;积温及持续日数的增加主要体现在积温结束日期明显推迟;降水与积温在突变(1980年)后,反向配置更为突出,积温偏高时往往降水偏少,反之亦然。     

山东埠西黄土剖面沉积特征及古气候环境意义

对山东济南章丘埠西黄土剖面进行了系统的野外调查,并对山东章丘埠西黄土剖面进行了粒度、磁化率以及光释光测年等指标研究分析,结果表明：① 根据粒度测量数据和粒度参数变化特征,并运用萨胡判别公式对其沉积环境进行判别,可知山东埠西剖面黄土沉积主要为风成沉积。通过粒级—标准偏差方法提取的环境敏感粒级分别为7.08~8.91 µm和39.81~50.12 µm;② 磁化率变化与不同粒级百分含量的变化之间具有明显的相关性,其中低频磁化率变化范围为32.38×10^-8~138.46×10^-8m³kg^-1,高频磁化率在 30.62×10^-8~123.31×10^-8m³kg^-1 之间变化,其变化特征一定程度上反映了埠西黄土剖面形成时的古气候环境信息;③ 结合光释光年代的测量数据与前人的研究成果,可将该黄土剖面划分为3个黄土层和3个古土壤层,该剖面记录了末次冰期以来该区域古气候环境的变化历史过程。     

山东章丘黄土粒度指示的粉尘堆积过程及古气候意义

山东黄土堆积过程记录了中国东部季风区大气环流的变化信息,对揭示东亚季风变化规律与古气候环境演变具有重要价值.本文采用参数化粒度端元分析方法探讨山东章丘剖面沉积物的沉积特征、沉积动力及其环境意义.结果表明:①章丘剖面光释光年代(OSL)介于42.24-0.26 ka之间,为晚更新世以来的沉积物.②章丘剖面沉积物粒度组分分...