基于参数劣化的软硬相间顺层边坡稳定性研究

三峡库区侏罗系地层具有独特的软硬相间的岩性组合和结构特征,侏罗系砂泥岩软硬相间地层是该地区典型的易滑地层,是滑坡集中发育的地层之一,也是三峡库区滑坡防治工作中的重点区域。为深入研究软硬相间层状岩质边坡的稳定性,通过对理论概化模型的分析,构建了软硬相间顺层岩质边坡的参数劣化计算模型。考虑风化作用对岩体结构面抗剪强度参数劣化的影响,引入空间变异函数,提出软硬相间层状岩质边坡结构面抗剪强度参数劣化模型,导出软硬相间层状岩质边坡沿层面方向抗剪强度参数劣化的函数表达式,表征了分析点的风化影响厚度与其强度参数的一一对应关系,有利于边坡稳定性的定量分析。利用该函数表达式对沿层面方向岩体的强度参数进行劣化,利用劣化后的强度参数进行稳定性评价,得到分析点至坡面距离与该点稳定系数的对应关系曲线,并结合三峡库区边坡实例进行了验证分析,指出软硬相间层状岩质边坡岩体抗剪强度参数的劣化对其稳定性评价具有较大影响,单平面滑动的稳定分析中抗剪强度参数沿层面恒定分布的假定具有一定的局限性;若不考虑结构面抗剪强度参数的劣化,可能导致稳定性计算结果偏于不安全。     

顺层岩质边坡开挖模型试验及稳定性影响因素分析

用地质力学模型试验方法,对顺层岩质边坡进行开挖破坏试验。同时在有限元分析的基础上,采用多层结构模型对顺层岩质路堑边坡稳定性的影响因素进行了分析。指出当边坡走向与岩层走向夹角超过30后,边坡发生顺层滑动破坏的可能性很小,基本上可不视为顺层边坡。同时也阐明了岩层倾角以及结构面抗剪强度对顺层岩质边坡稳定性的影响。文中结论可为顺层岩质边坡的科研、设计和施工提供参考。     

综合评价法确定岩质顺向坡软弱结构面的强度参数

岩质边坡的勘察相对较为简单,不像土质边坡那样当岩土结构复杂时使得勘察较为困难,但当岩质边坡为顺向坡、且有软弱夹层时,其软弱结构面抗剪强度指标的确定一直是勘察人员难以把握的问题。结合工程实例,通过结构面大型现场直剪试验、规范查表法及反算法等综合评价法,确定了岩质边坡软弱结构面的抗剪强度指标,并对各方法进行了详细的介绍和分析,以供类似工程作对比参考。     

三峡库区侏罗系不同类型结构面抗剪强度对比

三峡库区侏罗系是典型的软硬相间地层,其软弱层具有亲水性强、透水性弱等特殊的工程地质特性,是库区常见的易滑地层。选取三峡库区秭归县马家沟滑坡所处地层岩体结构面为研究对象,采用室内岩体结构面直剪试验,对4种不同类型结构面的力学特性进行了研究。通过对试验数据的统计分析,绘制了各种结构面的剪应力–正应力关系曲线图及剪应力–剪切位移关系曲线图,从而获得了形成于同一地层中的4种不同结构面的抗剪强度参数,并对其剪切特性进行对比分析与研究。以结构面直剪试验结果为依据,初步分析了该地区某一典型边坡的稳定性及潜在滑动层面,为后期边坡的稳定性评价提供可靠性基础参数。      

顺层岩质边坡结构面抗剪强度特性试验研究

针对云南省普-宣（普立至宣威）高速公路某顺层岩质边坡现场工程地质特性,按形成将结构面划分为4种类型。通过自制的加载装置,对自然状态下的一类结构面进行压剪试验,利用最小二乘法线性拟合得到结构面抗剪强度指标值,同时与基于JRC-JCS等效摩尔-库仑抗剪强度法分析结果的对比,数据结果基本吻合,验证了该装置的可行性。根据边坡结构面不同类型分别考虑填充厚度、填充物含水率等因素进行了多次剪切试验研究获取抗剪强度参数,结果表明,结构面强度参数在饱和状态下比自然状态偏小,随填充厚度增加c逐渐增大, 减少。试验结果对正确评价结构面特性及在后阶段对顺层岩质边坡稳定性计算提供参考数据,研究成果为现场结构面强度参数取值提供了简便试验方法。     

