地下浅部异质体对表面波场谱扰动分析

均匀半无限体中表面源激发近表面波场由瑞利波主导,当浅部存在异质体,前行瑞利波发生散射,异质体周围表面波场响应谱发生变化。当异质体长度相对波长较大时,由异质体上方表面质点响应谱提取绕射波频散曲线可分析异质体与周围介质刚度差异对绕射波传播特性的影响。与含软层或硬层半无限体中瑞利波特性比较,可以发现绕射波具有与瑞利波类似的传播特性。异质体上方谱变化特征与异质体和周围介质间刚度差异有关,本研究基于异质体绕射波与入射瑞利波位移结构差异解释谱变化现象。结果表明：异质体上方谱与周围谱明显不同,在偏移距−波长域,相对于前方波场,软质体上方谱密度整体呈减弱趋势,硬质体上方谱密度整体呈增强趋势。根据谱密度变化对应偏移距、波长及谱密度强弱,可以预估异质体在传播方向的位置、埋深,并识别异质体类型。     

Permafrost and taliks and their changes on the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under the climate warming北大核心CSCD

The distribution of permafrost and taliks is very complex in the Tuotuo River Basin(TRB), which is located in interior of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Characterizing the spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and taliks is of great significance to community activities and engineering construction in TRB. Based on the zonation of permafrost and talik distribution around TRB conducted in the 1980s, the soil temperature and its variation process of permafrost and taliks in the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River were analyzed by using the observation data of five boreholes(N1~N5)along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the north bank and five boreholes(S1~S5)on the first terrace in the south bank. The results showed that, under the climate warming, permafrost and taliks in the north banks experienced significant degradation and warming process. From 2005 to 2020, the permafrost at the N1 borehole has undergone a significant down-draw degradation process, from extremely unstable and high-temperature permafrost to thawed zone. From 2005 to 2013, the annual average ground temperature of the talik at N2 increased at a rate of 0. 3~0. 4 °C·(10a)-1. At Maqutang on the south bank, permafrost prevails from the first-class terrace to the gentle slope of the Kaixinling Mountain, with both through and non-through taliks on the first-class terrace. The spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and talik in the TRB are further promoted by analyzing the changes in temperatures at boreholes in the basin. However, to meet the requirements of mapping and engineering construction of permafrost and taliks in the TRB, it is still necessary to carry out geological investigation with multiple methods and in-depth research on development mechanism of taliks in the future. © 2022 Nanjing Forestry University. All rights reserved.     

东北多年冻土退化及环境效应研究现状与展望

东北多年冻土属中高纬度多年冻土,对气候变化非常敏感。数据模型模拟表明,21世纪东北多年冻土区气温会持续上升,显著的变暖将导致多年冻土退化。东北多年冻土呈现自南向北的区域性退化趋势,多年冻土区南部表现为南界的北移、融区的扩大和多年冻土的消失,而北部表现为多年冻土下限的上移、活动层厚度增大及地温升高等。多年冻土的退化会导致寒区生态环境的恶化,如兴安落叶松占绝对优势的天然林带锐减,林带北移,沼泽湿地萎缩等。随着多年冻土的迅速退缩和变薄,原多年冻土中蕴藏的碳将释放出来,对气候变化产生积极的正反馈,加速变暖,并影响全球碳循环。多年冻土退化导致其热状态失稳而造成寒区基础设施损坏,并且影响冻土微生物、碳循环、寒区生态和水文等,而它们是区域气候变化的重要因子,也将成为未来多年冻土研究的重点。而这些研究都需要长期的基础数据作支撑,因此需要进一步完善冻土参数监测网络,用模型厘清气候变化与多年冻土退化及其环境效应之间的关系。     

复杂表层引起的生物礁解释陷阱分析

生物礁储层是良好的油气储集场所,具有高孔隙度、丰度大、产能高等特点,在油气勘探开发中占有十分重要的地位。常规的生物礁解释主要依据地震时间剖面上的外形隆起,顶底反射,上覆盖层的披覆等特征,但是在实际的生物礁解释中,还存在着很多解释陷阱。这里从常规地震资料处理误差分析的角度出发,首先提出了一种新的适用于起伏地形的波动方程地震叠后正演方法,然后通过对复杂表层条件下的生物礁模型进行地震数值模拟,重点分析了复杂表层条件可能引起的,生物礁的各种解释陷阱,如假隆起、生物礁体分布范围的变化等假象,为生物礁的识剐提供了重要的理论参考。     

Local warming of groundwaters caused by the urban heat island effect in Istanbul, Turkey