千灵山岩质边坡地质雷达探测及稳定性分析

岩质高陡边坡容易产生边坡失稳、崩塌滑落等地质灾害,其稳定性分析尤为重要。以北京市丰台区千灵山岩质高陡边坡为例,根据地质雷达实测剖面分析得到的岩体内部结构及室内试验获得的岩石力学参数,建立了边坡的地质力学模型,并用有限元强度折减法对千灵山岩质高陡边坡进行稳定性分析,得到了高陡岩质边坡安全稳定系数和潜在滑动面,具有一定的实用价值。     

用有限元强度折减法分析具有非贯通结构面岩质边坡稳定性

岩质边坡的稳定性主要由其结构面与岩桥组合控制,采用有限元强度折减法对具有非贯通结构面岩质边坡破坏机制进行数值模拟分析,计算表明结构面贯通机制主要受结构面强度参数、长度、位置、倾角以及岩桥的倾角、岩桥长度等因素的影响,破坏"自然地"发生在岩体抗剪强度不能承受其受到的剪切应力的地带.分析表明根据塑性力学破坏原理,采用有限元强度折减法有助于对岩质边坡破坏机制的理解.     

滑带土强度特性研究现状

滑带土强度特性对滑坡稳定性研究和滑坡防治工程设计具有重要意义。通过回顾国内外一些代表性工作,总结了其主要研究内容、研究方法和成果。研究内容包括5种特征强度：峰值抗剪强度、残余抗剪强度、完全软化强度、滑坡启动强度、长期抗剪强度以及相应的微观结构特征;研究方法以现场与室内试验为主,理论分析和反演分析为辅;研究成果主要反映在各种特征强度及其相互关系、剪切引起的微观结构变化特征方面。重点介绍了残余强度研究成果,包括其影响因素和数值估算。最后指出了研究工作中应该加强的几个方面,如特殊滑带土的研究（如砾质滑带土）、新的测试技术和研究方法的发展以及反分析法的正确运用等。     

基于模拟退火算法的边坡稳定分析方法

岩石边坡开挖中存在大量的随机结构面,结构面与岩桥的组合破坏是边坡破坏的一种重要形式。如何确定抗剪强度最小的滑裂面是边坡工程中的重要研究方向。在岩体结构面调查统计基础上,运用随机网络模拟的方法得到边坡的裂隙网络图像,在此基础上应用模拟退火算法,搜索出边坡由结构面与岩桥组合形成的潜在最危险滑裂面的位置,将结构面组合滑动面与Sarma分析方法结合,形成一种改进的分析岩石边坡稳定性的方法--Sarma-SA分析法,通过一工程实例验证了该方法的合理性。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性影响因素分析

层状岩体抗剪强度具有各向异性的特点,在分析顺层岩质边坡的稳定性与剪切滑动面方向上需要考虑 值方向性变化的影响。首先提出层状岩体 值的表达式,然后在此基础上选用一顺层边坡作为实例,分别计算分析了坡高、岩层面倾角、坡顶堆载特别是强度参数 值各向异性对边坡稳定以及剪切面方向的影响。     

结构面的剪切蠕变特性研究

岩体结构面的蠕变特性研究对解决岩石力学实际问题具有很重要的意义。本文利用水泥砂浆制作的规则齿形结构面试样进行了剪切蠕变室内试验,针对不同角度结构面试件在不同法向应力条件下的剪切蠕变特性进行了研究,并根据蠕变试验结果,提出了结构面剪切蠕变经验公式;对结构面的长期强度特性进行研究,并选取Burgers模型来描述蠕变的剪切变形特性,文章最后讨论了Burgers模型对于描述结构面剪切蠕变特性的参数特征。     

Rock slope stability and excavatability assessment of rocks at the Kapikaya dam site,Turkey

This paper presents the slope stability and excavatability assessment of rocks at the Kapikaya dam site that contains diabases. Both field and laboratory studies were carried out. The field study involved detailed discontinuity surveys. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus, unit weight, point load strength index and shear strength parameters of discontinuities.Kinematical and numerical analyses were performed to determine right and left slopes at the dam site. According to kinematical analyses, the types of planar and wedge failure are not expected at the site. Also, shear strength reduction analyses was carried out using Phase² for the right and left slopes at the dam site. According to results of numerical analysis, Strength Reduction Factor (SRF) of the right and left slopes are 8.08 and 6.5 respectively and any rotational failure will not occur. The excavation category of the diabases was determined as easy ripping for the right slope and easy-hard ripping for the left slope.     

Use of fully softened shear strength in slope stability analysis

Fully softened shear strength is an important empirical engineering concept for slope stability analyses of cuts in stiff clays and compacted embankments constructed of high-plasticity clays. This concept has been used to explain many first-time failures for which the back calculated shear strength is below the peak strength measured in the laboratory. A comprehensive review of case histories and laboratory studies related to fully softened shear strength was used to assess the application of this concept. The case history data were also used to provide guidelines on the soil types for which fully softened shear strength is appropriate, how and when this shear strength should be used in slope stability analysis, and how the fully softened failure envelope should be characterized. This paper contains specific guidelines on when and how the fully softened shear strength concept should be used in slope stability analyses.     

The evolution of rock failure with discontinuities due to shear creep

A two-dimensional brittle creep model for rock provides insight into the initiation of shear fracture along weak discontinuities in rock. The model accounts for material heterogeneity and introduces the concept of a mesoscopic renormalization to capture the cooperative interaction between cracks in the transition from distributed to localized damage. A series of shear creep tests on rock with discontinuities were performed to simulate the initiation and propagation of crack along a pre-existing weakness under sustained shear stress and normal stress. The investigation showed that shear stress level and the normal stress level might have significant effect on the long-term behavior of rock with weak discontinuities. Moreover, a case study of rock slope instability was also investigated, where the numerically simulated instability failure of rock slope with discontinuities showed that both tensile and shear damage at the weakest elements are the trigger for the failure surface initiation in the rock slope. Once damage occurs, redistributed stress concentrations would then intensify fracture propagation and coalescence within these damage zones, leading to the progressive development of a failure surface. Moreover, failure surface extending is not only dominated by the properties and the position of discontinuities but also influenced remarkably by the complex interaction between existing discontinuities and fracture propagation. The results are of general interest because they can be applied to the investigation of time-dependent instability in rock masses, to the mitigation of associated rock hazards in rock engineering, and even to a better understanding of the physical phenomena governing the stability of rock slope.     

千枚岩残坡积土大型直剪试验研究

土体抗剪强度是边坡稳定性分析的重要力学参数,而大型直剪试验是确定粗粒土抗剪强度指标较为有效的方法,但获取所需原状土样较为困难。通过现场挖取边坡残坡积原状土样,开展原状土样和击实土样的室内常规小型直剪对比试验,证明在有效控制密度、干密度和含水率条件下采用击实土样获取的直剪强度指标可替代原状土样试验结果。击实土样的大型直剪与原状土样的常规直剪试验结果对比分析表明,由常规小型直剪试验获得残坡积土的抗剪强度略高于大型直剪试验结果。由于室内常规小型直剪试验获取的抗剪强度指标往往比边坡实际发生滑动时的抗剪强度指标稍大,建议在边坡稳定性分析中对抗剪强度指标选取时,采用以大型直剪试验获得的有效控制密度、干密度和含水率条件下击实土样的峰值强度和残余强度,由此进行的边坡稳定性计算将更为科学合理     

Dynamic stability analysis of rock slope considering the strength vibration degradation of through-type rock discontinuitiesEI北大核心

考虑结构面抗剪强度震动退化效应对分析与评价岩质边坡动力稳定性具有重要意义。基于岩石动力试验获取了多因素影响的结构面强度震动退化系数方程,结合极限平衡理论和动态矢量法原理,以UDEC程序作为计算引擎,采用其内置Fish语言编程实时刷新结构面强度特性参数和捕获任意地震历时时刻边坡地震惯性力,并以最小平均安全系数法求解边坡最终动力稳定性评价指标值,从而提出了一种考虑结构面强度震动退化的边坡动力稳定性系数动态算法。研究表明:结构面强度震动退化系数是取决于岩块间循环剪切次数、循环剪切幅度及相对运动速度响应值的动态变量;将该算法应用于含贯通型平直状结构面边坡动力稳定性算例中,其分析结果表明,动力作用时程内考虑结构面强度震动退化的边坡动力稳定性系数较未考虑该效应时的系数衰减更为明显,即前者计算结果更符合一般性自然规律,亦即验证了该算法的可行性;结构面最小强度震动退化系数随动力激励时程变化近似呈负指数函数形式逐渐衰减,且当结构面初始黏聚力(内摩擦角)越大、而坡角(层面倾角)或动荷载幅值(频率)越小时,地震历时过程中边坡最小动力稳定性系数越大,此时边坡最终动力稳定性相对越强。     