The urban heat island (UHI) is a result of urbanization, causing local microclimatologic changes such as increase in ambient temperature. Factors causing the UHI effect are anthropogenic energy release, energy absorption by concrete, tarmac structures and traffic, although the main factor is the replacement of vegetation with man-made structures. These factors cause heating of not only local air but also subsurface and groundwater. Observations of groundwater temperatures from the urban, southern part of Istanbul (Turkey) and the rural, northern part of Istanbul revealed that the urban groundwater temperatures were 3.5°C higher than the rural. Urbanization is a direct consequence of improvements in technology and modern life. However, this comes at the cost of an ever-increasing demand for energy. Exploitation of low-enthalpy geothermal energy is an attractive alternative to fossil fuel based energies. From the environmental point of view, clean and cheap energy is the most preferable, with heat pumps being the best choice for recovery purposes. Usage of elevated groundwater temperature in the heat pumps in urban areas increases the efficiency of the heat pump system and yields more thermal energy than that of rural groundwater. This system may be applicable to Istanbul.     

Global warming and long-term climatic changes: a progress report

The authors believe that recent global warming of Earth’s atmosphere is not due to an increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide emission but rather to long-term global factors. The human contribution to the CO₂ content in the atmosphere and the increase in temperature is negligible in comparison with other sources of carbon dioxide emission. Discussed in this paper are sources, avenues of migration, and the amounts of naturally produced carbon dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases) and long-term changes in the Earth’s climate, which are necessary for understanding the causes of current temperature trends.     

Two-dimensional simulations of surface deformation caused by slab detachment

Detachment of the deeper part of subducted lithosphere causes changes in a subduction zone system which may be observed on the Earth's surface. Constraints on the expected magnitudes of these surface effects can aid in the interpretation of geological observations near convergent plate margins where detachment is expected. In this study, we quantify surface deformation caused by detachment of subducted lithosphere. We determine the range of displacement magnitudes which can be associated with slab detachment using numerical models. The lithospheric plates in our models have an effective elastic thickness, which provides an upper bound for rapid processes, like slab detachment, to the surface deformation of lithosphere with a more realistic rheology. The surface topography which develops during subduction is compared with the topography shortly after detachment is imposed. Subduction with a non-migrating trench system followed by detachment leads to a maximum surface uplift of 2–6 km, while this may be higher for the case of roll-back preceding detachment. In the latter situation, the back-arc basin may experience a phase of compression after detachment. Within the context of our elastic model, the surface uplift resulting from slab detachment is sensitive to the depth of detachment, a change in friction on the subduction fault during detachment and viscous stresses generated by sinking of the detached part of the slab. Overall, surface uplift of these magnitudes is not diagnostic of slab detachment since variations during ongoing subduction may result in similar vertical surface displacements.     

抽降地下水引起地面沉降的计算与预测

通过理论分析,提出抽降地下水引起地面沉降的计算方法,并根据抽降承压水引起地面沉降的估算公式对沉降及差异沉降进行预测.     

海潮引起滨海含水层地下水位变化的初步研究

依据短序列和长序列的潮汐效应观测数据,分析了北海地区海潮引起滨海含水层地下水位变化的动态特征.结果表明,受海潮影响的滨海含水层地下水位与海潮有相似的波动特征,但变幅减小,受海潮的影响程度与观测点离海岸的距离有关,随着离海岸距离的增加地下水位的变幅和潮汐系数大致呈负指数减小.在南、北海岸距离海岸分别达3756m和2276m以远时地下水位不受海潮变化的影响.长序列的观测资料显示,海潮和岸边地下水位有15天的长周期和1天的短周期的波动.     

Past changes in the geomagnetic field caused by glaciations and deglaciations

Contributions have been made to the theory of the relation between terrestrial magnetism and glaciations. The results are applied to the ice sheets of high-latitude regions. A review of Pleistocene palcomagnetic dating is given.     

Modelling surface run-off and trends analysis over India

The present study is mainly concerned with detecting the trend of run-off over the mainland of India, during a time period of 35 years, from 1971–2005 (May–October). Rainfall, soil texture, land cover types, slope, etc., were processed and run-off modelling was done using the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) model with modifications and cell size of 5×5 km. The slope and antecedent moisture corrections were incorporated in the existing model. Trend analysis of estimated run-off was done by taking into account different analysis windows such as cell, medium and major river basins, meteorological sub-divisions and elevation zones across India. It was estimated that out of the average 1012.5 mm of rainfall over India (considering the study period of 35 years), 33.8% got converted to surface run-off. An exponential model was developed between the rainfall and the run-off that predicted the run-off with an R² of 0.97 and RMSE of 8.31 mm. The run-off trend analysed using the Mann–Kendall test revealed that a significant pattern exists in 22 medium, two major river basins and three meteorological sub-divisions, while there was no evidence of a statistically significant trend in the elevation zones. Among the medium river basins, the highest positive rate of change in the run-off was observed in the Kameng basin (13.6 mm/yr), while the highest negative trend was observed in the Tista upstream basin (?21.4 mm/yr). Changes in run-off provide valuable information for understanding the region’s sensitivity to climatic variability.     