结构面抗剪强度参数对岩质边坡稳定的影响

边坡工程中,结构面抗剪强度是非常重要的力学参数,合理地选择确定抗剪强度的方法,常常要分析c、值在边坡稳定中的作用。根据极限平衡原理,对10~30m高的平面滑动型边坡不同抗剪强度的控稳结构面c、值在边坡稳定中的作用进行了定量分析。研究表明c值对稳定系数的影响随坡高增大逐渐减弱,值对稳定系数的影响随坡高增大逐渐增强。得到了不同坡高下c、值边坡稳定作用等值曲线,该曲线很容易确定抗剪强度参数c、值在边坡稳定中的作用。     

滑带土强度特性的试验研究

滑带土的强度特性对于边坡稳定具有重要的控制作用,揭示滑带土强度指标的变化规律是进行边坡安全性评估的基本前提。针对一库岸古滑坡滑动带中的含粗粒细粒土,进行了滑带土强度特性的试验研究：通过现场大剪试验和室内固结快剪试验分析了滑带土的剪切性状,确定了再生强度、现场折减强度和固结快剪强度;根据现行反复剪切试验在确定含粗粒细粒土残余强度时的不足,对试验方法和试验仪器进行了改进,提出了滑带土的残余强度指标,并与其他剪切条件下的强度指标进行了比较;基于试验结果的统计分析,探讨了土体含水率、塑性指数及粗粒含量对剪切强度指标的影响,并总结了含粗粒细粒土与一般黏性土或砂土在剪切性状方面的诸多不同     

Reliability back analysis of shear strength parameters of landslide with three-dimensional upper bound limit analysis theory

It is essential to determine the shear strength parameters c and φ on the sliding surface for stability evaluation and engineering design of a landslide. In this study, a new parameter back analysis method is proposed by combining the 2D/3D upper bound method of limit analysis and reliability theory to accurately determine the shear strength parameters for a 3D slope with a single failure surface. The proposed reliability back analysis method overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional deterministic analysis method of slope stability that cannot take into account the randomness and uncertainty of geotechnical parameters. Based on the reliability theory, two methods were studied: first-order reliability method (implemented by spreadsheet and Matlab, called spreadsheet method and constrained optimization method, respectively, in this paper) and Monte Carlo simulation. The optimized values of c and φ were obtained by establishing only one balance equation with the consideration of the pore water pressure or other complex conditions, which can solve the problem of the back analysis of strength parameters for a single 3D sliding surface condition. The correlation research showed that the negative correlation between c and φ greatly affected the back analysis results, and the reliability index values were conservative without considering such a negative correlation. A case study for the back analysis of shear strength parameters is conducted based on a practical landslide model with a broken line slip surface slope in Zhuquedong village, Luxi town, Xiangxi County, Hunan Province, China, and a suggestion for the selection of landslide cross section is presented. The results show that the back analysis results determined by the reliability theory coincide well with the survey and experimental results. The proposed method is found to be more accurate and effective in determining the values of shear parameters than that of the traditional deterministic inversion method.     

基于多源试验数据空间变异土体参数概率反演及边坡可靠度更新

岩土工程现场勘察试验通常只能获得有限的试验数据,据此难以真实地量化土体参数的空间变异性。提出了考虑土体参数空间变异性的概率反演和边坡可靠度更新方法,基于室内和现场两种不同来源的试验数据概率反演空间变异参数统计特征和更新边坡可靠度水平,并给出了计算流程。此外为合理地描述土体参数先验信息,发展了不排水抗剪强度非平稳随机场模型。最后通过不排水饱和黏土边坡算例验证了提出方法的有效性,并探讨了试验数据和钻孔位置对边坡后验失效概率的影响。结果表明：提出方法实现了空间变异土体参数概率反演与边坡可靠度更新的一体化,基于有限的多源试验数据概率反演得到的土体参数均值与试验数据非常吻合,明显降低了对参数不确定性的估计,更新的边坡可靠度水平显著增加。受土体参数空间自相关性的影响,试验数据对钻孔取样点附近区域土体参数统计特征更新的影响明显大于距离取样点较远区域。