Evidence for structural changes in garnet caused by calcium substitution

Recent work on the pyrope-grossular and almandine grossular solid solution series has shown that at concentrations of Ca up to 15mol.% the garnets show negative excess volumes and negative excess free energies of mixing. It has been suggested that this results from a change in structure caused by Ca ordering. This note describes a preliminary X-ray study of such a garnet and concludes that there is a structural change, possibly to space group I 2₁3, caused by Ca substitution and that further work must be done to see if this is caused by ordering.     

盾构施工引起地表固结沉降问题的研究

将隧道周围土体视为均质连续各向同性的饱和弹性介质,采用保角变换的方法将含有隧道的半无限平面映射为同心圆环计算域。根据Terzaghi-Rendulic二维固结理论,建立隧道在不透水的情况下周围土体超孔隙水压力分布的控制方程。然后,采用分离变量法计算得到土体超孔隙水压力分布的解析解,最后,根据弹性理论计算得出隧道中线上方地表固结沉降的计算公式。结合算例,分析盾构施工扰动程度、土体渗透系数、土体弹性模量及隧道埋深等因素对隧道中心上方地表处固结沉降的影响。研究结果表明,地表固结沉降的增加值与隧道外侧初始超孔隙水压力值C0的变化量成正比例关系,施工扰动程度越大所引起的固结沉降越大;土体的渗透系数越大固结沉降速度越快,但土体的渗透系数与最终的地表固结沉降量无关;土体的弹性模量越大,最终的地表固结沉降量越小;隧道埋深越深,地表固结沉降所需时间越长,最终的地表固结沉降量也越大。     

高速公路的下伏开采沉陷灾害的研究

地下开采所引起的地表沉陷灾害是我国高速公路建设中所面临的一个新的课题。文章论述了条带煤采空区所引起的地表沉陷对高速公路建设的影响，建立了相关灾害的研究程式和研究方法，并利用研究成果进行了实例应用，取得了良好的效果。     

采水地面沉降时空预测模型研究

地下水开采引起的地面沉降对地面建（构）筑物的正常使用和结构安全构成了严重威胁,深入研究采水地面沉降预测理论对于沉降灾害防治具有重要意义。针对本构模型和土体参数确定上的困难,采用力学推理和数学统计相结合的方法,建立了新的采水地面沉降时空预测模型。首先,利用太沙基固结微分方程,建立了反映地面沉降时间效应的半经验计算模型;其次,在分析采水地面沉降空间分布规律的基础上,利用随机介质理论研究了采水地面沉降空间分布特征;再次,综合考虑采水地面沉降的时间效应和空间分布形态,建立了采水地面沉降的时空预测模型。利用该模型计算地面沉降共需4个计算参数,介绍了参数求解方法。最后,利用时空计算模型预测了某地单井采水引起地面沉降的时空规律。研究表明,所建立的采水地面沉降预测模型能准确地反映采水地面沉降的时空规律,能方便、快捷地预测地下水开采引起的地面沉降。     

Temperature deformations of frozen soils caused by rapid changes in temperature

The results of the study of the temperature deformations for different types of frozen soils due to rapid temperature variations in cooling–heating cycles have been described. The difference in the patterns of the temperature deformation for step-like and single variations of temperature has been established. The dependence of the temperature deformation of frozen soil on the soil type, the total moisture, and the number of the cooling–heating cycles has been studied.     

灌溉引起的黄土工程地质性质变化

引水灌溉改变了黄土的原生环境,使黄土在增湿乃至饱和的过程中,微结构、物理、力学及水理性质都不同程度地发生了变化,成为诱发黄土灾害的重要条件.以甘肃省黑方台灌区为研究区,开展从原位试验到室内测试、从传统土力学到非饱和土力学、从微观到宏观的多角度系统研究,揭示灌溉引起的黄土工程地质性质变化.研究结果表明,灌溉造成黄土原生结构破坏,孔隙总量和孔隙度普遍减小,造成天然含水量、天然密度、干密度等物理性质指标增高,天然孔隙比降低,黄土压缩性和湿陷性趋低,抗剪强度降幅尤为明显;从非饱和土力学角度看,灌溉使得黄土含水量增加,基质吸力降低,非饱和黄土强度参数也随之呈递减趋势;从黄土时效变形分析看,灌溉使得黄土更易发生蠕变变形和破坏.